1 . Many people love the Halloween season, particularly young ones. It’s not hard to understand. The Halloween season is a time for fun-sized candy, giving rocks to trick or treaters, apple cider donuts, and frights. The very last-frights, are generally all in good fun. But can they be dangerous? Can someone be scared to death?
The key factor in an imagined scare-caused death is a little chemical that anyone who’s played a particularly intense game of hide-and-seek is very familiar with: adrenaline (肾上腺素). Fear puts the body in a state of severe emotional anxiety, which in turn causes the autonomic fight-or-flight response.
The fight-or-flight response is an evolutionary defence mechanism (机制) which acts in your best interest when there is a noticed threat. You sweat a lot, your anxiety is exacerbated, your blood glucose (葡萄糖) levels are increased, and your heart rate is higher. Like a cornered animal, you’re a bit less reasonable, a bit stranger, but a bit more ready to survive.
Now, back to the adrenaline. Adrenaline causes all of these processes, but there’s just one organ, which, if overloaded, can lead to sudden death. The human body doesn’t immediately come to an end as soon as a kidney (肾) fails, but when a heart stops working, the whole business fails. This is what happens to your body during an adrenaline rush.
Adrenaline causes calcium (钙) to enter the heart at a higher rate, and when there’s more calcium rushing through the heart, it has harder time resetting to its normal resting rate. This can cause a dangerous condition, which prevents blood from pumping to the rest of the body. Without immediate treatment, this can lead to sudden death.
Of course, such cause of death isn’t unique to being scared. Any event that increases one’s adrenal level could lead to this dangerous condition. So if you are planning on scaring others the next Halloween season, be sure to do it in a controlled setting, especially if you have a history of heart problems.
1. What do we learn about the fight-or-flight response mentioned in Paragraph 2?| A．It makes us think in a better way. |
| B．It prevents adrenaline from rising. |
| C．It has nothing to do with little kids. |
| D．It is meant to help us survive better. |
| A．acquired | B．relieved | C．worsened | D．addressed |
| A．Having a failed kidney. |
| B．Having faster blood circulation. |
| C．Having too much calcium in our blood. |
| D．Having irregular heartbeats. |
| A．enjoy Halloween in a controlled way |
| B．avoid low blood glucose levels |
| C．exercise to protect ourselves from heart disease |
| D．avoid scaring others during the Halloween screen |
| A．Is it enjoyable to frighten others? |
| B．Is it possible to be scared to death? |
| C．Why is too much adrenaline dangerous? |
| D．What to watch out for during the Halloween season? |
2 . A blocked airway can kill someone in three to four minutes, but it can take more than eight minutes for an ambulance to arrive. So a simple procedure such as opening someone’s airway can save their life while they’re waiting for emergency medical help. This means you’re more likely to give first aid to someone you know than a stranger.
There are many misconceptions surrounding first aid. Below are the "most popular" ones with details of what you should do.
Top four first aid misconceptions:
You should put butter or cream on a burn. The only thing you should put on a burn is cold water—keep the butter for cooking. Put the affected area under cold running water for at least ten minutes
The best way to treat bleeding is to put the wound under a tap. If you put a bleeding wound under a tap, you wash away the body`s clotting agents（凝血剂）and make it bleed more. Instead, put pressure on the wound with whatever is available to stop or slow down the flow of blood. As soon as possible call 911. Keep pressure on the wound until help arrives.
Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head back during a nosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway. Instead, advise them to tilt（倾斜）their head forwards and ask them to pinch（捏）the end of their nose and breathe through their mouth.
You need lots of training to do first aid. You don’t—what you mostly need is common sense. You can learn enough first aid knowledge in a few minutes to save someone`s life—whether it`s from reading a book, attending a course or watching videos online.
Remember that anyone can save a life.
1. The most important point to save an airway blocked person’s life is to________.| A．keep his airway open |
| B．ensure the ambulance’s arriving time |
| C．keep the surroundings quiet |
| D．ask for emergency medical help immediately |
| A．put some cream on the burn area |
| B．heat up some butter for the burn |
| C．place the burn under cold running water |
| D．wash the affected area for a long time |
| A．It will help the bleeding stop at once. |
| B．The wound will help produce more clotting agents. |
| C．It will produce more pressure on the wound. |
| D．The wound will bleed more and it is hard to stop the bleeding. |
| A．When a person’s nose bleeds, please put the head back. |
| B．You can learn first aid quickly in different ways. |
| C．When a person is burnt, keep pressure on the burn until help arrives. |
| D．Not everyone can do first aid to save a life. |
| A．how to learn first aid by yourself |
| B．some misunderstandings about first aid |
| C．the importance of first aid |
| D．how to help the medical team save a life |
3 . In US emergency rooms (ER), the average wait time to see a doctor is more than two hours. There are more patients in need than there are doctors, nurses and other staff to help them. Many parents have suffered through hours in the ER with a sick, upset child, only to get sent home because their case is not considered urgent. What if there was another choice—like a house call from an intelligent machine?
Now, a new study shows that AI systems can assess a child’s medical chart and come up with a diagnosis, a determination of what is wrong with that patient.
The study took place at Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center in southern China. First, a team of doctors reviewed 6, 183 medical charts. They summarized the information in these charts into a list of keywords linked to disease-related symptoms or signs, such as “fever”. Researchers then taught these keywords to the AI system. Once trained, the system scanned children’s charts for the key terms, checking if they were present or not in order to come to a conclusion. Finally, it offered diagnoses based on the charts, narrowing down from among 55 illness categories.
It agreed with real doctors about 90 percent of the time. It was especially effective at identifying illnesses of the ear, nose and throat. For these upper-respiratory infections, the Al system got it right 95 percent of the time.
Dongxiao Zhu, an assistant professor of computer science at Wayne State University who did not take part in the study, however, sees this as “augmented intelligence (增强智能)” rather than “artificial intelligence”, because the system handled only 55 illness categories. Compare that to thousands of possibilities in the real world. The machine cannot yet get into the more complex aspects of a medical decision.
Zhu is also concerned about the amount of human work that went into the study—namely, the time and energy spent by human doctors. They spent hours grading the machine’s assessments and comparing them to their own. It’s no wonder that the process took four years. Considering that, it may be a while before you can skip the ER and see a robot-doctor instead.
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?| A．Patients pay too much for the ER. |
| B．American doctors aren’t responsible. |
| C．Children are treated urgently in the ER. |
| D．The emergency rooms are crowded with patients. |
| A．AI systems still have a long way to go. |
| B．AI systems diagnose disease like doctors. |
| C．AI systems will take over from doctors someday. |
| D．AI systems get into complex medical decisions. |
| A．By examining a patient first. | B．By reviewing many medical charts. |
| C．By scanning keywords about a disease. | D．By observing disease-related symptoms. |
| A．Most of the medical judgments by the AI system are identical to doctors’. |
| B．The AI system trains the patients to assess their medical charts. |
| C．The AI system mainly focuses on the illnesses of the ear, nose and throat. |
| D．All of illnesses can be identified by the AI system. |
| A．They need to be improved a lot. | B．They will replace real doctors soon. |
| C．They are suitable for complex disease. | D．They help doctors make a quick analysis. |
4 . Guidelines on How to Use AED
An automated external defibrillator (AED)is a device that is strongly recommended to use in time to analyze the heart rhythm, provide electric shock when necessary and save life when SCA (Sudden Cardiac Ares) patient is discovered whose heart unexpectedly stops beating without any warning.
1. Check the patient’s condition, call for help and look for an AED:
If a person collapses in your presence, he or she has likely experience shock or fainting due to SCA, consistently pulseless, unresponsive and not breathing. Then call for medical help immediately and let the patient lie flat on the ground and ask someone nearly to get an AED. Place the AED net to the victim’s left ear, switch on the power and quickly check if the machine and accessories are working property. Voice instructions will sound.
2. Attaching the AED pads
Attach the AED pads to the designated locations of the victim’s bare chest following the animation and voice prompts. The rule of anterolateral AED pad placement for adults: the right pad is placed on the upper right side of the chest, while the left pad is on the lower let side, 7cm below the left armpit. For children under 8, the anterior pad should be placed lo the middle point of the line connecting the two nipples, and the posterior pad on the opposite side of the back.
3. Analysis of the heart rhythm
Insert the electrode pads wires into the AED host device. Press the “Analyse” key and it will automatically analyze the patient’s heart rate to determine the necessity of an electric shock. Never touch the victim during this process. Even a slight touch can affect the analysis. Upon completing the analysis (S-15 seconds). AED will recommend whether to perform defibrillation.
4. Delivering a shock
If an AED shock is required, then a fully automatic APD will ask you to step back and deliver the electric shock automatically. In the case of a semi-automatic AED device, you need to press a button to deliver the shock. If the effective heart rhythm is not restored, the operator should conduct CPR (心肺复苏), and then analyze the heart rhythm again. Repeat until emergency medical personnel arrive.
1. The automated external defibrillator (AED)is not primarily used to________.| A．analyze the heart rhythm | B．provide electric shock |
| C．save the victim’s life | D．monitor heart disease |
| A．Run for help and wait far emergency personnel to arrive. |
| B．Perform CPR and use an AED to shock the person’s heart |
| C．Call for help and try to rescue the victim with the assistance of an AED. |
| D．Move the person to a safe location and seek medical assistance. |
| A．By following the voice prompts and animations provided by the ARD device. |
| B．By sticking the pads to the designated locations of the victim’s chest on the coat. |
| C．On the upper left side of the chest, directly over the heart. |
| D．On the left and right sides of the chest,7cm below the armpits. |
| A．Press a button on the AED to deliver the analysis. |
| B．Step back and let the fully automatic AED deliver the shock |
| C．Perform CPR until the victim’s heart starts beating again. |
| D．Seek help from emergency medical personnel. |
| A．A heart attack that occurs without warning. |
| B．A heart attack that is preceded or other symptoms. |
| C．A heart attack that only affects people with heart disease. |
| D．A heart attack that always makes the victim dangerous. |
5 . 22-year-old New Jersey resident Joe DiMeo had a rare face and hands transplant last August. In 2019, DiMeo fell asleep at the wheel after working a night shift as a product tester for a drug company. The car hit a pole flipped over, and burst into flames. Another driver who saw the accident pulled over to rescue DiMeo.
Afterward, he underwent 20 surgeries and many skin grafts to treat his third-degree burns. Once it became clear that traditional surgeries couldn’t help him regain full vision or use of his hands, DiMeo’s medical team began preparing for the risky transplant. Almost immediately, the team encountered challenges including finding a donor. However, about two years later the team finally identified a donor in Delaware and completed the 23-hour procedure a few days later.
US surgeons have completed at least 18 face transplants and 35 hand transplants, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing(UNOS), which oversees the nation’s transplant system. But the face and double hand transplant is extremely rare and had only been tried twice before. The first attempt was in 2009 on a patient in Paris who died about a month later from complications. Two years later, Boston doctors tried it again on a woman, but had to remove the transplanted hands days later.
As with any transplant, the danger of rejection is the highest early on, but lasts endlessly. “You’re never free from that risk,” a doctor said. “Transplantation for any patient is a process that plays out over a long period of time.” Still, the doctor was amazed to see that DiMeo was able to master skills like zipping up his jacket and putting on his shoes. “It’s very pleasing and satisfying to all of us.” So far, DiMeo has not shown any signs of rejecting his new face or hands. “You got a new chance at life. You really can’t give up,” he said.
1. Why did DiMeo need surgeries?| A．He got injured after being hit by another driver. | B．He had an accident during his shift. |
| C．He was tested for a drug company. | D．He got burned in a car accident. |
| A．Lack of donors. | B．Repeated surgeries. |
| C．Serious complications. | D．No previous practice to follow. |
| A．To prove medical technology has greatly advanced. |
| B．To explain about the dangers of such surgeries. |
| C．To show DiMeo’s operation was a success. |
| D．To stress such surgeries should be avoided. |
| A．It is possible to avoid the danger of rejection. |
| B．DiMeo’s improvement gave them a sense of pride. |
| C．Transplantation is a life-saving chance for patients. |
| D．it is impossible for any high-risk patient to recover. |
| A．One teaspoon per day. | B．Two teaspoons per day. | C．Three teaspoons per day. |
7 . There was a time when the word “surgery” used to scare people, and they would try their best to avoid a surgical procedure. The feeling is understandable, as the idea of a large cut on your body is discomforting in many ways. However, thanks to the advances in medical science, surgical techniques have improved considerably.
Compared with the traditional open surgery, minimally invasive surgery (微创手术)has several benefits to offer. Not only is the procedure quick and less painful, but also ensures rapid recovery. Now, surgical procedures, either big or small, are done within a few minutes to a few hours. The best part about the minimally invasive surgery is the painless procedure. The advanced techniques are helping with quality treatments to patients who have to undergo (进行) surgical procedures.
Unlike the traditional open surgery that requires a large cut, a surgeon makes multiple tiny cuts of less than an inch. For the process, the surgeon uses small surgical instruments, such as a tiny tube with a mini camera at one end. Once the surgeon marks the cuts, he then passes the tiny tube through one of the cuts. The doctor monitors the images taken by the mini camera on the screen and uses them as a reference. These images give the surgeon a clear picture of the area undergoing the surgery. After the surgery, the surgeon cleans the cuts and sometimes places a bandage for additional support.
Minimally invasive surgery has become the first choice of patients with multiple medical conditions. In fact, it would not be wrong to say that these surgeries are now the standard surgical procedures for many routine operations. Whether you have a minor issue or want a surgical intervention for a major health condition, it is the best option.
1. What makes people afraid of surgery?| A．The large cut. | B．The great risk. |
| C．The high expense. | D．The slow recovery. |
| A．The previous treatment plan. |
| B．The images by the mini camera. |
| C．The standard surgical procedures. |
| D．The advice from other surgeons. |
| A．Patients in need of additional support. |
| B．Patients lack of regular checkups. |
| C．Patients with several medical conditions. |
| D．Patients scared of surgical instruments. |
| A．Disapproving. | B．Objective. |
| C．Doubtful. | D．Supportive. |
| A．A medical magazine. |
| B．An online medical forum. |
| C．A technique discovery. |
| D．An advertisement for a medical product. |
| A．Neighbours. | B．Doctor and patient. | C．Boss and employee. |
| A．Take his temperature. | B．Take a slow breath. | C．Have a health check. |
1. What do we know about the university health center?
| A．It doesn’t have an appointment system. |
| B．It is always full of people in the afternoon. |
| C．It is a branch of the Blackwell Health Center. |
| A．4 | B．6 | C．10 |
| A．Dr. Hilary Jones. | B．Dr. Charles Spencer. | C．Dr. Ada Johnson. |
| A．Paying a home visit. | B．Having physical exams. | C．Seeing a doctor. |
