1 . For the first time, the World Health Organization has included Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in its globally influential medical compendium (汇编),according to an international science journal.
An article published by Nature said that TCM had been included in the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) released last year. Starting from the 1800s, the ICD has been revised and published in a series of editions, reflecting the advances in health and medical science over time. It serves as the foundation for the identification of global health trends, and the international standard for diseases and health conditions.
The latest ICD is based largely on the work of the International Classification of Traditional Medicine (ICTM) project’s experts from around the world, who had been working on traditional medicine research and practices for years.
China has been promoting the modernisation of TCM and pushing for TCM to gain acceptance worldwide. Tu Youyou, a Chinese expert focusing on the scientific study of drugs and medicines, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in2015 for her research in TCM. Her discovery has saved millions of lives in developing countries in South Asia, Africa and South America. TCM is sure to grow in popularity globally.
While the use of herbal medicines, acupuncture (针刺疗法) and other traditional medical practices has been on the rise, there’s still a shortage of global classification and terminology (术语) tools for traditional medicine now, according to officials of the WHO.
“The decision is to promote the safe and effective use of traditional medicine by regulating, researching and combining traditional medicine products,practitioners and practice into health systems,where appropriate,”the WHO was quoted as saying by Nature.
1. What can we learn about the ICD from Paragraph 2?| A．It will include TCM this year. |
| B．It has a history of over 200 years. |
| C．It is published in various languages. |
| D．It provides therapies for diseases worldwide. |
| A．To imply the worldwide popularity of TCM. |
| B．To prove TCM’s gaining worldwide acceptance. |
| C．To introduce a breakthrough in the medical field |
| D．To show Chinese people deserve the Nobel Prize for their contribution. |
| A．The classification of TCM. |
| B．The standard of TCM terms. |
| C．The official promotion of TCM. |
| D．The use of traditional Chinese medicine. |
| A．Lifestyle. | B．Opinion. |
| C．Health. | D．Technology. |
2 . In the 12th century, physician Ibn Zuhr conducted some animal research to assess the surgical procedures that could be applied to humans. Since then, animal testing has been considered the most efficient way to develop new drugs. New medical treatments and drugs are tested on animals first to determine their effectiveness or safety levels before they are finally tested on humans. However, it remains controversial whether it is morally right or wrong to use animals for experiments.
The use of animals for medical purposes is seen to be necessary by many scientists. Researchers usually begin their trials using rats. If the tests are successful, further tests are done on monkeys before using human beings. For testing, such tiered(分层的) rounds are important because they reduce the level of error and negative side effects. Some argue that animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments and there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system. Moreover, there are regulations for animal testing that limit the misuse of animals during research. They serve as evidence that animals are well taken care of and treated well instead of being intentionally harmed.
However, some other experts and animal welfare groups have opposed such practice, considering it as inhumane(不人道的) and claiming it should be banned. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force-feeding, radiation exposure, operations to deliberately cause damage and frightening situations to create depression and anxiety. They also hold the view that animals are very different from human beings and therefore are poor test subjects. Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe. Animal tests on the arthritis (关节炎) drug Vioxx showed it would have a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause about 27,000 heart attacks before being pulled back from the market.
It’s safe to say that using animals for tests will continue to be debated in many years to come. Despite the benefits of animal testing, some of the concerns need to be addressed with adequate regulations to ensure that animals are treated humanely.
1. Why is animal testing considered necessary?| A．Rats are more similar to humans than monkeys. |
| B．Other testing alternatives may not replace animals. |
| C．Animal testing can show every side effect of drugs. |
| D．Animal testing has been in practice since the 12th century. |
| A．Eating poisonous food. | B．Being killed deliberately. |
| C．Breathing in polluted air. | D．Having unnecessary operations. |
| A．animal testing helps find the cure for arthritis |
| B．some drugs need to be withdrawn from the market |
| C．animals cannot necessarily produce accurate results |
| D．a drug should be tested many more times before its release |
| A．Scientists should reduce the number of animals used in research. |
| B．Experts should try hard to determine whether animal tests are harmful. |
| C．Relevant organizations should show more concern about the animals’ welfare. |
| D．The authorities should issue new laws to guarantee animals’ rights during research. |
3 . Sunstroke is a condition that can quickly go from dangerous to deadly, especially if proper care isn’t given immediately.
Sunstroke, sometimes called heatstroke, is a result of the body temperature rising above the safe limit. This causes the body’s necessary functions to stop working.
It’s usually pretty easy to avoid sunstroke, as long as proper action is taken. In that case, you need to act as quickly as possible to return that person’s body to a safe temperature. Here are a few tips to help treat sunstroke.
Call for help
Call to get an ambulance as quickly as possible. This should be the first thing you do, especially if the sunstroke person has fainted (昏倒)。Also, call for help from anyone nearby if you’re in a public place. If there’s no one around, call someone nearby if they can get there sooner than an ambulance. Ask everyone to bring you as much water as possible, if there isn’t much nearby.
Get the person to a cooler area
If there’s a building nearby, aim for that. Anywhere with plenty of air conditioners and water is perfect. If a building isn’t available, bring the person to a well-shaded area.
Get the water flowing
If the person is still conscious, get him or her to drink water. If there’s a bathtub available, fill it with cool water and put the person in it.
If your water supply is limited, you have to save it. Dampen a towel or shirt and put it on the person’s body. Focus on the face, neck, and chest.
Fan the person
Getting moving air over the person cools him or her down. Use anything, a towel or sheet, a shirt, your hands, or a piece of board. This is where having many people around really helps, as they can combine to fan the entire body.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?| A．Call for assistance from others. |
| B．Leave the sunstroke person in the shade. |
| C．Put a wet towel on the person’s face. |
| D．Help the person take some medicine. |
| A．When the body doesn’t function. |
| B．When proper care is given immediately. |
| C．When someone is exposed to the sun too long. |
| D．When the body temperature goes up beyond what one can bear. |
| A．guidebook | B．book review |
| C．medical magazine | D．official document |
4 . Getting sick is a common part of people’s lives. But their attitudes toward being sick and hospital visits vary from country to country. This difference hasn’t been more obvious since the start of the novel coronavirus epidemic — when a great number of people are falling ill all at the same time.
The conditions in the US are getting worse quickly, which is largely due to the fact that there’s no universal health-care system. According to the 2019 US Census, 28 million people are not covered or do not have adequate health insurance, meaning that they would probably avoid getting tested for the virus, for fear of the cost of being hospitalized.
‘‘There is a strong financial reason to hide symptoms, to try to keep working and caring for children, and thus, they’re spreading the virus … simply because they have no other choice.” wrote reporter James Hamblin on The Atlantic.
Germany, on the contrary, has one of the world’s best-developed public healthcare systems that covers every citizen. People in Germany — who have ‘‘high levels of job security’’, according to the Los Angeles Times — are also more likely to follow the separation measures and stay at home without having to worry about losing their jobs.
Japan also has universal public health-care, but it brings another kind of problem: People tend to seek more medical care than necessary. According to Yusuke Tsugawa, a physician at Harvard University, Japan has three times more outpatient (门诊) visits than in the US, and patients also stay in hospital for three times longer than in the US. This often wastes medical resources, which are even more critical and precious during a global pandemic.
‘‘It isn’t good to do tests just to ease public anxiety,” Kentaro Iwata, an infectious disease expert at Kobe University, Japan, told Reuters. ‘‘If they test everyone with light symptoms, the medical system will break down.”
Indeed, a country’s healthcare system is the key to keeping its people safe - it’s also the key to whether a country can survive a crisis like the novel coronavirus pandemic.
1. Why are the conditions in the US worsening rapidly?| A．All people there avoid getting tested. |
| B．Most people there don’t have health insurance. |
| C．Most people there can’t afford being hospitalized. |
| D．All people there are not covered by health-care system. |
| A．They choose to do so. | B．They don’t want to work alone. |
| C．They are concerned about money. | D．They want to stay with their children. |
| A．They have too many outpatient visits. |
| B．They waste too much time on unnecessary testing. |
| C．They spend too much money on public health-care. |
| D．They don’t make the best use of medical resources. |
5 . Doctors Without Borders, which was set up in 1971 by doctors and journalists in France, is a humanitarian (慈善的) organization also known as its French name, Médecins Sans Frontières, and handles emergencies caused by wars, infectious diseases and natural disasters. Today, the group provides humanitarian medical aid in more than 70 countries. Over 90 percent of its money comes from private sources. In 1999, the group received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders is a documentary by the movie director Mark Hopkins. It tells the stories of four doctors and their voluntary work in Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mr. Hopkins and his crew filmed the doctors working under some of the most extreme and dangerous conditions.
Doctor Tom Krueger from the United States in the film volunteered in Liberia in 2003, after two civil wars. He said, “It was pretty much of a shock when I got here. You can’t describe the feeling of the heat in your body and the sweat running down your back, and the smell of the pus (脓) that hits your nose and of unwashed bodies in a closed room.”
Another doctor in the film, Australian Chris Brasheer, has been with Doctors Without Borders for nine years. He has served in the Democratic Republic of Congo and spent time in Liberia. He said, “No water, no electricity, no food — pretty apocalyptic really.”
Doctor Chiara Lepora from Italy also appears in the film. She spent several years working with the group. She said, “I will probably return. There are a lot of doctors who are willing to volunteer once, but not many doctors who are willing to repeat their experience.”
1. What can we know about Doctors Without Borders?| A．It finds peaceful solutions to world problems. |
| B．Most of its money comes from the government. |
| C．It was started only by doctors in the early 1970s. |
| D．It provides free medical aid for the countries in trouble. |
| A．The end of the world. | B．The feeling of sadness. |
| C．The smell of dead bodies. | D．The dangerous conditions. |
| A．Mr. Hopkins is a member of Doctors Without Borders. |
| B．Doctor Tom Krueger was in extreme fear when in Liberia. |
| C．Doctor Chiara Lepora is unwilling to repeat her experience. |
| D．The two civil wars in Liberia greatly influenced its economy. |
6 . Your child comes home from school or daycare with a note alerting you to a case of hand, foot and mouth disease.
Consider the source. A website's domain name can tell you a lot about its believability. Nonprofit, nongovernmental research, education and health professional organizations are generally excellent resources that tend to have “.org” endings.
Dig deep. A well-designed website can mask faulty information. Before you dive into the material, read the site's “About Us” tab or an equal to learn about the organization behind the digital door. Be careful.
Look for red flags. If you open a website and find it difficult to see anything except the explosion of advertisements, it's time to hit the "back" button. Lots of ads are a sure sign of the bad resource.
| A．Find out the small details. |
| B．Trust the Internet sources. |
| C．These sites may have a hidden purpose. |
| D．You grab your phone rapidly and type in a few keywords. |
| E．It is important for parents to know well about their children's health. |
| F．It's important for physicians to provide helpful and accurate information. |
| G．The sites with “. gov” means you are visiting a United States government site. |
7 . With their large glass windows and clear views of the hospital’s newest arrivals, it’s hard to imagine hospitals without newborn nurseries. But how did this slightly unusual concept of putting babies on show come into being?
Well, they’re not really for putting babies on show. Firstly, they were created as an area for nurses to take care of all of the new babies, separate from their mothers. Newborn nurseries have been around pretty much since moms started having babies in hospitals. In the early 1900s, hospitals replaced homes as the primary place to give birth. Hospitals built delivery rooms, and those wards had nurseries with windows.
According to Smithsonian.com, a 1943 publication gave two main purposes for the nurseries. The first purpose was to allow the relatives to see the new babies. The windows, however, were to keep the babies safe and clean while they were being admired by relatives. And that sanitary concern is right and reasonable. Babies’ immune systems are not yet developed, which has to do with the frightening reason you should be careful about letting people kiss your new baby. However, the Smithsonian.com article does admit that solid walls would be even more effective at keeping bacteria and viruses out than windows. Not to mention they would be more cost-effective. So, yeah... the primary purpose is still to look at the cute babies. Some hospitals would offer individual viewings so that relatives could have some quality time with their new member. In the mid- to late twentieth century, these nursery viewings were often the first time fathers got to see their new babies.
Today, though, the nurseries mean a lot to many hospital visitors and family members. Dotti James claims that "the nursery window has become a destination for patients and families from other parts of the hospital experiencing a health crisis...Standing outside the nursery, seeing the babies...can give hope to families trying to deal successfully with something difficult." It’s pretty much a universal truth that healthy babies are an immediate mood booster(令人鼓舞的事情).
1. What’s the function of Paragraph 1?| A．To present the answer to a question. |
| B．To summarize the whole passage. |
| C．To introduce the theme of the passage. |
| D．To provide background information. |
| A．Nurseries with windows are more cost-effective. |
| B．Safety is the main focus of newborn nurseries. |
| C．Kissing new babies may cause them harm. |
| D．Fathers were the last to see new babies decades ago. |
| A．Doubtful.. | B．Positive | C．Concerned. | D．Disapproving. |
| A．To explain why hospitals set up newborn nurseries. |
| B．To stress the importance of newborn nurseries. |
| C．To show the benefits of newborn nurseries. |
| D．To state some misunderstandings of newborn nurseries. |
8 . Scientists from Imperial College London have found that using virtual reality(VR)headsets can reduce sensitivity to pain, by immersing(沉浸)people in icy Arctic scenery. In a study published in Pain Reports, a team from Imperial used VR video to reduce people’s sensitivity to ongoing pain and sharp shooting pain.
According to the researchers, the findings add to the growing evidence for the potential of VR technology to help patients with long-term pain. Beyond the distracting effect, they think VR may actually cause the body’s own inbuilt pain-fighting systems to start working.
Dr Sam Hughes, the first author on the paper, said "Our work suggests that VR may be getting involved in processes in the key parts of our inbuilt pain-fighting systems and are helpful in regulating the spread of increased sensitivity to pain.
To test their theory, researchers applied a cream containing capsaicin(辣椒素)-the chemical that makes your mouth bum-to 15 healthy volunteers. The capsaicin makes the skin more sensitive to painful stimuli(刺激)like a very small electric shock.
In the first trial, participants were then asked to rate the pain caused by the capsaicin cream on a scale of 0-100 (from 'no pain' to 'worst pain possible' )while either watching a VR scene of Arctic exploration through a headset, or looking at a still image of an Arctic scene on a monitor. Under the same conditions, they were also asked to say when a stimulus applied directly to the skin area is considered as painful.
The team found that ongoing pain was reduced following VR immersion, and that sensitivity to painful stimuli was also reduced. However, the same effect was not seen in people who looked at still images of the polar environment.
They explain that while the findings made at the beginning are encouraging, the study is limited by the small number of healthy participants, without long-term pain. However, the researchers believe VR could hold a bright future to treat patients with long-term pain who have poor inbuilt pain fighting systems.
1. How can VR possibly help long-term pain sufferers?| A．By making their pain-fighting systems function. |
| B．By drawing their attention to fighting pain. |
| C．By controlling the spread of pain sensitivity. |
| D．By slowing down their brains' reaction to pain. |
| A．Making a capsaicin cream. |
| B．Putting on virtual reality headsets. |
| C．Applying capsaicin cream to the skin. |
| D．Looking at pictures on a computer screen. |
| A．Still images helped to ease people's pain. |
| B．VR immersion was the key factor in pain reduction. |
| C．Healthy people were less sensitive to VR than pain sufferers. |
| D．Capsaicin cream brought people more pain than electronic stimulus. |
| A．The team feels confident about future VR treatment. |
| B．The researchers will work on the side effect of VR. |
| C．VR treatment can be applied in other medical fields. |
| D．The trial only has an effect on short-term pain patients. |
9 . Many people fear a visit to the dentist. They are not so much afraid of the doctor, but of the dental equipment and treatments. For over a century, dentists have been repairing the bad tooth in the same way. They first remove the bad tooth tissue with an electric-powered drill. Then, they fill the hole with a certain material. If the hole is deep and near the nerve of the tooth, it can be very painful. The worst part is that the process of drilling and filling the hole has to be repeated for the entire life of that tooth.
A British company called Reminova says it has developed a kind of technology that will end the need for mechanical cleaning of bad teeth. It also says the technology speeds up a natural process of tooth repair. The new treatment begins with a cleaning of the hole. This does not require power tools. The dentist covers the problem area with a mineral solution, and then uses an electrical current to harden this material. The electricity is too weak for the patient to feel. And the hardened mineral completely fills the hole.
Researchers say this method could be especially useful for children. Sometimes children have bad experiences at the dentist’. They fear the drilling and injections. If they have a better experience of going to the dentist’, they’ll be much more positive in later life and probably become much more regular patients. The new method is most efficient on the early-stage bad tooth. The whole treatment lasts about as long as a normal drill-and-fill visit. They believe the new technology can be further developed for treating the late-stage bad tooth.
1. What do we know about the traditional treatment for the bad tooth?| A．The experience can be unpleasant. | B．The bad tooth will be taken out directly. |
| C．It costs much money. | D．The bad tooth can be cured once and for all. |
| A．It aims to speed up the process of tooth repair. | B．More power tools will be used for treatment. |
| C．The patient often gets an electric shock. | D．It causes less pain than the old one. |
| A．is only performed on children now | B．will take the patient much more time |
| C．needs to be improved for wider use | D．costs more than the drill-and-fill visit |
| A．Different Ways To Repair Bad Teeth | B．It’s Necessary To Keep Teeth Healthy |
| C．How To Prevent Children From Having Bad Teeth | D．Days of Painful Tooth Repair May Be Over |
10 . Artificial intelligence （Al） could soon help screen for Alzheimer's （阿尔茨海默症）disease by analyzing writing. A team from IBM and Pfizer says it has trained Al models to spot early signs of the illness by looking at language patterns in word usage.
Other researchers have already trained various models to look for signs of cognitive impairments （认知损伤）by using different types of data, such as brain scans and clinical test results. But the latest work stands out because it used historical information from the Framingham Heart Study, which has been tracking the health of more than 14,000 people from three generations since 1948. If the new models' ability to pick up trends in such data holds up in forward-looking studies of bigger and more diverse populations, researchers say they could predict the development of Alzheimer's disease a number of years before symptoms become severe enough for typical diagnostic methods to pick up. And such a screening tool would not require invasive （入侵性的）tests or scans.
Researchers praise the study as a solid contribution to the field that might draw more attention and resources to Al detection of Alzheimer's disease. It's one of the very few works that analyze the big-scale, real-life data that was collected over a very long period of time.
The new models might have been more accurate if it could have contained handwriting. This ability could provide additional clues. Using Al speech analysis to diagnose Alzheimer's disease is a growing area of research, and other systems have focused on detecting changes in audio samples. These contain clues such as speech pauses, which are not found in writing.
Whether written or spoken, language samples offer a relatively noninvasive source of information for monitoring peoples, cognitive health, compared with brain scans and other laboratory tests. Collecting such language data could be done cheaply and remotely—though doing so would still require strict informed permission and private information safeguards for the individuals creating the samples. This is especially true because some people may not want to even know how likely they are to develop Alzheimer's disease.
1. How can Al help in spotting signs of Alzheimer's disease?| A．By scanning the person's brain. |
| B．By studying the person's various data. |
| C．By analyzing the person's word usage. |
| D．By testing the person's writing articles. |
| A．They are based on historical data. |
| B．They detect early signs precisely. |
| C．They are applied to a wider population. |
| D．They make follow-up studies unnecessary. |
| A．Sample analysis. | B．Data analysis. |
| C．Screening results. | D．Privacy protection. |
| A．Al——a way to fight Alzheimer’s | B．AI——a tool to detect Alzheimer's |
| C．Al — a trend in treating diseases | D．Al — a method for collecting data |
