1 . Guidelines on How to Use AED
An automated external defibrillator (AED)is a device that is strongly recommended to use in time to analyze the heart rhythm, provide electric shock when necessary and save life when SCA (Sudden Cardiac Ares) patient is discovered whose heart unexpectedly stops beating without any warning.
1. Check the patient’s condition, call for help and look for an AED:
If a person collapses in your presence, he or she has likely experience shock or fainting due to SCA, consistently pulseless, unresponsive and not breathing. Then call for medical help immediately and let the patient lie flat on the ground and ask someone nearly to get an AED. Place the AED net to the victim’s left ear, switch on the power and quickly check if the machine and accessories are working property. Voice instructions will sound.
2. Attaching the AED pads
Attach the AED pads to the designated locations of the victim’s bare chest following the animation and voice prompts. The rule of anterolateral AED pad placement for adults: the right pad is placed on the upper right side of the chest, while the left pad is on the lower let side, 7cm below the left armpit. For children under 8, the anterior pad should be placed lo the middle point of the line connecting the two nipples, and the posterior pad on the opposite side of the back.
3. Analysis of the heart rhythm
Insert the electrode pads wires into the AED host device. Press the “Analyse” key and it will automatically analyze the patient’s heart rate to determine the necessity of an electric shock. Never touch the victim during this process. Even a slight touch can affect the analysis. Upon completing the analysis (S-15 seconds). AED will recommend whether to perform defibrillation.
4. Delivering a shock
If an AED shock is required, then a fully automatic APD will ask you to step back and deliver the electric shock automatically. In the case of a semi-automatic AED device, you need to press a button to deliver the shock. If the effective heart rhythm is not restored, the operator should conduct CPR (心肺复苏), and then analyze the heart rhythm again. Repeat until emergency medical personnel arrive.
1. The automated external defibrillator (AED)is not primarily used to________.| A．analyze the heart rhythm | B．provide electric shock |
| C．save the victim’s life | D．monitor heart disease |
| A．Run for help and wait far emergency personnel to arrive. |
| B．Perform CPR and use an AED to shock the person’s heart |
| C．Call for help and try to rescue the victim with the assistance of an AED. |
| D．Move the person to a safe location and seek medical assistance. |
| A．By following the voice prompts and animations provided by the ARD device. |
| B．By sticking the pads to the designated locations of the victim’s chest on the coat. |
| C．On the upper left side of the chest, directly over the heart. |
| D．On the left and right sides of the chest,7cm below the armpits. |
| A．Press a button on the AED to deliver the analysis. |
| B．Step back and let the fully automatic AED deliver the shock |
| C．Perform CPR until the victim’s heart starts beating again. |
| D．Seek help from emergency medical personnel. |
| A．A heart attack that occurs without warning. |
| B．A heart attack that is preceded or other symptoms. |
| C．A heart attack that only affects people with heart disease. |
| D．A heart attack that always makes the victim dangerous. |
2 . Many people love the Halloween season, particularly young ones. It’s not hard to understand. The Halloween season is a time for fun-sized candy, giving rocks to trick or treaters, apple cider donuts, and frights. The very last-frights, are generally all in good fun. But can they be dangerous? Can someone be scared to death?
The key factor in an imagined scare-caused death is a little chemical that anyone who’s played a particularly intense game of hide-and-seek is very familiar with: adrenaline (肾上腺素). Fear puts the body in a state of severe emotional anxiety, which in turn causes the autonomic fight-or-flight response.
The fight-or-flight response is an evolutionary defence mechanism (机制) which acts in your best interest when there is a noticed threat. You sweat a lot, your anxiety is exacerbated, your blood glucose (葡萄糖) levels are increased, and your heart rate is higher. Like a cornered animal, you’re a bit less reasonable, a bit stranger, but a bit more ready to survive.
Now, back to the adrenaline. Adrenaline causes all of these processes, but there’s just one organ, which, if overloaded, can lead to sudden death. The human body doesn’t immediately come to an end as soon as a kidney (肾) fails, but when a heart stops working, the whole business fails. This is what happens to your body during an adrenaline rush.
Adrenaline causes calcium (钙) to enter the heart at a higher rate, and when there’s more calcium rushing through the heart, it has harder time resetting to its normal resting rate. This can cause a dangerous condition, which prevents blood from pumping to the rest of the body. Without immediate treatment, this can lead to sudden death.
Of course, such cause of death isn’t unique to being scared. Any event that increases one’s adrenal level could lead to this dangerous condition. So if you are planning on scaring others the next Halloween season, be sure to do it in a controlled setting, especially if you have a history of heart problems.
1. What do we learn about the fight-or-flight response mentioned in Paragraph 2?| A．It makes us think in a better way. |
| B．It prevents adrenaline from rising. |
| C．It has nothing to do with little kids. |
| D．It is meant to help us survive better. |
| A．acquired | B．relieved | C．worsened | D．addressed |
| A．Having a failed kidney. |
| B．Having faster blood circulation. |
| C．Having too much calcium in our blood. |
| D．Having irregular heartbeats. |
| A．enjoy Halloween in a controlled way |
| B．avoid low blood glucose levels |
| C．exercise to protect ourselves from heart disease |
| D．avoid scaring others during the Halloween screen |
| A．Is it enjoyable to frighten others? |
| B．Is it possible to be scared to death? |
| C．Why is too much adrenaline dangerous? |
| D．What to watch out for during the Halloween season? |
3 . In US emergency rooms (ER), the average wait time to see a doctor is more than two hours. There are more patients in need than there are doctors, nurses and other staff to help them. Many parents have suffered through hours in the ER with a sick, upset child, only to get sent home because their case is not considered urgent. What if there was another choice—like a house call from an intelligent machine?
Now, a new study shows that AI systems can assess a child’s medical chart and come up with a diagnosis, a determination of what is wrong with that patient.
The study took place at Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center in southern China. First, a team of doctors reviewed 6, 183 medical charts. They summarized the information in these charts into a list of keywords linked to disease-related symptoms or signs, such as “fever”. Researchers then taught these keywords to the AI system. Once trained, the system scanned children’s charts for the key terms, checking if they were present or not in order to come to a conclusion. Finally, it offered diagnoses based on the charts, narrowing down from among 55 illness categories.
It agreed with real doctors about 90 percent of the time. It was especially effective at identifying illnesses of the ear, nose and throat. For these upper-respiratory infections, the Al system got it right 95 percent of the time.
Dongxiao Zhu, an assistant professor of computer science at Wayne State University who did not take part in the study, however, sees this as “augmented intelligence (增强智能)” rather than “artificial intelligence”, because the system handled only 55 illness categories. Compare that to thousands of possibilities in the real world. The machine cannot yet get into the more complex aspects of a medical decision.
Zhu is also concerned about the amount of human work that went into the study—namely, the time and energy spent by human doctors. They spent hours grading the machine’s assessments and comparing them to their own. It’s no wonder that the process took four years. Considering that, it may be a while before you can skip the ER and see a robot-doctor instead.
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?| A．Patients pay too much for the ER. |
| B．American doctors aren’t responsible. |
| C．Children are treated urgently in the ER. |
| D．The emergency rooms are crowded with patients. |
| A．AI systems still have a long way to go. |
| B．AI systems diagnose disease like doctors. |
| C．AI systems will take over from doctors someday. |
| D．AI systems get into complex medical decisions. |
| A．By examining a patient first. | B．By reviewing many medical charts. |
| C．By scanning keywords about a disease. | D．By observing disease-related symptoms. |
| A．Most of the medical judgments by the AI system are identical to doctors’. |
| B．The AI system trains the patients to assess their medical charts. |
| C．The AI system mainly focuses on the illnesses of the ear, nose and throat. |
| D．All of illnesses can be identified by the AI system. |
| A．They need to be improved a lot. | B．They will replace real doctors soon. |
| C．They are suitable for complex disease. | D．They help doctors make a quick analysis. |
4 . 22-year-old New Jersey resident Joe DiMeo had a rare face and hands transplant last August. In 2019, DiMeo fell asleep at the wheel after working a night shift as a product tester for a drug company. The car hit a pole flipped over, and burst into flames. Another driver who saw the accident pulled over to rescue DiMeo.
Afterward, he underwent 20 surgeries and many skin grafts to treat his third-degree burns. Once it became clear that traditional surgeries couldn’t help him regain full vision or use of his hands, DiMeo’s medical team began preparing for the risky transplant. Almost immediately, the team encountered challenges including finding a donor. However, about two years later the team finally identified a donor in Delaware and completed the 23-hour procedure a few days later.
US surgeons have completed at least 18 face transplants and 35 hand transplants, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing(UNOS), which oversees the nation’s transplant system. But the face and double hand transplant is extremely rare and had only been tried twice before. The first attempt was in 2009 on a patient in Paris who died about a month later from complications. Two years later, Boston doctors tried it again on a woman, but had to remove the transplanted hands days later.
As with any transplant, the danger of rejection is the highest early on, but lasts endlessly. “You’re never free from that risk,” a doctor said. “Transplantation for any patient is a process that plays out over a long period of time.” Still, the doctor was amazed to see that DiMeo was able to master skills like zipping up his jacket and putting on his shoes. “It’s very pleasing and satisfying to all of us.” So far, DiMeo has not shown any signs of rejecting his new face or hands. “You got a new chance at life. You really can’t give up,” he said.
1. Why did DiMeo need surgeries?| A．He got injured after being hit by another driver. | B．He had an accident during his shift. |
| C．He was tested for a drug company. | D．He got burned in a car accident. |
| A．Lack of donors. | B．Repeated surgeries. |
| C．Serious complications. | D．No previous practice to follow. |
| A．To prove medical technology has greatly advanced. |
| B．To explain about the dangers of such surgeries. |
| C．To show DiMeo’s operation was a success. |
| D．To stress such surgeries should be avoided. |
| A．It is possible to avoid the danger of rejection. |
| B．DiMeo’s improvement gave them a sense of pride. |
| C．Transplantation is a life-saving chance for patients. |
| D．it is impossible for any high-risk patient to recover. |
Dressed in a white gown with pens in his pocket, 53-year-old Diarra Boubacar was welcomed by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in the Xindu district of Chengdu, Sichuan, as a specially invited expert.
Boubacar grew up in a small town in south-central Mali, a country in West Africa, which finds it challenging to provide affordable healthcare to its 19 million people.
Boubacar first came to China in 1984 on a student exchange program majoring in Chinese language and culture at Beijing Language and Culture University. After the two-year course, he decided to study traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.
Since TCM is also related to Chinese history and culture, students have to study ancient Chinese literature as most of the medical texts were written in ancient Chinese characters. “That’s a subject even the Chinese find difficult; so think of me, a foreigner!” he said.
What inspired him to continue were the similarities between TCM and traditional African medicine, such as using certain herbs to treat the same diseases and letting out blood.
However, the greatest challenge for him was to convince people that even though he was a foreigner, he could still treat them effectively with TCM.
In 1997, he became the first foreigner to receive a doctoral (博士的) degree in acupuncture (针灸) from Chengdu University of TCM.
Besides his work in a private hospital, Boubacar has also been helping patients in remote villages in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. A major part of his work was treating leprosy (麻风病) patients.
Due to his work in the community, Boubacar is also known as the “African Norman
Bethune”. Bethune was a Canadian frontline doctor who ran mobile hospitals in north China in the 1930s.
“I want to build not only a hospital but also an educational center where people can come and learn about Chinese medicine,” he said. After 10 years, his dream is becoming a reality.
“If they learn TCM, they will be able to treat people in Africa in a very cheap and effective way,” said Boubacar.
1. What was Boubacar’s hometown in Mali like? (no more than 10 words)2. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? (no more than 10 words)
3. What made Boubacar continue his study of TCM? (no more than 10 words)
4. Why does Boubacar want African people to learn TCM? (no more than 8 words)
5. What do you think of Boubacar’s work in China? And give your reasons. (no more than 20 words)
Neil Shuttleworth, an 82-year-old English man, was hardly able to walk because of osteoarthritis (骨关节炎) in his right ankle. Problems began for Neil after he accidentally stepped into an unseen hole in a road surface while on holiday in Cyprus several years ago. Thankfully, he received an artificial ankle made from the materials of bulletproof (防弹的) vests.
Neil, who is a retired printing specialist from Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, paid for the operation himself since it is not currently available on the National Health Service (NHS). When he finally chose to have the operation, he said it was because he had just one strong desire: to walk hand-in-hand with Christine, his wife of 34 years. “Actually, I wasn’t expecting to run a marathon. I would like to walk down the Promenade de la Croisette in Cannes with my wife, but without the pain I had lived with for far too long,” Neil said.
The operation uses polyethylene (聚乙烯) materials that are used to make bulletproof vests, but with extra added vitamin (维生素) E. Since the E-poly is made from strong plastic fibers, it is expected to last much longer than current replacements.
Before he was injured, Neil had always led an active lifestyle which involved running and cycling across the UK and Europe. After he stepped into the hole, which was several inches deep, he said he could not walk more than a few hundred yards as the pain in his ankle was so excruciating. Neil is now one of the first patients in the UK to have such an ankle replacement operation.
After wearing a special walker boot for six weeks following his operation, Neil received a strict six-week treatment that adopts special exercises. He is now able to walk a couple of miles, and he uses a running machine in order to build his fitness levels even further. “The results of Neil’s operation are impressive and there is at least an 80 to 90% chance the ankle replacement will survive for 10 to 15years,” said Professor Nick Harris, who performed the operation.
1. Why couldn’t Neil walk? （no more than 10 words）2. What did Neil expect to do according to Paragraph 2? （no more than 10 words）
3. What does the underlined word probably mean in Paragraph 4? （1 word）
4. What was expressed in Professor Nick Harris’ words? （1word）
5. What should you do when your family members get sick? Please explain.（no more than 20 words）
7 . When I was a practicing physical therapist (理疗师), my patients rehab (康复) needs varied. While they understood the benefits of physical therapy, the act of coming into the clinic was a huge inconvenience. Physical therapy often requires in-person appointments multiple times per week. In the traditional outpatient model, that means patients must take time out of their busy lives to travel to a clinic.
Over the past year, the health care system at large has adopted telehealth and other virtual care solutions so that patients could communicate with their primary care providers. However, for physical therapy, telehealth doesn’t do the job. But there is still a preferable alternative to the traditional in-clinic physical therapy model: at-home rehabilitation.
Patient convenience
Anyone who has ever been prescribed an extended regimen of physical therapy in a clinic has experienced inconveniences and barriers to care. Compare that to receiving therapy in the home and the differences are stark.
There are no waiting rooms, no time wasted on travel and no need to arrange child care. Patients get all the benefits of an in-person visit without the hassle of going to a clinic.
Therapist benefits
While decentralizing care settings may seem like a burden for therapists, who must travel to each appointment, there are models that have shown it works provided incentives are aligned correctly. For instance, one company that provides at-home physical therapy allows therapists to sign up for appointments whenever they’d like, meaning they’re able to pick up extra appointments in addition to a full-time clinical job. They’re able to earn extra income on their own schedules. For therapists looking to pay off debt from their studies, bringing care to people’s homes becomes a tremendous asset rather than a burden.
As we emerge from the pandemic and people feel more comfortable returning to traditional methods of receiving care, we should make sure they’re able to choose to continue receiving rehab at home. My bet is that many will.
1. The big trouble encountered by patients receiving physical therapy traditionally is that _____________.| A．most of their demands cannot be satisfied |
| B．they can’t see the doctor in person |
| C．it’s difficult for them to make an in-person appointment |
| D．they have to spend a deal of time going to the clinic |
| A．Telehealth has made physical therapy more convenient. |
| B．Digital technology has changed the current health care system. |
| C．The doctor-patient communication has been strengthened generally. |
| D．At-home rehabilitation is less preferable to the traditional treatment. |
| A．clear | B．real | C．basic | D．slight |
| A．The patients’ conveniences are mostly reduced. |
| B．Patients receive all kinds of benefits in the clinic. |
| C．Physical therapists provide door-to-door service. |
| D．A considerable amount of time and money are saved. |
