1 . PRACTITIONERS
| Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. | James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. |
| Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. | Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. |
| A．Doing teaching jobs. | B．Being hired as physicians. |
| C．Performing surgery. | D．Being banned from medicine. |
| A．She wrote a book. | B．She went through trials. |
| C．She worked as a dentist. | D．She had formal education. |
| A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania. | B．Tan Yunxian. |
| C．James Barry. | D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler. |
2 . A cancer treatment no longer means what it used to be. Just a few decades ago, the survival rate beyond five years was less than 50%. Now, nearly 70% of those who get cancer survive that long, and that rate is set to rise. Why? Because, more than ever, chemotherapy (化疗) and radiation, once the only ways of cancer treatment, are being paired with or replaced by varieties of new drugs and treatments.
For example, the first medication for what was previously considered an “undruggable” lung cancer was recently approved in the United States, Canada, Europe and the U.K. And a brand-new precise chemotherapy drug delivered directly to breast cancer cells is giving hope to patients with the HER 2-positive form of the disease.
Another discovery has been the promise of a treatment called immunotherapy, as researchers around the world have discovered ways to use the body’s own immune (免疫) system to battle cancer cells.
Also driving hope is a focus on prevention. Decades of research and public education have led to greater awareness of how lifestyle changes can reduce our risk of developing cancer. According to an article from the journal Pharmaceutical Research and published by the National Institutes of Health, 90% to 95% of cancers can be owed to environment and lifestyle, rather than to genetic (基因的) factors.
Employing vaccines (疫苗) is another effective way of prevention. Take the mRNA cancer vaccines for example. The speedy development of COVID-19 vaccines was thanks to foundations already laid by researchers who had been working for years to create mRNA vaccines to fight cancer. These vaccines use a specially programmed molecule (分子) to activate an immune response in the body’s cells. Unlike the COVID-19 vaccines designed to help protect billions of people, each cancer mRNA vaccine is tailored to treat a single patient’s cancer.
In fact, this personalized approach can be made for everyone, and for every cancer.
1. Why is the survival rate beyond five years rising now?| A．Because new drugs and treatments have come out. |
| B．Because chemotherapy and radiation get advanced. |
| C．Because new drugs have been paired with old ones. |
| D．Because new treatments have replaced the old ones. |
| A．All the cancers are not related to genetic factors. |
| B．Most cancers have no relationship with lifestyle. |
| C．A focus on prevention is our only hope to deal with cancer. |
| D．All cancers have relationship with environment and lifestyle. |
| A．The COVID-19 vaccines can be used to fight some cancers. |
| B．One cancer mRNA vaccine can’t be used for another cancer. |
| C．One cancer mRNA vaccine can be used to treat patients of the same cancer. |
| D．The COVID-19 vaccines were created from previous cancer mRNA vaccines. |
| A．A diary entry. | B．A news report. |
| C．A book review. | D．A science fiction. |
3 . It isn’t necessary to know everything before heading out into the wilderness, but studying a quality first-aid guide book and familiarizing yourself with the necessary skills can be enough to save someone’s life.
Wilderness Medicine: Beyond First Aid by William W. Forgey
This book does a great job of breaking down how to examine, judge, and stabilize your patient or situation, manage the person’s physical symptoms(症状), and know what questions to ask. It covers a wider range of possible injuries and treatment options than some other wilderness first-aid books. This book costs $12.79 and is easy to read and understand.
Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills by The Mountaineers
In its 9th edition, the book, which costs $21.99, has become a gold standard for anyone planning to spend significant time in the backcountry. Written by climbers for climbers, this book has everything you need to know to stay safer, from basic first aid to staying safe in avalanche terrain(雪崩地形), and learning how to move forward without networking.
Mountaineering: Essential Skills for Hikers and Climbers by Alun Richardson
The book, which costs $13.59, not only contains information about wilderness first aid but also attempts to teach you safety and survival skills from hiking basics to winter adventures. This book stands out because of its detailed visual diagrams that illustrate the right and wrong ways to achieve different techniques.
Medicine for Mountaineering & Other Wilderness Activities by James Wilkerson
The book, which costs $32.95, is a great addition to your collection if you’ve already read some of the other wilderness first-aid books, and maybe even taken a course already but are still wanting to learn more. Many doctors and nurses like this book because they practice basic medical diagnosis(诊断) regularly.
1. What does William W. Forgey introduce in detail in his book?| A．The ways of comforting injured climbers. |
| B．The steps to determine a medical problem. |
| C．The advice on keeping away from potential dangers. |
| D．Visual diagrams showing treatment options. |
| A．$21.99. | B．$13.59. | C．$12.79. | D．$32.95. |
| A．Wilderness Medicine: Beyond First Aid. |
| B．Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills. |
| C．Mountaineering: Essential Skills for Hikers and Climbers. |
| D．Medicine for Mountaineering & Other Wilderness Activities. |
4 . When a large facial tumor (肿瘤) was putting 5-year-old Nagalem Haile’s life at threat, strangers gathered together to help get her the necessary medical facilities required to save her life.
Soon after her birth, a facial tumor began developing on Haile’s jaw, which started to expand as she grew. The girl and her family lived in a small village in Ethiopia, where they had no access to proper medical facilities.
The growing facial malformation (畸形) caused the girl so much embarrassment (尴尬) that she refused to step out of her house. Apart from that, it was becoming a serious threat to her life with each passing day.
Haile’s ability to breathe and eat was affected. There were a lot of blood vessels (血管) running through the huge mass and if anything broke the tumor, Nagalem could bleed out in minutes.
But God was working out a way to save the child’s life so that she would be able to lead a healthy life. A government official from the U.S. met Nagalem Haile during a mission in Ethiopia which led to a massive search looking for doctors willing to perform the risky surgery.
Dr. Milton Waner answered the call and together with the support of medical charities, Nagalem Haile got the life-saving surgery she so desperately needed, for free!
The organizations helped fly Nagalem and her father. Matios Alafa Haile, to New York City where they prepared them for the 12-hour surgery needed to remove the huge mass. “This type of surgery is very difficult, very dangerous, and certainly life-threatening,” Dr. Waner said.
The medical team removed the facial tumor carefully avoiding any risk to the nerves (神经). “It’s so nice of you! Without you guys, it wouldn’t be like this,” Matios said.
“She is playing enjoying everything outdoors. There is a big difference. May God bless the doctors!”
1. Why didn’t Haile receive her operation in her country?| A．Her family lived in a remote village. |
| B．Her country was backward in medical service. |
| C．She felt embarrassed to be seen in her country. |
| D．She was afraid of dying from poor domestic facilities. |
| A．It contained masses of blood vessels. |
| B．It made it impossible for her to eat food. |
| C．It made her unable to step out of her house. |
| D．It led her to choke and bleed from time to time. |
| A．Communicated by telephone. | B．Called the medical charities. |
| C．Accepted the challenge. | D．Performed the operation. |
| A．Envy. | B．Pride. |
| C．Expectation. | D．Appreciation. |
5 . People have different ways of dealing with a common cold. Some take over the counter medicines such as aspirin while others try popular home remedies(治疗) like herbal tea or chicken soup. Yet here is the tough truth about the common cold: nothing really cures it.
So why do people sometimes believe that their remedies work? According to James Taylor, professor at the University of Washington, colds usually go away on their own in about a week, improving a little each day after symptoms peak, so it's easy to believe it's medicine rather than time that deserves the credit, USA Today reported.
It still seems hard to believe that we can deal with more serious diseases yet are powerless against something so common as a cold. Recently, scientists came closer to figure out why. To understand it, you first need to know how antiviral drugs work. They attack the virus by attaching to and changing the surface structures of the virus. To do that, the drug must fit and lock into the virus like the right piece of a jigsaw(拼图), which means scientists have to identify the virus and build a 3D model to study its surface before they can design an antiviral drug that is effective enough.
The two cold viruses that scientists had long known about were rhinovirus(鼻病毒) A and B. But they didn't find out about the existence of a third virus, rhinovirus C, until 2006. All three of them contribute to the common cold, but drugs that work well against rhinovirus A and B have little effect when used against rhinovirus C.
''This explains most of the previous failures of drug trials against rhinoviruses,'' study leader Professor Ann C. Palmenberg at the University of Wiscons in Madison, US, told Science Daily.
Now, more than 10 years after the discovery of rhinovirus C, scientists have finally built a highly detailed 3D model of the virus, showing that the surface of the virus is, as expected, different from that of other cold viruses.
With the model in hand, hopefully a real cure for a common cold is on its way. Soon, we may no longer have to waste our money on medicines that don't really work.
1. What does the author think of popular remedies for a common cold?| A．They are quite effective. | B．They are slightly helpful. |
| C．They actually have no effect. | D．They still need to be improved. |
| A．By breaking up cold viruses directly. |
| B．By changing the surface structures of the cold viruses. |
| C．By preventing colds from developing into serious diseases. |
| D．By absorbing different kinds of cold viruses at the same time. |
| A．The surface of cold viruses looks quite similar. |
| B．Scientists have already found a cure for the common cold. |
| C．Scientists were not aware of the existence of rhinovirus C until recently. |
| D．Knowing the structure of cold viruses is the key to developing an effective cure. |
| A．Drugs against cold viruses | B．Helpful home remedies |
| C．No current cure for common cold | D．Research on cold viruses |
6 . Combining knowledge of chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering, scientists from McGill University develop a biomaterial tough enough to repair the heart, muscles, and vocal cords, representing a major advance in medicine.
“People recovering from heart damage often face a long and tricky journey. Healing is challenging because of the constant movement tissues must withstand (承受) as the heart beats. The same is true for vocal cords. Until now there was no injectable (可注射的) material strong enough for the job," says Guangyu Bao, a PhD candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at McGill University.
The team, led by Professor Luc Mongeau and Assistant Professor Jianyu Li, developed a new injectable hydrogel (水凝胶) for wound repair, which is a type of biomaterial that provides room for cells to live and grow. Once injected into the body, the biomaterial forms a stable structure allowing live cells to grow or pass through to repair the injured organs.
“The results are promising, and we hope that one day the new hydrogel will be used to restore the voice of people with damaged vocal cords," says Guangyu Bao.
The scientists tested the durability of their hydrogel in a machine they developed to copy the extreme biomechanics of human vocal cords. Vibrating (振动) at 120 times a second for over 6 million cycles, the new biomaterial remained undamaged while other standard hydrogels broken into pieces, unable to deal with the stress of the load.
“We were incredibly excited to see it worked perfectly in our test. Before our work, no injectable hydrogels possessed both high porosity and toughness at the same time. To solve this issue, we introduced a pore-forming polymer to our formula (配方),”says Guangyu Bao.
The innovation opens new ways of making progress for other applications like tissue engineering. The team is also looking to use the hydrogel technology to create lungs to test COVID-19 drugs.
1. Why did the researchers develop the new biomaterial?| A．To experience a journey. | B．To repair wound. |
| C．To represent an advance. | D．To replace organs. |
| A．It is heavier. | B．It is more breakable. |
| C．It is changeable. | D．It is more injectable. |
| A．Make artificial organs for drug test. |
| B．Try hard to increase its toughness. |
| C．Apply it to the cure of COVID-19. |
| D．Adjust their formula to improve it. |
| A．To show his respect to the researchers. |
| B．To stress the importance of innovation. |
| C．To promote the sales of a new hydrogel. |
| D．To introduce a newly- developed material. |
7 . About five days ago, my back started tightening in the middle region. A couple of days ago, I was trapped in my bed, unable to move.
It was a wonderful experience. The room looked no different from a Western medicine examination room.
After they placed the needles, the doctor asked me how I felt. I told her I couldn’t feel any pain.
| A．The mysterious ancient healing art of acupuncture was amazing. |
| B．Chinese medicine tend to regard the patient’s symptoms as a whole. |
| C．I hated the looks from my doctor for symptoms that Western technology can’t handle perfectly. |
| D．I felt like I was in an altered state of relaxation, a different dimension, even. |
| E．The doctor told me to be patient and wait for the needles to take effect. |
| F．I sat down and discussed my symptoms with the medical student. |
| G．This actually indicated that I was responding well to the treatment. |
For thousands of years, the Chinese
According to TCM, there are a dozen meridians (经络) in the human body,
In 2010, UNESCO
9 . In a new research, doctors are making use of feature films in an attempt to encourage their patients to talk more freely about their problems. Supporters of “film therapy” say that discussing characters and plot lines from a proper film can help people to understand their feelings better.
One of those using the method is Dr Zhang, a doctor from Shanghai, who charges ￥250 for a one-hour “film therapy” session. He said, “I was treating a woman who had been badly heartbroken in a relationship, and who was experiencing such strong feelings that it was difficult for her to speak about them. I told her that her situation reminded me of On the Waterfront, where the hero realizes his brother is dishonest and he feels a great sense of betrayal (背叛). My patient identified so easily with him that she started to cry. Watching and discussing the film unlocked all the feelings she had buried. Each time she watched and cried, she felt better.”
Dr Zhang admits that film therapy does not work for everyone, but says he has used it successfully with about a third of his clients. “Through the films' characters, plots and even music, it allows people to face their problems.” He said that Falling Down, in which Michael Douglas plays the part of an unemployed man who is so depressed that he uses violence, was an example of the dangerous results of not letting anger go. “I used this film with a patient who was very upset because he was holding back a lot of the anger he felt towards people who had hurt him,” said Dr Zhang. “We talked about Michael Douglas's character and the disastrous path he takes, and my patient then realized that he needed to let go of his feelings more regularly so as not to burst out like a time bomb.”
1. What can we learn about Dr. Zhang?| A．He is in favor of the film therapy. | B．He is good at sharing his feelings. |
| C．He likes to review different films. | D．He was once betrayed by his brother. |
| A．She thought of her lover suddenly. | B．She realized she had been cheated. |
| C．She brought her sufferings to mind. | D．She was deeply touched by the film. |
| A．He learned a lot from Michael Douglas. | B．He released his anger on a regular basis. |
| C．He acted out his anger through violence. | D．He forgave those who had once hurt him. |
| A．Film stars can help people solve their problems. |
| B．The film therapy can be applied to every patient. |
| C．Films can contribute to unlocking hidden feelings. |
| D．This therapy should be popularized all over the world. |
10 . Battling with cancer at the point of becoming a teenager was painful, but I chose to help and encourage those less fortunate children to build up confidence.
As I entered adolescence, a time when I should have been pushing boundaries and becoming increasingly
My own experiences
| A．happy | B．realistic | C．independent | D．elegant |
| A．display | B．attack | C．vitality | D．liberty |
| A．Luckily | B．Hopefully | C．Ultimately | D．Gratefully |
| A．settled into | B．wrestled with | C．mounted up | D．withdrew from |
| A．perspective | B．channel | C．priority | D．motivation |
| A．restrict | B．manage | C．interpret | D．predict |
| A．forced | B．threatened | C．invited | D．inspired |
| A．journey | B．reality | C．legend | D．barrier |
| A．before | B．since | C．after | D．until |
| A．preparing | B．supporting | C．educating | D．organizing |
| A．physical | B．social | C．moral | D．mental |
| A．Moreover | B．Otherwise | C．However | D．Meanwhile |
| A．disabled | B．young | C．unselfish | D．distinct |
| A．hesitate | B．arrange | C．volunteer | D．decline |
| A．position | B．organization | C．direction | D．mind |
