1 . Within the last decade, music festivals have grown into a major moneymaker in a competitive industry that sees hundreds of such events each year in the U. S. There are the big ones with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping options and nearly endless lists of performers.     1    .

The origins of music festivals date back to ancient Greece, where such events often involved competitions in music, arts and sports. Modern music festival in the U. S. grew out of the establishment of Woodstock. Though it was not the first event of its kind, the 1969 event holds a mythical place within American pop-cultural history.     2    . Coachella, one of the most popular festivals in the country, grossed $ 114. 6 million in 2017, setting a major record by earning more than $ 100 million.

The mechanics that drove music festivals to becoming top earners have a lot to do with the effects of modern life, says Chirinos, a professor of clinical music and global health at New York University.     3    . He says, arguing that sharing a clip from a Billie Eilish or Cardi B performance with one’s Instagram followers is more satisfying than buying something expensive. A 2019 Deloitte survey of millennials — a group that makes up at 45% of the 32 million people who attend music festivals — finds that most value experiences: 57% of them said they prefer travel and seeing the world over owning a home.

    4    . As streaming becomes one of the most popular ways to listen to music, sales of tickets and products make up a large part of fans’ expenditures on music. Because listening to music has become practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much more special, according to Chirinos. “Audiences are keen to connect to the artist and,” he says.

On the other hand, for artists, appearing at music festivals is an easier way to make money than depending on record sales or long tours. As record sales saw a sharp decline in the early-to-mid-2000s thanks to the growth of digital music, artists began depending on touring to earn money.

2 . People who listen to indie bands are miserable shaggy-haired layabouts (懒惰的人) while fans of rap music are brave and full of self-confidence.

______ mere narrow-minded opinions, these are the results of an extensive psychological survey of more than 36,000 music lovers, which confirms, once and for all, that our musical tastes really do affect our personality. But the study’s most remarkable discovery is that lovers of classical music ______ a high number of personality traits with those who prefer rocking out to a heavy metal.

The research asked people worldwide to describe their personality and then to list their favourite styles of music. The results show a ______ relationship between people’s personality traits and the style of music they enjoy.

Fans of indie music, for instance, were found to have low self-esteem and little ______ but described themselves as creative. Rap enthusiasts, ______, tend to feel good about themselves and are extremely outgoing. Those who love dance music are ______ outgoing but are more likely to be unfriendly and slightly self-centred.

Professor Adrian North, who led the study, suggested that the results explain why so many people bond over music and also why some of us are very ______ about the music we listen to, since it is likely to be closely linked to the person we are.

According to Professor North, both heavy metal and classical fans are ______ by a shared ‘love of the grandiose’, which means that a Metallica fan is far more likely to listen to Mahler than an indie kid is to give reggae a try.

‘Aside from their age difference, they’re ______ the same kind of person,’ he said. ‘Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also ______ Wagner, because it’s big and loud. There’s also a sense of theatre in both heavy rock and classical music, and I ______ that this is what they’re really looking to experience when they listen.’

John Gregson, 23, a classically-trained musician with a passion for heavy metal, ______. ‘As an instrumentalist out of all of the main styles of music, heavy metal and classical are the ones which require the most ______ to play — they’re technically very difficult and involve playing at inhumanly fast speeds.’ he said. ‘You feel like you’re in on a secret — you ______ it personally. It also feels like you know something that other people don’t because you ______ a style of music which is often underestimated.’