1 . Screen time before bedtime may leave people feeling sleepy in the morning. Cell phones, computers and TVs emit (发出) blue light. And exposure to that bluish light during the two hours before bed can keep us from getting a good night’s rest, a new study finds. It cuts down on the length of people’s sleep. It also leaves them feeling tired in the morning and can disrupt the body clock. Data shows that this blue light tends to make us more alert at night, making it harder to get all the rest we need.

Green and his team surveyed 19 people — all in their 20s — for a sleep study. All spent two hours on a computer right before bedtime. But they didn’t all experience the same light exposure. Looking at screens that gave off intense blue light cut someone’s sleep by about 16 minutes, compared to when they had used screens with red light. Those exposed to blue light also woke up more often at night than if they had been exposed to red light.

“The normal blue light emissions from the computer screen also affect how much melatonin (褪黑素) each volunteer makes. It is released into our blood around 9 p.m. When our bodies make less melatonin, we may still feel too alert at bedtime to fall asleep when the body is tired. And body temperature won’t drop as expected after we use devices emitting lots of blue light. Using screens before bed damages the body’s biological clock,” Green says. “More and more kids are using screens nowadays. Sleep is important, especially during the first few years of life when ‘neural plasticity’ (神经可塑性) is at its greatest. Their brains are still developing the ability to learn and pay attention. That makes the new results worrisome,” Green says.

Rahman says that the new work makes a good point about how blue light from screens can be bad for our bodies. However, he points out, the light in this study is extremely bright. It is far brighter than what a normal computer, tablet or TV will emit. Still, Rahman says the results remind us to think about how we should use screens before bed.

1. The blue light from the screens may cause people to ________.

A．tend to work at night	B．get attentive in the morning
C．be less sleepy before bed time	D．be affected less by the body clock

2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．People’s concern about light exposure.

B．A study on blue light’s effects on sleep.

C．Reasons for blue light’s effects on sleep.

D．Effects of various types of light on sleep.

3. What can be implied from Green’s remarks?

A．Melatonin may affect people’s neural plasticity.

B．Blue light may affect children’s brain development.

C．Exposure to normal screen has little impact on sleep.

D．The low temperature of body helps produce melatonin.

4. What’s Rahman’s possible attitude towards the Green’s study?

A．Uncaring.	B．Approving.
C．Objective.	D．Critical.

2 . Whether shyness is part of your child’s personality or just something they feel when they are in front of a group of strangers, it is a typical experience. “Shyness isn’t always as socially valued as more outgoing personalities. However, we should step back and think about different personalities and their unique advantages,” said Pérez-Edgar, professor of psychology (心理学) at The Pennsylvania State University. “Everyone can feel shy at times. And those who are especially shy often have happy social lives --they just aren’t likely to be the liveliest person in a crowded room.”

       But there are things to watch out for. If your children are avoiding situations that are important or could be enjoyable for them because they’re feeling nervous, it might be time to take action, said Chiappini, a child expert. “That could mean not speaking in class, trouble making friends, or not joining in activities they like.” she said.
       Chiappini recommended first saying something like: “You seem a little nervous or unsure about who everyone is/what to say . We haven’t met them before and that can feel a little uncomfortable.” From there, you can encourage them to join someone or say something when they are ready ---with the promise that you will be there to support them, she added.
       The more we avoid situations where kids may feel shy, the more anxiety (担心) we will have about them in the future. But that doesn’t mean to push your child into the deep end.

“We may have to deal with the situation step by step. For example, you may have to encourage your child just to make eye contact during an outing before expecting them to ask someone a question,” Chiappini said.

1. What may Pérez - Edgar agree with?

A．Shyness is not as bad as people have thought.

B．Children are more likely to feel shy than adults.

C．Shy people like to stay with lively people.

D．It’s difficult for people to get over shyness.

2. When should action be taken to help shy kids?

A．When they ask for instructions from others.

B．When they feel nervous in school activities.

C．When they try hard to mix with other children.

D．When they are absent from important situations.

3. What does Chiappini advise parents to do at first?

A．Tell their kids what they should say.

B．Ask their kids how they are feeling.

C．Help their kids stay away from some situations.

D．Show their kids they understand how they feel.

4. What can we infer from the last two paragraph?

A．Parents should be strict with the shy children.

B．Parents should push the shy children to be outgoing.

C．Parents should be patiently guide the shy children.

D．Parents should encourage shy children to make eye contact with them.

3 . From Black Beauty to The Chronicles of Narnia, films and books have often shown the friendships that can develop between humans and horses. Lots of real-life stories have shown that horses seem to have a special understanding of humans. However, until a recent study, nobody knew if horses really recognized different human emotions.

A team of researchers set out to see what horses can understand. They used a test that is often used to see how much babies understand about the world around them.The team brought 28horses into a room, one by one. Each was shown a picture of a happy human and a picture of a sad human. At the same time,a recording of a happy or sad voice was played.The test showed that horses can recognize different emotions by looking at facial expressions and hearing the tone of people’s voices and matching the two up.When the voice didn’t match up with the picture, the horses seemed to be puzzled: they looked at the picture for longer, as if they knew that something wasn’t right. However, the researchers still don’t know if the horses actually understand what it is to be sad or happy.

Scientist Océane Liehrmann, from the University of Turku in Finland, worked on the study. She said,“You could imagine that they have a particular box in their mind labelled (贴标签)’human sadness’ containing the characteristics of both a sad face and a sad voice.”

It’s also thought that horses prefer to spend time around happy people because they spent longer looking at the pictures of happy people.The researchers now want to see if horses can recognize other negative human emotions.

1. Why did the author mention two films at the beginning?

A．To lead the readers to the topic.	B．To introduce the films to the readers.
C．To compare the films with the real life.	D．To advise the readers to relax themselves.

2. The researchers want to find out in the study whether horses can        

A．hear different sounds	B．communicate with humans
C．recognize different pictures	D．understand human emotions

3. When finding the picture didn’t match up with the voice, how did the horses feel?

A．Sad

B．Happy.

C．Puzzled.

D．Satisfied.

4. Why do the researchers think horses like to be around happy people?

A．Because horses like to hear loud laughter.

B．Because horses can recognize people’s sad emotions.

C．Because horses spent more time on the pictures of happy people.

D．Because horses understand what it is to be sad or happy for people.

4 . Migratory(迁徙的)birds have an unusual ability to locate themselves, finding their way across sometimes thousands of kilometers between seasonal areas. Those migratory birds that travel at night, often alone, are especially impressive.

While it has been known that birds use the earth’s magnetic(磁性的)field for guidance since the 1960s, that exact systems have remained hard to understand. Seeking to understand this sensory secret, researchers looked at a type of protein, cryptochrome 4(CRY4), found in the light-detecting cells in the eyes of robins(知更鸟), and compared its magnetic sensitivity to the CRY4 protein found in two non-migratory birds—chickens and pigeons. Robins are small and much-loved birds,seen as symbols of European winters, which migrate in response to food shortage in the colder months.

In the study, researchers found specific changes associated with the CRY4 protein in rob-ins that may allow them to sense magnetism within their eyes,leading them to think it is likely that robins have a“living compass”, and may be able to “see” the earth’s magnetic field to locate themselves.

The researchers explain that this works through a system by which the protein shows a light-driven chemical reaction that causes the effects that can increase magnetic signals. This happens through a quantum(量子)phenomenon in which an outside magnetic field affects chemical reactions by changing the spin of weakly paired electrons.

The new discovery is exciting for the researchers, offering a window into a sensory world which humans can only imagine,though the researchers advise that further testing of CRY4 in their eyes should be necessary to finally prove whether the birds can sense magnetism.

1. What can we learn about migratory birds from the text?

A．They only migrate at night.

B．They have a good sense of direction.

C．They are puzzled by the magnetic field.

D．They use inner light to find ways at night.

2. What is probably the function of the CRY4 protein in robins according to the study?

A．To warn them of food shortage.

B．To block out signals from the earth.

C．To keep them warm in cold months.

D．To help them sense magnetic properties.

3. What do the researchers of the study think of the new discovery?

A．It hardly makes sense.

B．It contradicts public opinion.

C．It needs to be further proved.

D．It will be applied to lighting system.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Robins’ Eyes May Have a Built-in“Compass”

B．Turning off Lights Can Save Migratory Birds

C．Robins:Migratory Birds with the Best Eyesight

D．Use Protein to Improve Migratory Birds’ Eyesight

5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Different metals have different features. When we use metals,     1     is important to know how they react with different substances. By doing some simple     2     （experiment）, we can achieve the     3     （follow） aims. Firstly, put them in order according to the     4    （react）. Secondly, find     5     if iron rusts in dry air, in air-free water and in ordinary water. In order     6    （achieve） the second aim, we need different pieces of equipment. After     7    （make） full preparations, we can go to the different stages of the experiment. During each stage, relative methods should     8    （use）. After that, we will get different results and make the conclusions     9     iron does not rust in dry air and in air-free water     10     it rusts in ordinary water.

6 . How to make up riddles (谜语)

Riddles are fun to ask and solve. It is a pride to ask a riddle that no one has ever heard before. If you are looking to find such a riddle, it is better to create a riddle yourself.     1    

Decide on your subject.

While sitting to write a riddle, you have to think of the subject first.     2     . It is just the concept where your answer lies. For example, if your answer is onion, your subject is an object or a vegetable.

    3    

You would have seen riddles of three to four words along with those that are long sentences. So, you have to decide the length of your riddle beforehand. Only after this, you can form a riddle that fits in your imagination. You can keep your riddles short or long. However, the listeners should be able to follow the context without any difficulties.

Start with the answer.

    4     For example, let us consider that you are about to ask a riddle whose answer is an onion. Once you know this answer, you can think of the possible ways of forming a puzzle on your own.

Analyse your answer.

Once you have chosen your answer, you have to brainstorm the possible characteristics (特征) of it.     5     So you can collect the facts like the ability of ice to melt during heating and its freezing chillness. Once you know these facts about your answer, you can add them to your question of the riddle.

A．Read some existing riddles.

B．Find the length of your riddle.

C．The subject does not mean anything complicated (复杂的).

D．You can find these riddles online and through apps or movies.

E．For example, let us imagine that your answer for the riddle is ice.

F．In this article, let us discuss the process of creating one yourself in brief.

G．Knowing the answer before forming the question is important in riddle creation.

7 . A new United Nations scientific report says that human-caused climate change is greatly reducing land quality worldwide. It warns that the way humans use land is causing the earth's atmosphere to warm faster and could harm food production. The effects of climate change are already making food more costly and less nutritious (有营养的) and are worsening food shortages (缺乏).

The scientists write that if humans change the way they eat, grow food and manage forests, it could help slow world temperature rises.

About 30 percent of the earth's surface is land. But the report says that the land is warming two times faster than the planet as a whole. While heat-trapping (吸热的) gases are causing problems in the atmosphere, land has been less talked about as a part of climate change.

“The change could be worse,” the report says. Agriculture and forestry together account for about 23 percent of the heat-trapping gases that are warming the earth. That does not include energy costs, food transportation and packaging. With those activities added, the amount grows to 37 percent.

But land can absorb heat trapping gases out of the air. From 2009 to 2018, for example, agriculture and forestry each year put 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide into the air. But the land pulled 11.2 billion metric tons out of it. Carbon dioxide is a main heat trapping gas.

Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide can reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients in many crops.

The report also suggests ways that carbon emissions could be reduced further. This could be done if humans reduce the amount of red meat they eat and instead eat more fruit, vegetables and seeds. That would also make people healthier.

1. What has not been paid much attention to in the study of climate change?

A．Greenhouse gases.

B．Land.

C．The earth's surface.

D．People's lifestyles.

2. How does the land function in global warming?

A．It takes in a lot of carbon dioxide.	B．It produces grains less nutritious.
C．It causes the majority of heat-trapping gases.	D．It sends off more carbon dioxide than it removes.

3. What is suggested to fight against global warning?

A．Growing plants to absorb carbon dioxide.	B．Planting high quality crops.
C．Limiting red meat intake.	D．Producing enough food.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．Humans should live a healthy life.

B．Global warming is more and more serious.

C．There will be a food shortage in the future.

D．Climate change affects land quality and food production.

8 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

There are certain similarities and many significant     1    (differ) between the modern     2     ancient Olympics. The similarities are: both are held every four years. They have     3    (run) races. Also there is no prize money for winners.

However, there are differences between them. In ancient Olympics, there was only one set of Games. And no women and no slaves could take part. The     4    (compete) only came from Greece. In modern Olympics, there     5     two main sets of Games -- the winter and the summer Olympics. Only     6    (that) who have reached the     7    (agree) standards for their event will be admitted     8     competitors. They may come from anywhere in the world. There are over 250 spots. And each one has its own standards. Women are not only allowed, but also play     9     very important role in almost all the events. Hosting the Olympic Games is a great honor. The motto of the Olympics is:     10    (swift), Higher and Stronger.