1 . Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. How do young children understand and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings? Do adults learn language differently from children? Most linguistic (语言学的) researchers agree that both nature and nurture (后天) are involved in language acquisition. They disagree, however, about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth — and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition.

For many linguists, biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that some linguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly experience every feature of their language before the age of five. These linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five, even without having heard them before.

Many researchers have theorized what this innate (先天的) linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular theory (理论) is universal grammar. This theory believes that all languages have the same basic structural foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically tending to speak a particular language, a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a starting point, which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are exposed to.

Not all linguists, however, believe that an inborn ability for language is the most important factor in language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They argue that children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. They gather data and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed.

Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes, or do both biology and experience come into play?

While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling.

Explaining the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions, but also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain.

1. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．The control of nurture over nature in language acquisition.

B．The influence of universal grammar in language acquisition.

C．The best methods for children and adults to acquire language.

D．The role of biological and environmental factors in language acquisition.

2. What is covered in the second part of this article?

A．Studying language acquisition will help understand language and the brain better.

B．Some experts believe innate factors explain children’s language development.

C．Some experts focus on the role of environmental factors in language acquisition.

D．Acquiring a language is complicated, and it involves both nature and nurture.

3. What can we know about what the author wants from the 2 and 3 paragraph?

A．Present a general argument and then explain a specific theory.

B．Present a specific theory and then propose a new study to prove it.

C．Present a general argument and then disprove an opposite argument.

D．Present a scientific debate and then discuss what all linguists agree on.

4. What is the author’s purpose of writing Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6?

A．To raise open questions that all linguists have.

B．To present two different viewpoints on language learning.

C．To stress the importance of experience in language learning.

D．To introduce adult language acquisition and show why it’s unpopular.

2 . Whether you're learning English as a second language or are a native speaker who's never had the habit of writing, improving your English composition skills is very important. Knowing your shortcomings and practicing will allow you to write essay that is at first simply grammatically correct, and eventually sparkling with style.    1    

    2    Look up the definitions of words with which you are unfamiliar. The more words you can use successfully, the more often you'll be able to find the right one for the task at hand -- and the less likely your writing will be simplistic and repetitive.

Ask a friend with good English skills to criticize and correct your writing.    3    Rewrite your paper or letter after listening to her advice, making the necessary changes.

Use your word processing software spelling and grammar-check tools to fix simple errors. Whenever you misspell a word, replace it with the correct suggestion and then look at it carefully, noting the differences from how you thought it was spelled.    4    Use them.

Think in English while writing if you're a native speaker of a different language. Having to translate in your head slows you down, and can easily lead to errors. Study English grammar if you are having difficulties. Look up the rules whenever you're having difficulties or read a grammar book all the way through. It may be boring, but it's extremely helpful.

Practice writing!    5    Every skill requires regular repetition to achieve mastery, whether playing a musical instrument, flying a jet or writing good English prose.

A．The more you write, the better writer you'll become.

B．Broaden your vocabulary by reading as much as possible.

C．Most modern Web browsers also include spell-checking tools.

D．Knowing what you're doing wrong is necessary before you can improve.

E．The more aware you are of your writing, the better your handwriting will be.

F．To achieve this you'll need to read more, ask friends for help, and continually write.

G．Put the symbols on flashcards and memorize them, then write them again and again.