1 . In the 12th century, physician Ibn Zuhr conducted some animal research to assess the surgical procedures that could be applied to humans. Since then, animal testing has been considered the most efficient way to develop new drugs. New medical treatments and drugs are tested on animals first to determine their effectiveness or safety levels before they are finally tested on humans. However, it remains controversial whether it is morally right or wrong to use animals for experiments.
The use of animals for medical purposes is seen to be necessary by many scientists. Researchers usually begin their trials using rats. If the tests are successful, further tests are done on monkeys before using human beings. For testing, such tiered(分层的) rounds are important because they reduce the level of error and negative side effects. Some argue that animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments and there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system. Moreover, there are regulations for animal testing that limit the misuse of animals during research. They serve as evidence that animals are well taken care of and treated well instead of being intentionally harmed.
However, some other experts and animal welfare groups have opposed such practice, considering it as inhumane(不人道的) and claiming it should be banned. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force-feeding, radiation exposure, operations to deliberately cause damage and frightening situations to create depression and anxiety. They also hold the view that animals are very different from human beings and therefore are poor test subjects. Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe. Animal tests on the arthritis (关节炎) drug Vioxx showed it would have a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause about 27,000 heart attacks before being pulled back from the market.
It’s safe to say that using animals for tests will continue to be debated in many years to come. Despite the benefits of animal testing, some of the concerns need to be addressed with adequate regulations to ensure that animals are treated humanely.
1. Why is animal testing considered necessary?| A．Rats are more similar to humans than monkeys. |
| B．Other testing alternatives may not replace animals. |
| C．Animal testing can show every side effect of drugs. |
| D．Animal testing has been in practice since the 12th century. |
| A．Eating poisonous food. | B．Being killed deliberately. |
| C．Breathing in polluted air. | D．Having unnecessary operations. |
| A．animal testing helps find the cure for arthritis |
| B．some drugs need to be withdrawn from the market |
| C．animals cannot necessarily produce accurate results |
| D．a drug should be tested many more times before its release |
| A．Scientists should reduce the number of animals used in research. |
| B．Experts should try hard to determine whether animal tests are harmful. |
| C．Relevant organizations should show more concern about the animals’ welfare. |
| D．The authorities should issue new laws to guarantee animals’ rights during research. |
2 . Sunstroke is a condition that can quickly go from dangerous to deadly, especially if proper care isn’t given immediately.
Sunstroke, sometimes called heatstroke, is a result of the body temperature rising above the safe limit. This causes the body’s necessary functions to stop working.
It’s usually pretty easy to avoid sunstroke, as long as proper action is taken. In that case, you need to act as quickly as possible to return that person’s body to a safe temperature. Here are a few tips to help treat sunstroke.
Call for help
Call to get an ambulance as quickly as possible. This should be the first thing you do, especially if the sunstroke person has fainted (昏倒)。Also, call for help from anyone nearby if you’re in a public place. If there’s no one around, call someone nearby if they can get there sooner than an ambulance. Ask everyone to bring you as much water as possible, if there isn’t much nearby.
Get the person to a cooler area
If there’s a building nearby, aim for that. Anywhere with plenty of air conditioners and water is perfect. If a building isn’t available, bring the person to a well-shaded area.
Get the water flowing
If the person is still conscious, get him or her to drink water. If there’s a bathtub available, fill it with cool water and put the person in it.
If your water supply is limited, you have to save it. Dampen a towel or shirt and put it on the person’s body. Focus on the face, neck, and chest.
Fan the person
Getting moving air over the person cools him or her down. Use anything, a towel or sheet, a shirt, your hands, or a piece of board. This is where having many people around really helps, as they can combine to fan the entire body.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?| A．Call for assistance from others. |
| B．Leave the sunstroke person in the shade. |
| C．Put a wet towel on the person’s face. |
| D．Help the person take some medicine. |
| A．When the body doesn’t function. |
| B．When proper care is given immediately. |
| C．When someone is exposed to the sun too long. |
| D．When the body temperature goes up beyond what one can bear. |
| A．guidebook | B．book review |
| C．medical magazine | D．official document |
3 . Getting sick is a common part of people’s lives. But their attitudes toward being sick and hospital visits vary from country to country. This difference hasn’t been more obvious since the start of the novel coronavirus epidemic — when a great number of people are falling ill all at the same time.
The conditions in the US are getting worse quickly, which is largely due to the fact that there’s no universal health-care system. According to the 2019 US Census, 28 million people are not covered or do not have adequate health insurance, meaning that they would probably avoid getting tested for the virus, for fear of the cost of being hospitalized.
‘‘There is a strong financial reason to hide symptoms, to try to keep working and caring for children, and thus, they’re spreading the virus … simply because they have no other choice.” wrote reporter James Hamblin on The Atlantic.
Germany, on the contrary, has one of the world’s best-developed public healthcare systems that covers every citizen. People in Germany — who have ‘‘high levels of job security’’, according to the Los Angeles Times — are also more likely to follow the separation measures and stay at home without having to worry about losing their jobs.
Japan also has universal public health-care, but it brings another kind of problem: People tend to seek more medical care than necessary. According to Yusuke Tsugawa, a physician at Harvard University, Japan has three times more outpatient (门诊) visits than in the US, and patients also stay in hospital for three times longer than in the US. This often wastes medical resources, which are even more critical and precious during a global pandemic.
‘‘It isn’t good to do tests just to ease public anxiety,” Kentaro Iwata, an infectious disease expert at Kobe University, Japan, told Reuters. ‘‘If they test everyone with light symptoms, the medical system will break down.”
Indeed, a country’s healthcare system is the key to keeping its people safe - it’s also the key to whether a country can survive a crisis like the novel coronavirus pandemic.
1. Why are the conditions in the US worsening rapidly?| A．All people there avoid getting tested. |
| B．Most people there don’t have health insurance. |
| C．Most people there can’t afford being hospitalized. |
| D．All people there are not covered by health-care system. |
| A．They choose to do so. | B．They don’t want to work alone. |
| C．They are concerned about money. | D．They want to stay with their children. |
| A．They have too many outpatient visits. |
| B．They waste too much time on unnecessary testing. |
| C．They spend too much money on public health-care. |
| D．They don’t make the best use of medical resources. |
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper. TCM
Westerners’ understanding of TCM, however, maybe limited to acupuncture (针灸), cupping (拔罐) and massage. As
Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup,
The herbs,
Chris is not a traditional explorer — he usually
Chris is a doctor from France and he works for MSF,
At the moment, there are over 30,000 trained doctors taking part in MSF projects and tasks. Every year, more than 3,000 international doctors will join
When MSF accepts a doctor for a task, he has to devote himself
When
6 . Doctors Without Borders, which was set up in 1971 by doctors and journalists in France, is a humanitarian (慈善的) organization also known as its French name, Médecins Sans Frontières, and handles emergencies caused by wars, infectious diseases and natural disasters. Today, the group provides humanitarian medical aid in more than 70 countries. Over 90 percent of its money comes from private sources. In 1999, the group received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders is a documentary by the movie director Mark Hopkins. It tells the stories of four doctors and their voluntary work in Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mr. Hopkins and his crew filmed the doctors working under some of the most extreme and dangerous conditions.
Doctor Tom Krueger from the United States in the film volunteered in Liberia in 2003, after two civil wars. He said, “It was pretty much of a shock when I got here. You can’t describe the feeling of the heat in your body and the sweat running down your back, and the smell of the pus (脓) that hits your nose and of unwashed bodies in a closed room.”
Another doctor in the film, Australian Chris Brasheer, has been with Doctors Without Borders for nine years. He has served in the Democratic Republic of Congo and spent time in Liberia. He said, “No water, no electricity, no food — pretty apocalyptic really.”
Doctor Chiara Lepora from Italy also appears in the film. She spent several years working with the group. She said, “I will probably return. There are a lot of doctors who are willing to volunteer once, but not many doctors who are willing to repeat their experience.”
1. What can we know about Doctors Without Borders?| A．It finds peaceful solutions to world problems. |
| B．Most of its money comes from the government. |
| C．It was started only by doctors in the early 1970s. |
| D．It provides free medical aid for the countries in trouble. |
| A．The end of the world. | B．The feeling of sadness. |
| C．The smell of dead bodies. | D．The dangerous conditions. |
| A．Mr. Hopkins is a member of Doctors Without Borders. |
| B．Doctor Tom Krueger was in extreme fear when in Liberia. |
| C．Doctor Chiara Lepora is unwilling to repeat her experience. |
| D．The two civil wars in Liberia greatly influenced its economy. |
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