1 . 语法填空

The world has just endured its hottest year on record, with global average temperatures     1     (break) historical records. There is no denying that climate change is one of the most urgent     2     (challenge) facing humankind. No one can be safe     3     the threat of climate change.

China, the world's largest developing country and a responsible major country,     4     (overcome) many challenges by taking a series of measures so far. It has planned to peak its carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The country is set to achieve the highest     5     (reduce) in carbon intensity globally.     6     (addition), promoting clean energy and the low-carbon transformation of the economy     7     (be) now a globally accepted method of addressing climate change.

Because of global warming, extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity. Building     8     solid front line of disaster prevention is crucial for dealing with the effects of extreme weather events. People are expected work together to     9     (deep) international cooperation and make greater contributions to building a clean and beautiful world and safeguarding the Earth, the only place     10     we can call home.

2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Argentine research base Esperanza has been collecting data about the changes of the temperature in Antarctica since 1961. According to the data collected by the station, Antarctica has had its     1     (high) recorded temperature of 18.3℃, beating 2015’s record of 17.5℃. The reading     2     (take) at the Argentine research base last week. Meanwhile, the rate of ice loss from five Antarctic glaciers (冰川)     3     (double) in the past six years and is five times faster than in the 1990s. “The reading is     4     sign of that the warming happening there is much faster than the global average,     5     is surely worrying many people,” said Professor James Renwick, a climate scientist at Victoria University. “The reading is     6     (impress) as it’s only five years since the previous record was set and this is almost one degree centigrade higher,” he added.

Global warming     7     (drive) by human activities has been blamed for Antarctica’s rising temperatures. “Scientists have lots of     8     (evident) to show that the Earth’s climate is rapidly changing due     9     human activities,” said Professor James. “Antarctica’s heating ice sheets are falling apart,     10     (threaten) to cause sudden and great rises in global sea levels. We should take action before it is too late.”

3 . Satellites in space measure temperatures over large areas of the ocean. They are, however, less specific when it comes to measuring temperatures along the coast. However, there is a new solution.

Scientists want people who do water sports to help them gather coastal climate data. This includes surfers, divers and fishermen. The idea came from new data collected by scientists who are also surfers. The group was led by a scientist in England named Bob Brewin. The group designed a surfboard that could be their laboratory. The results show different water temperatures than what the satellites have shown.

Coastlines are important to the economy. Large amounts of people use them for business and fun. Coastlines are also important for the environment because they are home to many different plants and animals.

Brewin says satellite data alone cannot be trusted. So, his team wants volunteers to gather data during their water activities. The information the volunteers find will be used along with satellite readings. The scientists think this will result in more accurate information. “We can begin to understand how our coastal environment is responding to climate change,” Brewin said.

They want surfers to check water surfaces and divers to measure temperatures deeper in the water. The information would then go into the scientists’ database. Meanwhile, a group of scientists from Europe had another idea. The group is interested in boots that some fishermen use. These boots sense water temperatures. The scientists think the fishermen who wear those boots could be connected to a data­collection system.

Many water sports take place in areas that are important for sea life. These locations can be difficult to check, Brewin says. For example, ocean waves can ruin data-collection floats and boats. So,coastal sea surface temperature records are poor.

1. What’s the problem with satellites?

A．They can’t measure temperatures over the ocean.

B．They can’t locate coasts very accurately.

C．They might provide unreliable data.

D．They break down frequently.

2. What did Brewin’s team do?

A．They turned a surfboard into a lab.

B．They did research on water sports.

C．They made efforts to learn surfing.

D．They made friends with fishermen.

3. How can volunteers help Brewin?

A．Analyze satellite readings.

B．Compare data from different sources.

C．Wear boots designed by Brewin’s group.

D．Go into waters of different depths to collect data.

4. Why is it difficult to check the temperature of coastlines?

A．Surfers face great danger.

B．Beaches cover huge areas.

C．Data-collection boats are too big.

D．Waves damage the measuring equipment.

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Under the influence of the recent EL Nino,     1     is reported that the average global temperature in 2023 has set the record, making it the warmest year since 1850. The temperatures in most     2     (region) of China from this winter to next spring will be above the long-term average. This winter the     3     (combine) of EL Nino and global warming raised the chances of natural disasters     4     (cause) by extreme weather. The EL Nino is predicted to cause the sea surface temperature to reach its     5     (high) point between November 2023 and January 2024. EL Nino is     6     naturally occurring climate phenomenon that starts with unusually warm surface water in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, which then goes on to affect the weather worldwide. On average, it     7     (occur) every two to seven years, and one episode     8     (typical) lasts nine to twelve months. Since May, an EL Nino system has heated the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific,     9     (lead) to a rise in global temperatures. Research indicates that a mild EL Nino event can increase the global annual average surface temperature     10     about 0. 1℃, even 0. 22℃.

5 . In recent years, extreme weather has been on the rise. From wildfires in California, US to record-breaking rainfall in northern China this summer and most recently the flood in Libya which claimed thousands of lives, Earth seems to be whipped by extreme climate and weather patterns.

Climate whiplash (气候鞭打), or weather whiplash, refers to a quick change from one extreme weather pattern to another. It is caused by global warming. A warmer atmosphere can hold more steam. As the Earth gets warmer, more water is contained in the atmosphere. Once the temperature gets colder, it often rains more heavily. This explains why a drought is often followed by extremely heavy rain.

The region hit hardest by climate whiplash is California. Over the past decade, California has experienced lasting droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfalls, and floods. It seems that the state is either on fire or in flooding with little in between. Researchers estimate that by the end of this century, the frequency of climate whiplash will jump by 25 percent in northern California as Earth continues to become warmer.

Apart from wildfires and floods, studies showed that climate whiplash also has an impact on water quality. During dry days, the fertilizer (肥料) farmers use for plants cannot be absorbed by thirsty and dying plants. Then the following heavy rain washes the remaining fertilizer into rivers, polluting the water.

How can we deal with climate whiplash? The key lies in fighting global warming. That is to say, humans have to largely reduce the use of fossil fuels (化石燃料). Climate whiplash would happen more frequently in the future, should we fail to fight global warming effectively. Therefore, it is urgent that nations around the world double down on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．The effects of global warming.	B．The causes of global warming.
C．The results of climate whiplash.	D．The principle behind climate whiplash.

2. What do we know about climate whiplash in northern California?

A．It has resulted in reduced droughts.

B．It is expected to occur more frequently.

C．It has primarily affected northern California.

D．It causes more floods here than in other US states.

3. How does climate whiplash contribute to water pollution?

A．Unabsorbed plant fertilizer is washed into the water.

B．More plastic waste is brought into the water by floods.

C．Dry weather affects pollutant concentrations in water.

D．Heavy rains carry more industrial waste into the water.

4. What does the author say about climate whiplash?

A．It is not as serious as commonly believed.

B．It can be solved by reducing fossil fuel usage.

C．It is linked with our efforts to fight global warming.

D．It will cause the global temperature to rise annually.

6 . More than 40 percent of Antarctica’s ice shelves have reduced in the past 25 years, potentially accelerating sea level rise by allowing more landice to flow into the ocean.

    1     They play a critical role in slowing the flow of ice on land into the ocean by essentially acting as a wall and surround nearly the entire coastline of Antarctica. When ice shelves thin or retreat(消退), ice on the land can flow into the ocean more quickly and accelerate sea level rise.

Healthy ice shelves naturally retreat and grow over time. An ice shelf is continuously flowing and advancing but will also lose mass through melting or calving, which is when its front breaks off into the ocean.    2     But the large portion of steadily shrinking ice shelves shows this natural cycle is off.

In West Antarctica, the Getz Ice Shelf experienced some of the biggest ice losses, shedding 1.9 trillion tons of ice over the study period. Most ice shelves in East Antarctica however, increased in volume or stayed the same.     3     Region is protected by a band of cold water at the coast, which helps keep nearby warm water at bay. Even so, the study still showed pockets of shrinking ice shelves, and researchers are still investigating the reasons.     4    

The current ice shelf data set is not long enough for researchers to definitively make climate change connection yet, but it would be a ” remarkable coincidence if the natural variability in ice shelves were just that much larger.     5     But we don’t need to hit it before seeing an effect on the planet.

A．Then it can gain ice from the land and grow again

B．Ice shelves are massive floating sections of ice extending from glaciers on land.

C．The east is not as exposed to the warm water like the other side of the continent.

D．The thinning of the ice shelves has shown up in the surrounding environment, too.

E．Ice shelves not just the big ones, are. steadily losing mass over time with no sign of recovery

F．One theory is that the warmer water on the western side could be slowly coming in the region.

G．Additionally, climate models predict ice shelves will steadily shrink in a warming world as observed, eventually hitting a tipping point for ice sheet collapse.

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个恰当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Earth set unofficial record high temperatures last week. Scientists said they were a clear sign of how pollutants     1     (release) by humans are warming the environment. But the heat is also just one way the planet is telling us something is     2     (serious) wrong, they added.

Most of the planet     3     (cover) by oceans, which have taken in     4     percent of the recent warming caused by planet-warming gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

In April, worldwide ocean temperature rose to 21.1 degrees Celsius,     5     scientists believe was caused by a     6     (combine) of planet-warming gases and the early El Nino formation.

High levels of wildfire smoke are more common on the West Coast. But, recently, several rounds of wildfire smoke from wildfires in northern Canada brought     7     (danger) air quality levels to eastern North America.

The current El Nino formed a month or two     8     (early) than usual. It replaced La Nina that, with its cooling of Pacific waters, kept worldwide temperatures down. That means that it will have more time than usual to     9     (strength).

The World Meteorological Organization predicts there is     10     98 percent chance that at least one of the next five years will be the warmest     11     record. One of these years would beat temperatures from 2016 when an exceptionally strong El Nino was present.

8 . As vulnerable (易受伤害的) states suffer, US is blamed for not donating its required money for the Green Climate Fund, or GCF.

In Kenya’s countryside, people are facing one of the most serious droughts in memory. Some regions have been without rain for two years, and more than half the crops and most of the farm animals have died. Up to 4 million people may require food aid in the coming months.

Kenya isn’t the only country to suffer the fallout from climate change in recent years. Countries least responsible for the climate crisis are most vulnerable to its effects. In South Asia, Bangladesh already spends $2 billion each year on climate-related damage, according to a report from the International Institute for Environment and Development. A dozen island nations are at risk of disappearing entirely.

The international community has realized the urgency. In 2010, the United Nations created an institution, the Green Climate Fund, or GCF, to support developing countries that aren’t historically responsible for causing the climate crisis to cut their emissions (排放物) and deal with climate impacts.

However, the UN climate fund now has warned that carbon-cutting projects in developing countries would have to be cut without more money coming in.

Campaigners have blamed the United States—one of the GCF’s founders—for the potential cuts. “If the GCF needs to limit its operations in the near future due to lack of funding, it’s hard to find any single country more at fault than the US,” Action Aid’s policy director Brandon Wu told Climate Home News.

In 2014, then-US president Barack Obama promised the GCF $3 billion but gave only $1 billion before the end of his term. His successor, Donald Trump, didn’t give any money to the fund and, so far, neither has President Joe Biden. The US owe s the fund $ 2 billion.

Last year, 46 climate and green groups signed a letter that urged the White House to give the $2 billion to the GCF. The climate and green groups also asked the administration to commit an additional $6 billion to bring the US in step with other donor countries.

In 2019,1 3 countries—mostly in Europe but including South Korea and New Zealand—announced a doubling or more of their contributions to the GCF to help fun d green projects for 2020-23.

1. Why is the situation in Kenya mentioned in the second paragraph?

A．To tell us the impact of climate change.

B．To tell us the living conditions in Kenya,

C．To tell us how Kenya deals with climate change.

D．To tell us how the crops and the farm animals have died.

2. Which can replace the underlined word “fallout” in paragraph 3?

A．Disease.

B．Poverty.

C．Mistake.

D．Consequence.

3. How much should the White House deliver to the GCF in total?

A．$3 billion.

B．$ 6 billion.

C．$8 billion.

D．$9 billion.

4. What is a suitable title for the news report?

A．UN creates Green Climate Fund	B．GCF needs to limit its operations
C．GCF to help fund green projects	D．UN climate fund starved of cash

9 . Life-threatening heat waves in the U. S. and Europe, along with China’s record-setting heat, are directly linked to human-caused climate change, according to international researchers. These extreme temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere this summer, breaking over 2,000 high-temperature records in the U. S. alone, are heightened by global warming. Palermo, Sicily, saw a historic 117-degree Fahrenheit temperature, while a northwest Chinese town experienced its highest recorded temperature.

The team, including experts from the World Weather Attribution group, stressed that such events would be nearly impossible without climate change. The influence of El Niño, a natural pattern, is noted, but the burning of fossil fuel (化石燃料) is the main driver of severe heatwaves. Human activities have driven a nearly 2-degree Fahrenheit global temperature rise since the Industrial Revolution’s onset. The researchers utilized weather data and computer models to analyze the impact of warming on ongoing heatwaves. Their rapid attribution report, though yet to be peer-reviewed, indicated that greenhouse gas release increases the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events. Bernadette Woods Placky, chief meteorologist at Climate Central, agreed with this conclusion, stressing the connection between rising greenhouse gases and heat occurrences.

Even a slight temperature rise poses serious health risks, as indicated by the World Health Organization. Heat-related illnesses, heart attacks, and strokes become more probable. Vulnerable communities, including low-income areas and communities of color, face heightened risks due to rising temperatures.

Last year, Europe’s heatwaves killed around 61,000 lives, predominantly among women. Similarly, a heat dome in the Pacific Northwest in 2021 led to hundreds of deaths in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Michael Wehner, a climate scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, warned that dangerous climate change is a present reality and demanded heightened awareness of its results.

In reality, the current heatwaves devastating various regions are basically linked to human-induced climate change. As the world experiences extreme temperatures, it is necessary to recognize the urgency (紧急) of solving this dangerous situation through sustainable practices and policies (政策).

1. What happened to the U. S., Europe and China this summer?

A．Global warming.

B．Extreme heat.

C．Climate change.

D．Setting records.

2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The findings from experts.	B．The researchers’ hard work.
C．The effects of human activities.	D．The reasons for high temperatures.

3. How do heatwaves affect people?

A．They cause damage to people.	B．They lead to people’s escape.
C．They encourage people to fight.	D．They make people become strong.

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A．To tell the causes of heatwaves.	B．To call on people to take action.
C．To introduce phenomena of heatwaves.	D．To find ways to protect the environment.

10 . Climate change is a global issue that affects nearly every aspect of life on Earth. The warming of the planet due to increased greenhouse gas emissions is leading to a range of impacts, from rising sea levels to more frequent extreme weather events. These impacts are not equal across the world, however, and some countries and communities are more vulnerable than others.

One of the most immediate impacts of climate change is food insecurity. Changes in temperature and precipitation (降水) patterns can affect crop yields (产量), leading to food shortages and price increases. Climate change can also affect fishing communities, as ocean temperatures and acidification (酸化) can harm marine (海洋的) life.

Climate change can also have broader impacts on human health, particularly if it leads to the spread of disease. For example, warmer temperatures can create conditions that are more conducive (有助于) to the spread of mosquito-borne (蚊子传播的) illnesses like dengue fever (登革热)and malaria (疟疾). Additionally, extreme weather events can cause injuries and illnesses, as well as disrupt healthcare services.

Finally, climate change can have significant economic impacts, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and insurance. These impacts can have ripple effects (涟漪效应) throughout the economy, affecting businesses and individuals alike.

1. What is one immediate impact of climate change?

A．Decreased food production.	B．Increased food production.
C．Decreased fishing.	D．Decreased human health.

2. How can climate change affect human health?

A．It can only affect the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses.

B．It can only affect healthcare services.

C．It can lead to the spread of disease and disrupt healthcare services.

D．It has no impact on human health.

3. What are some economic impacts of climate change?

A．Agriculture, forestry, and insurance are not impacted.

B．These impacts only affect businesses, not individuals.

C．They can have ripple effects throughout the economy and affect businesses and individuals.

D．They are not significant.

4. What is one potential impact of climate change on fishing communities?

A．Increased catches.

B．Decreased catches.

C．No impact.

D．Increased profits.