2 . A blocked airway can kill someone in three to four minutes, but it can take more than eight minutes for an ambulance to arrive. So a simple procedure such as opening someone’s airway can save their life while they’re waiting for emergency medical help. This means you’re more likely to give first aid to someone you know than a stranger.

There are many misconceptions surrounding first aid. Below are the "most popular" ones with details of what you should do.

Top four first aid misconceptions:

You should put butter or cream on a burn. The only thing you should put on a burn is cold water—keep the butter for cooking. Put the affected area under cold running water for at least ten minutes

The best way to treat bleeding is to put the wound under a tap. If you put a bleeding wound under a tap, you wash away the body`s clotting agents（凝血剂）and make it bleed more. Instead, put pressure on the wound with whatever is available to stop or slow down the flow of blood. As soon as possible call 911. Keep pressure on the wound until help arrives.

Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head back during a nosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway. Instead, advise them to tilt（倾斜）their head forwards and ask them to pinch（捏）the end of their nose and breathe through their mouth.

You need lots of training to do first aid. You don’t—what you mostly need is common sense. You can learn enough first aid knowledge in a few minutes to save someone`s life—whether it`s from reading a book, attending a course or watching videos online.

Remember that anyone can save a life.

1. The most important point to save an airway blocked person’s life is to________.

A．keep his airway open

B．ensure the ambulance’s arriving time

C．keep the surroundings quiet

D．ask for emergency medical help immediately

2. If a person is burnt, what you should do immediately is________.

A．put some cream on the burn area

B．heat up some butter for the burn

C．place the burn under cold running water

D．wash the affected area for a long time

3. If a bleeding wound is put under a tap, what will happen?

A．It will help the bleeding stop at once.

B．The wound will help produce more clotting agents.

C．It will produce more pressure on the wound.

D．The wound will bleed more and it is hard to stop the bleeding.

4. Which of the following statements is RIGHT?

A．When a person’s nose bleeds, please put the head back.

B．You can learn first aid quickly in different ways.

C．When a person is burnt, keep pressure on the burn until help arrives.

D．Not everyone can do first aid to save a life.

5. The passage mainly tells us________.

A．how to learn first aid by yourself

B．some misunderstandings about first aid

C．the importance of first aid

D．how to help the medical team save a life

3 . With the world's attention on vaccines, now it feels like a good moment to sing the praises of an often forgotten contributor to their development. Three hundred years ago this month, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu got her daughter inoculated（接种）against smallpox, making her child the first person in the West to be protected in this way. Without Montagu's willingness to adopt a practice she had learned from other cultures, the introduction of vaccines around 80 years later would never have taken place.

Montagu first witnessed inoculation when she accompanied her husband to Turkey. Inoculation had started in Asia, probably in China, as early as the 10^th century AD. Montagu observed how older women in Turkey took a tiny amount of pus（脓）from a person with smallpox. They then used needles to make cuts on people's wrists and ankles and added the pus to their bloodstream. This helped people gain immunity from future infection.

Like other visitors to the country, Montagu took steps to ensure that her son was inoculated. This worked well, but she knew that trying it in England would be far more challenging. Inoculation performed by unlicensed amateurs would threaten doctors' professional standing and potentially rob them of valuable income. Some people also disagree with the practice, as they saw it as going against nature.

Back in England, Montagu observed smallpox infections became increasingly severe. Eventually, in April 1721, she decided to use the Turkish practice to have her daughter inoculated, because she believed that the rewards would outweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed following the inoculation, Montagu allowed doctors to examine her daughter.

Doctors in Britain gradually accepted the practice. About 80 years later, a pioneering physician found smallpox vaccines to destroy smallpox completely. As early as last century, academics argued that Montagu was no more than an enthusiastic amateur. In truth, she made a vital scientific contribution towards finding the cure for smallpox.

1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The origin of smallpox inoculation.	B．Turkish women's invention of inoculation.
C．The benefits from smallpox inoculation.	D．Montagu's first access to inoculation.

2. Why did Montagu know it was hard to try inoculation in England?

A．Because it might harm doctors' interests.	B．Because deep down it was against nature.
C．Because it was a foreign practice.	D．Because it might cost valuable money.

3. What could have led doctors in Britain to accept inoculation?

A．The severe situation in smallpox infections.	B．The result of Montagu's daughter's inoculation.
C．A physician's discovery of smallpox vaccines.	D．Montagu's focus on its rewards rather than its risks

4. Which of the following can be used to describe Montagu?

A．a fearless scientist

B．a brilliant inventor

C．a devoted explorer

D．an unsung hero

5 . Over the last decade, demand for the cosmetic surgery has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal. The advertising media give us a perception(概念)of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”

In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “By then, you've wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we don't consider old enough to order a drink shouldn't be considering plastic surgery.”

In the U. K. cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain(领土)of the very rich and famous. But the cost of treatment has fallen considerably, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies says, “Of course, ￡3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.”

Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication(精密)of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anesthetic(麻醉)in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. One woman who recently paid f2, 500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, “Going into the clinic was so low key and effective that it whetted my appetite. Now I don't think there's any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.”

1. The statement “draws the line at operating on people” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ________.

A．removing wrinkles from the face	B．helping people make up
C．enjoying operating	D．refusing to operate

2. According to the third paragraph, Dr. Davies implies that ________.

A．cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having

B．cosmetic surgery is too expensive

C．cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person

D．cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous

3. It can be inferred from the text that ________.

A．it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18

B．cosmetic surgery is now much easier

C．people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery

D．the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be

4. The text is mainly about ________.

A．the advantage of having cosmetic surgery

B．what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery.

C．the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular.

D．the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery

6 . Where does the conversation take place?

A．At an airport.

B．At a clinic.

C．At a hotel.

8 . “Don’t get sick in July!”

This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It’s driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, fresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it’s when everyone is most ________. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to mistakes.

So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor’s experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a(n) ________ symptom early in a disease process, when machines still can’t take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the ________, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatments, there’s a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.

In a variety of situations, though, experience can backfire. The reason is simple ________. Doctors are humans too and they ________ tricks of the mind—like believing that an ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to understanding why these errors of thought occur. They ________ from so-called cognitive prejudice that can mislead even ________ practitioners into making the wrong decisions.

Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard new and ________ information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead of analyzing the ________ diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the herbal remedies cured the cancer.

Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring information opposing it. Let’s say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to________ the suspicion, which produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was ________ with the prior diagnosis by experience.

In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same ________ for years.

To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is ________. It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with an unconscious thinking ________. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twice and ________ her decision about your case.

1.

A．innocent

B．productive

C．inexperienced

D．prohibited

2.

A．slight

B．objective

C．complex

D．sustainable

3.

A．media

B．tradition

C．reality

D．textbook

4.

A．psychology

B．education

C．procedure

D．priority

5.

A．take advantage of

B．make sense of

C．fall victim to

D．play fire with

6.

A．spring

B．depart

C．benefit

D．distinguish

7.

A．highly-motivated

B．well-seasoned

C．deeply-offended

D．wide-eyed

8.

A．moderate

B．visible

C．conflicting

D．permanent

9.

A．initial

B．tough

C．multiple

D．private

10.

A．evaluate

B．operate

C．confirm

D．revise

11.

A．preoccupied

B．labelled

C．associated

D．concerned

12.

A．professional circle

B．thinking pattern

C．academic background

D．operating order

13.

A．investigating

B．questioning

C．monitoring

D．observing

14.

A．obstacle

B．trap

C．horizon

D．struggle

15.

A．practice

B．accommodate

C．justify

D．remove

9 . In a major medical breakthrough, Tel Aviv University researchers have “printed” the world's first 3D vascularized (有血管的）engineered heart using a patient’s own cells and biological materials. Their findings were published on April IS in a study in Advanced Science.

“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,” says Prof. Tal Dvir of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research for the study. “This heart is made from human cells and patient-specific biological materials. In our process, these materials serve as the bioinks, something made of sugars and proteins that can be used for 3D printing of complex tissue models，” Prof, Dvir says. “People managed to 3D print the structure of a heart in the past, but not with cells or with blood vessels (血管).Our results demonstrate the potential of our approach for engineering personalized tissue and organ replacement in the future.”

According to Prof. Dvir，the use of “ native ” patient-specific materials is important to successfully engineering tissues and organs.

The researchers are now planning on culturing the printed hearts in the lab and “ teaching them to behave” like hearts, Prof. Dvir says. They then plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart in animal models.

“We need to develop the printed heart further，” he concludes. “The cells need to form a pumping ability ； they can currently contract (收缩），but we need them to work together. Our hope is that we will succeed and prove our method’s efficacy (功效)and usefulness. “Maybe, in ten years, there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world，and these procedures will be conducted routinely. ”

1. What does Prof. Dvir think of an early 3D-printed heart?

A．It was highly practical.	B．It was too expensive.
C．It was personalized.	D．It was too simple.

2. What do we know about the latest 3D-printed heart?

A．It can be cultured in the lab.

B．It can match a patient perfectly.

C．It has been transplanted in animals.

D．It has been widely used in hospitals,

3. What is Prof, Dvir's attitude to the development of the printed heart?

A．Ambiguous.	B．Positive.
C．Disapproving.	D．Cautious.

4. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?

A．To explain the basic principle of 3D technology.

B．To introduce a breakthrough of medical research.

C．To doubt the medical value of a new invention.

D．To prove the effectiveness of the new technology.

10 . Being able to find high quality health care at an affordable price is a problem to be solved in many countries. In the United States, Walmart, a large chain store, is trying to help. It is offering something new to its employees: cutting the cost of a doctor’s appointment to only $4 instead of the usual $40 for the same service.

The catch is that the patient and doctor must meet over the internet. This online service is called “telemedicine.”

Walmart is the latest major business in the United States to push its workers toward a high-tech way to be examined and treated by doctors. Thanks to telemedicine, people can talk with medical experts from the privacy of their own homes, often using a secure video connection.

Supporters say online visits make it easier for patients to see an expert or quickly find help for problems considered non-emergencies.

Some healthcare needs are well-suited for telemedicine. It can help people seeking treatment for insect bites or skin conditions. Patients who have had medical treatments and cannot move around easily can use telemedicine for their follow-up visits. Also, people seeking help for mental health issues can benefit from the privacy that telemedicine gives.

But still, many people do not use telemedicine, they continue to go to the doctor’s office when they are sick. 80 percent of middle-size and large U.S. companies offered telemedicine services to their workers in 2018. However, only 8 percent of its employees used telemedicine at least once in 2017.

Compared with seeing a real doctor in person, some people may think the quality of telemedicine is not as good. Parents, for example, may feel they are not giving their child the best care if they use a virtual doctor appointment. Older adults may look forward to their in-person doctor appointments. For them, going to the doctor’s office is a big event, something they look forward to.

Another reason some adults may not use telemedicine services is trust. Tom Hill, aged 66, says he has no plans to ever use telemedicine. He does not buy anything online, let alone do something as personal as seeing a doctor. He says, for him, it is important to look his doctor in the eye and shake hands.

However, for some people, especially young people and busy students, telemedicine might be a good choice. It can cut down on the time away from work. It can also cut down on the cost of doctor visits.

1. What is Walmart trying to help with?

A．Finding something new for its employees.

B．Promoting the online service “telemedicine”.

C．Cutting the online cost of a doctor’s appointment.

D．Reducing the cost of seeing a doctor at a much lower price.

2. What is True about “telemedicine”?

A．It enables patients to see doctors at home for free.

B．It has become increasingly popular in America.

C．It is the online service that is provided by most large US companies.

D．It makes it easier to see a doctor for emergency problems.

3. Why do most people prefer to go to the doctor’s office when they are ill?

A．Because their company doesn’t provide telemedicine.

B．Because they don’t trust the doctors online.

C．Because they look forward to a virtual doctor appointment.

D．Because they have made friends with the doctors.

4. Who is most likely to apply “telemedicine”?

A．Jenny, a shy woman who suffers from mental illness.

B．Smith, a grandpa who has been bitten by a running dog.

C．Wilson, a worker who got seriously injured in a car accident.

D．Kate, a mother whose kid is suffering from a skin disease.

5. What is the author’s attitude towards “telemedicine”?

A．Positive.

B．Negative.

C．Objective.

D．Doubtful.