1 . The Healthy Habits Survey shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits. Here are some findings and expert advice.

1. How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday? ●Finding:A full 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day. ●Step:Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush. Brush gently for 2 minutes, at least twice a day. 2. How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday? ●Finding:Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30% wash their hands only 4 times a day-- half of the number doctors recommend. ●Step:We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day -- often inviting germs (病菌) to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes. Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle. And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds. 3. How often do you think about fighting germs? ●Finding:Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should. ●Step:Be aware of germs. Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge (海绵)that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.

1. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A．There are less than 300 types of bacteria in the mouth.

B．We should keep from touching our faces.

C．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle.

D．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet.

2. What is found out about American seniors?

A．Most of them have good habits.

B．About one third of them brush their teeth only once a day.

C．Nearly 30% of them bathe three days a week.

D．All of them are fighting germs better than expected.

3. Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands________.

A．twice a day.

B．three times a day.

C．four times a day.

D．eight times a day.

4. The text probably comes from   ________.

A．a guide book.

B．a book review.

C．a popular magazine.

D．an official document.

2 . Poor Sleep and Loneliness: A Vicious Cycle?

The feeling of being lonely is the sense that you have less social contact with others than you want. It is not quite the same as the amount of social contact you have. Some people don’t engage that often with others, but they are perfectly fine with that, and so they don’t feel alone.     1     Being lonely is associated with poorer psychological health.

One area of research has focused specifically on the relationship between loneliness and sleep. There are several inter-related questions: Is feeling lonely related to the quality of people’s sleep? What aspects of sleep are related to loneliness? And does loneliness cause sleep problems, or do difficulties with sleeping lead to feelings of loneliness?     2    

The relationship between loneliness and sleep was explored in a paper by Melanie Hom and Caol Chu in the September 2020 issue of Clinical Psychological Science. They analyzed the data of previous studies relating sleep quality to feelings of loneliness.     3     This relationship is stronger for insomnia (失眠症) than for sleep complaints like nightmares. In addition, the more loneliness people express, the less effective they think their sleep is.

Although poor sleep and loneliness are closely related, it is hard to determine whether loneliness causes sleep difficulties or the reverse (相反).

    4     It is because you can look to see whether sleep difficulties at one time predict later feelings of loneliness or whether loneliness early on predicts later sleep difficulties. Interestingly, sleep problems predicted later loneliness and loneliness predicted later sleep difficulties. However, the connection between earlier sleep difficulties and later loneliness was generally stronger than that between earlier loneliness and later sleep difficulties. This pattern suggests that there may be a vicious cycle, though, in which poor sleep can increase feelings of loneliness, which can in turn increase sleep difficulties.

If you are someone who has trouble sleeping, be aware that poor sleep lowers your resilience (复原力) overall. Among other things, it may make it harder for you to appreciate the social contacts you have.     5     That added social engagement just might have a positive impact on your future sleep.

A．Long-term studies that follow the same people over time help.

B．If you have difficulty in social engagement, you may feel lonely.

C．Other people may spend a lot of time with others, but still long for more.

D．These issues are important because poor sleep can affect psychological health.

E．To solve the problem, you should monitor your sleeping quality and physical health.

F．If you have trouble sleeping, try spending more time reaching out to friends and loved ones.

G．The results indicate that the more sleep difficulties people express they have, the lonelier they feel.