1 . A new study found some primates (灵长类) are leaving their tree homes and spending more time on the ground. Led by Timothy Eppley, Ph.D., scientists studied nearly 50 species of monkeys and lemurs (狐猴) to look at the reason behind these changes.

About 15 years ago, Eppley worked with southern bamboo lemurs, which were known to spend most of their days in the trees, feeding on bamboo leaves. However, he was surprised to find these lemurs were spending most time on the ground and had an incredibly diverse diet. He wondered whether habitat reduction and limited food resource availability were driving them move to the ground. This inspired him to begin this study.

He reached out to every researcher he could find who may have significant data on primates from Madagascar or the Americas, the two places with almost all tree-dwelling primates.

Eppley examined more than 150,000 hours of data observed on 32 monkey species and 15 lemur species at 68 sites. He found that they spent an average of only 2.5% of their time on the ground each month. But the findings showed some interesting differences.

“As habitats are degraded and the climate worsens, primates that are flexible enough to adapt because of their diverse diets or live in larger groups may be more likely to shift to life on the ground,” Eppley says. “However, other species that rely on fruit diets or live in small groups are less adaptable and are less willing to leave the tree. For these species, we will still need to enforce fast and effective conservation strategies to ensure their survival.”

Although moving to the ground has some advantages in certain situations, primates can face problems when they leave the trees. They can become victims of other animals and diseases. Besides, they will be faced with finding appropriate food resources on the ground, thus having a broad or flexible diet is important. Primates are important seed spreaders within their forest habitats. The loss of primates would lead to negative effects on the ecosystem.

1. Why did Timothy Eppley begin his study?

A．To try to make primates more adaptive.

B．To study how monkeys differ from lemurs.

C．To figure out the reason for the loss of bamboo.

D．To find out why primates are turning to the ground.

2. How did Timothy Eppley carry out his research?

A．By doing experiments.	B．By observing in the wild.
C．By studying collected data.	D．By interviewing the locals.

3. Which kind of primates are more likely to come down from trees?

A．Those eating diverse diets.	B．Those with a large size.
C．Those feeding mainly an fruits.	D．Those living in small groups.

4. What will become a concern according to the study?

A．Animals will become less adaptive.	B．The forest ecosystem will become worse.
C．More natural habitats will be lost.	D．More animal-related diseases will appear.

2 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What is the largest dustbin for?

A．Paper products.

B．Glass.

C．Plastic.

2. What is the man’s attitude towards recycling?

A．It’s hard to put into practice.

B．It means more work for homeowners.

C．It’s the responsibility of all citizens.

3. What will the speakers do next?

A．Write a shopping list.

B．Deal with the old leaves.

C．Meet with other homeowners.

3 . Every year, an average American produces more than 250 pounds of plastic waste. Recycling is part of the solution, but many of us are confused about what can be recycled and what can’t.

Plastic film

At the store we find it covering vegetables, meats and cheeses. It’s common, but it can’t be recycled because it’s hard to deal with at the MRF (材料回收厂). The thin and soft film gets stuck around the equipment and can bring it to a stop.

Plastic bags

Plastic bags — like those used for bread, sandwich as well as grocery bags — create similar problems for recycling machines as thin plastic film. Therefore, most of the plastic bags end up in landfills and oceans.

Yogurt and butter cups

These containers often mix with other kinds of materials. It’s not possible to separate them. In addition, this type of packaging flattens out on the MRF’s conveying belt and can bring the equipment to a stop, too.

Beverage (饮料) bottles

These containers are firm. They don’t flatten out like yogurt cups and they’re made from one kind of plastic that recyclers can easily sell for making products such as carpet, clothing or even more plastic bottles.

Warning: Be aware that we cannot recycle as much as we want. For example, plastic bottles are a highly desirable product for recyclers, but just about a third finds their way into the MRFs. Therefore, it’s more important for us to reduce packaging.

1. What do the first two kinds of packaging have in common?

A．They are used for the same products.	B．They are mixed with other materials
C．They are too thin and soft to be recycled.	D．They are usually recycled in special MRFs.

2. Which can be recycled easily?

A．Plastic film.

B．Beverage bottles.

C．Plastic bags.

D．Yogurt and butter cups.

3. What does the author hope us to do in the last paragraph?

A．Reduce packaging.	B．Try to build more MRFs.
C．Use recyclable bags.	D．Separate the waste properly.

4 . 请以“Change begins with you”为题目写一篇呼吁保护野生动物的演讲稿，内容如下：
⑴ 演讲目的；
⑵ 保护野生动物的原因；
⑶ 保护野生动物的建议；
⑷ 再次呼吁保护野生动物。
注意：词数在100左右，可以适当增加细节。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 . Recycling is good for our planet, but it can be confusing. Can I recycle plastic bags? What about pizza cartons? Toothpaste tubes? Which bin should I use? There are so many questions, and more than half of Americans are unsure about how to recycle.     1     Here’s a handy four-step guide on how to recycle effectively:

Know what to put in the recycling bin. Keep it simple and focus on the most commonly recycled items, such as paper, glass, aluminum and plastic.     2     Don’t use the recycled symbol as a guide. “The number on the container is really for people to identify the type of resin (树脂). That’s not helpful for the common consumer,” said Cody Marshall, a strategist at nonprofit Recycling Partnership.

    3     It is really important to know what you cannot put in your bin. You can always check with your city or at BeRecycled.org. If you live in the US, just plug in your postcode to search. Recycling companies struggle with the same problem items: hoses (软管), cords, needles and clothing, according to Marshall, so don’t put those items in your bin.

Wash or clean items. Do a quick clean to make sure there is no food left in containers before you put them in the bin.     4     Save food for composting (堆肥) in your garden.

Don’t bag it. Unless you live in a place that requires it, like New York City, keep the recyclables lost in the bin. “A lot of the time, it’s not safe for our employees to tear those bags open, or it takes too much time,” said Keller. “    5    ”

A．Know what is not recyclable.

B．The answers are not hard to find.

C．A lot of bagged stuff goes right to the landfill.

D．Plastic bags can be used again or returned to grocery stores.

E．If you really don’t know if an item is recyclable, then just throw it in the garbage.

F．This is really important if you only use one bin because food items could ruin paper.

G．Hard plastics like water and soft drink bottles or anything like these can be recycled.

6 . 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

World Water Day,     1     (hold)on 22 March every year since 1993, focuses on the importance of freshwater. World Water Day celebrates water and     2     (raise)awareness of the 2.2 billion people living without access to safe water. It is about     3     (take)action to handle the global water crisis. A core focus of World Water Day is to support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6: water and sanitation for all by 2030.

7 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. expanding                    B. alternative                    C. bridge                           D. recycled E. contributed                    F. concerns                    G. encouraging              H. landscape I. marine                           J. dispose                           K. widening

Food delivery apps are changing the way we eat

It’s raining, it’s dinnertime, and the fridge is nearly empty. Years ago, we made do; today, we order food through our phones. Within twenty minutes, we get whatever it was we were craving, we’re warm and dry, and there’s not a single dish to wash afterward.

Food delivery apps have altered the     1     of how eat, particularly in big cities. The industry is a complex machine; there’s Meituan, Ele.me, Hema…the list goes on. These companies are     2     and changing at a rapid rate, bringing on the rise of virtual restaurants and ghost kitchens, and customers who will never step inside a brick-and-mortar shop（实体店）.

Of course, these apps bring all types of cuisines around the city to our fingertips, but it comes at a cost. And one of the real environmental     3     lies in all that plastic and excess food.

In the US alone, packaging accounts for 30 percent of municipal solid waste. In 2017, that meant 80.1 million tons. Food delivery systems are likely     4     this huge number to rise. Durable materials like the plastics serveware is made from, are difficulty to     5     of.

Restaurant delivery is a global phenomenon – as is the impact on the environment. Meituan, one of the leading Chinese delivery platforms, delivered 6.4 billion food orders in 2018. It is estimated that China     6     1.6 million tons of packaging waste(containers, utensils, plastic bags) in 2017, nine times more than in 2015.

In the EU, University of Manchester researchers estimate, over two billion single-use takeaway containers are used every year. Most of those are not     7    . According to the European Commission, packaging, which includes plastic utensils, plates, and straws, make up 70% of all     8     pollution found in European seas.

Plastic bans,     9     packaging materials, and other efforts to cut down on waste are on the rise. Food delivery apps should, too, do their part to raise awareness for plastic pollution and     10     the gap between food waste and hunger.

8 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. agreements       B. chattering       C. efforts        D. feasibly       E. fulfillment F. hard G. introduced       H. morality       I. persuaded       J. seized       K. spoiled

Here’s to guilt-free flying

Maj a Rosen gave up flying a decade ago out of concern for its environmental impact. But when she became a mother and started hanging out with other parents, she didn’t bring it up, even when the conversation turned to flying. It would have     1     the mood.

Then in April 2018, her home country of Sweden     2     a tax on aviation (飞行).The climate impacts of flying were on the evening news and the mood changed. Rosen    3     the moment. With her neighbor Lotta Hammar, she launched a campaign called “We stay on the ground”, which has    4    10,000 people to commit to avoid flights in 2019.

Kudos. But here’s the     5     truth: in the grand scheme of things, barely anyone will follow suit. The     6     classes tend to have a lot to say about the eco benefits of avoiding meat, cycling and eating locally sourced food. But that     7     generally disappears when it comes to flying.

We can’t rely on international     8     to stop aviation emission either. Yes, the UN has fixed up a deal to cap aviation emissions beyond 2020. But it lacks real bite, allowing airlines to continue emitting carbon provided they offset (抵消)it.

All this means we could really do with green tech riding to the rescue. Here, at least, there is a little good news. Even rather simple measures like freeing planes to fly in straighter lines could     9     cut carbon emissions. Hybrid (混合动力的)electric aircraft are also the pipeline. And we already know that planes can mix up to 50 per cent biofuels into their tanks and fly safely.

It’s time to redouble our    10     to make planes green. In the meantime, if you are still looking for a New Year’s resolution, you might want to think about joining those 105000 Swedes.

9 . In the 1970’s, people who managed ponds had a problem with plants and snails in the water. To control the pests, the managers brought four species of carp, a type of fish, from Asia. But some of the fish escaped into rivers and other waterways. Soon, there were lots of fish. And they became troublesome invasive species. These non-native fish can bully ecosystems, quickly taking over. Growing fast and big, they ate lots of the food on which the native fish would normally depend. Bighead carp are an invasive species in the United States. Binbin Wang is using a combination of computer modeling and field experiments to study how the eggs of these and other invasive carp could be transported in the Missouri River.

Today, the descendants (后代) of those carp remain a big problem. And as the fish spawn (产卵), their eggs have been drifting (漂流) far and wide. Anticipating where something will drift can be a challenge. But finding answers may handle the crisis.

At the University of Missouri in Columbia, civil and environmental engineer Binbin Wang is working to figure out where eggs of the invasive fish are spreading in the Missouri River. If science can get ahead of the problem, there’s hope that people may figure out how to stop it. But if science is too slow to answer this question, legions of carp eggs will grow into adults that out-compete their neighbors. Stopping their spread would help reduce the overall damage they cause.

Drifting may seem somewhat random, but scientists are doing researches to make useful predictions possible. Some of these drift detectives want to know if large icebergs threaten offshore oil platforms. Others hope to track the polluted air or water-and determine where they’re coming from. The work is challenging. It also can be very rewarding. Most importantly, their findings may point toward solutions for some important environmental threats.

1. The scientists track the drifting of carp eggs in order to ________ .

A．ensure the quality of their eggs	B．protect the native fish
C．stop them from polluting the water	D．make it easier to transport them

2. What does the underlined word “crisis” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The carp’s spawning.	B．The direction of eggs’ drifting.
C．The extinction of the invasive fish.	D．The spread of the invasive fish.

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Where carp eggs are drifting is still a barrier to the research.

B．Researches have already found ways to stop the drifting of eggs.

C．It’s easy to predict the direction of the drifting of invasive fish eggs.

D．Cleaning the polluted water is the best solutions to environmental treats.

4. What’s the author’s attitude towards the drift detection?

A．Indifferent.

B．Unclear.

C．Positive.

D．Doubtful.

10 . When you throw something in the recycling bin, do you think about what it could become? And when you do, does it make you more likely to use that recycling bin? Recently, a study was conducted in an effort to decide whether or not explaining to people what their recyclables are transformed into would help increase recycling rates.

The researchers started with a group of 111 college students, asked to draw on paper before watching one of three ads.One was a public service message that showed paper going into recycling bins.The other two also showed the paper either being transformed into new paper or a guitar.After completing a survey, the students were asked to deal with the paper when they left. Half of those who saw the first ad recycled their paper, while the recycling rate jumped to 80% for those who'd seen the other ads.

After doing a few more lab experiments, the researchers headed into the real world.At a party, volunteers spoke with attendees (出席者) about recycling, with half mentioning transformed products and half keeping it general.They discovered the subject of the talks came into play.After the game, the recycling and trash bags were weighed.Those who received a message recycled over half of their waste, while those who did not recycled less than a fifth.

All this is to say that details matter.People want to know what treasures their trash can become, and when that's laid out clearly, they' re more likely to do it.Perhaps recycling companies should redesign signs to describe the items being created.Recycling is far from a perfect solution,but it doesn't hurt to manage to improve its rates.

1. What's the function of the first paragraph?

A．To lead to the main topic.

B．To reflect the author's attitude.

C．To introduce a new recycling bin.

D．1 To emphasize the benefits of recycling.

2. What does the underlined part“came into play”in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Took effect.

B．Broke down.

C．Took off.

D．Came to mind.

3. What does the author advise recycling companies to do?

A．Sign the names on the items.

B．Find perfect ways of recycling.

C．Examine the details of items.

D．Show the transformation of waste.

4. In which column of the website does the text probably appear?

A．Sports and games.

B．Travel and tourism.

C．Entertainment and recreation.

D．Science and human life.