Written Chinese has also
The air is thin and we have to rest several times on the short hike from camp. To our left, snow-covered mountains
In the evening, I drink a cup of tea and watch the stars. I think about the antelopes and what Zhaxi told me.
2 . Students at St. Stanislaus High School in Mississippi are among the volunteers along US coasts raising oysters (牡蛎) to help restore, or repair weakened reefs (礁). Oyster reefs are an important part of coastal environments. Each oyster cleans 95 to 190 liters of water a day. The reefs provide living space for shrimp, crabs and fish. They also protect coastlines. In the states of Maryland, Virginia, Mississippi, and Alabama, now there are more than 1,000 oyster gardens. Most of them are in wire cages hanging from private ports.
Colin Wood, one student looking after the St. Stanislaus garden, said he was excited by the hands-on work. “I didn’t realize oysters had a big influence on the environment. And 50,000 to 55,000 adult oysters grown here each year go to reefs in Mobile Bay,” he said.
In the 1950s, an average of 37,400 tons of oysters were taken yearly from partly salty waters in the US. But US oyster harvests fell sharply in the 1990s. Data showed the cause of the drop could be overharvesting, pollution, pests and other problems. Then oyster gardening started.
Oyster gardening uses many of the same methods as farming. Farmers around the country grow oysters near the surface of water. Oysters develop much faster where the water holds more food they eat and enemies can be more easily removed. But the oysters are not being grown to be eaten. Oyster gardens get pulled from the water every seven to ten days. The time out of the water is used to clear out small animals, keep oysters from growing through the wires, and dry and clean off plant-life growing on the wires.
Bob Stokes, the director of the Galveston Bay Foundation in Texas, says, “Oyster gardening is as much about education as it is restoration.”
1. How does Colin Wood feel about his work?A.Simple. | B.Tiring. | C.Creative. | D.Meaningful. |
A.The use of oyster gardening. |
B.The influence of oyster harvests falling. |
C.The reason for starting oyster gardening. |
D.The problems oyster gardening is facing. |
A.To repair the cages. |
B.To pick weak oysters out. |
C.To examine the water quality. |
D.To keep a good environment for oysters. |
A.What oyster gardening is |
B.Oyster reefs are becoming endangered |
C.Volunteers keep oysters to restore reefs |
D.Why oysters are growing popular in the US |
3 . After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
1. What is the text mainly about?A.Wildlife research in the United States. |
B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. |
C.The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. |
D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. |
A.Damage to local ecology. |
B.Preservation of vegetation. |
C.A decline in the park’s income. |
D.An increase in the variety of animals. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Uncaring. | C.Positive. | D.Disapproving. |
4 . Tips for Green Travel with Kids
Travelling doesn’t mean letting go of all the eco-friendly choices we work so hard to achieve in our daily life. Here are a few tips for green travel with kids.
Booking nonstop flights whenever possible will reduce carbon emissions (碳排放). If the closest local airport doesn’t have nonstop flights to a certain place, check with other local airports to see if nonstop flights are available.
It’s easy when travelling to pull in to fast food restaurants for snacks.
A.Walking is good for your health. |
B.Try to cut back to save water and energy. |
C.But you can pack healthy food from home. |
D.Travelling is a great chance to introduce your kids to the world. |
E.Reusable water bottles are easy to bring along wherever you travel. |
F.Save energy by turning off the hotel room lights when you head out for the day. |
G.You might have to drive a bit farther, but saving on carbon emissions makes it worthwhile. |
5 . The last complete ice shelf in the Canadian Arctic has collapsed (倒塌). The Milne Ice Shelf is
Above normal air temperatures, offshore winds and open water in front of the shelf are all parts of the
“It was only a
A.at the edge of | B.in front of | C.at the back of | D.at the end of |
A.rather than | B.less than | C.other than | D.more than |
A.situations | B.conditions | C.elements | D.problems |
A.combines | B.covers | C.evaluates | D.obtains |
A.seriously | B.especially | C.naturally | D.nearly |
A.down | B.below | C.up | D.above |
A.reduced | B.broken | C.threatened | D.brought |
A.which | B.that | C.where | D.whose |
A.uncovered | B.covered | C.broken | D.spotted |
A.program | B.progress | C.project | D.process |
A.question | B.thing | C.matter | D.concept |
A.possibly | B.likely | C.probably | D.surely |
A.simplified | B.launched | C.confirmed | D.accompanied |
A.research | B.search | C.culture | D.business |
A.dreams | B.ideas | C.attitudes | D.memories |
6 . China is showing the world its great resolve in the global climate campaign with concrete and selfmotivated efforts as well as serious commitment.
At the opening ceremony of the Paris climate summit, Chinese President Xi Jinping restated China’s plan made in June to cut its carbon emissions( 排放)per unit of GDP by 6065 percent from 2005 levels by 2030, and increase nonfossil fuel sources in primary energy consumption to about 20 percent.
With a large population, China is facing increasing resource limits, severe environmental pollution and a worsening ecosystem, and its citizens are also becoming increasingly aware of environmental problems. Suffering environmental problems and seeing the efforts as important to transforming its economic growth pattern, the country has much at risk if climate change is left unattended.
Actually, climate change efforts are already included in China’s mediumand longterm program of economic and social development, and ecological efforts are the clear characteristics in China’s 13th FiveYear Plan(20162020).
Although it is and will be a developing country for a long time to come, China has been actively involved in the global campaign against climate change, now topping the world in terms of energy conservation and use of new and renewable energies.
However, China’s development rights need to be respected. It is unfair to overstress China’s status as one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters and regard it as the major part of responsibilities in the global fight against climate change.
It is worthy of notice that China’s emissions of greenhouse gases per person are far lower than those of developed countries, especially the United States, although rapid economic expansion and its population base have made it one of the biggest producers of the gases.
To show its great resolve, Beijing in September also announced the establishment of an independent SouthSouth cooperation fund of ¥20 billion to help developing countries affected by global warming.
While China is eagerly accomplishing its policy commitments, developed countries should stop questioning China’s commitment to fighting climate change and pointing fingers, and start shouldering their due responsibilities instead.
1. China is selfmotivated to transform its economic pattern in order to ________.A.top the world |
B.fight against climate change |
C.solve its population problem |
D.respond to pressure from developed countries |
A.China |
B.the United States |
C.economic expansion |
D.the population base |
A.China will completely use nonfossil fuels by 2030 |
B.China will carry out its plan by stopping its development |
C.Chinese emit more greenhouse gases than Americans on average |
D.some developed countries are not taking on their due responsibilities |
7 . Suppose you find a bright yellow bike on a street corner in the city. You hop on (跨上) it and
You
The
Portland’s
A.drive away | B.ride away | C.ride back | D.run away |
A.No one | B.Someone | C.Anyone | D.Everyone |
A.whether | B.so | C.because | D.though |
A.have to | B.don’t have to | C.can’t | D.can |
A.expensive | B.crowded | C.free | D.common |
A.protect | B.control | C.make | D.bring |
A.out of | B.into | C.up | D.near |
A.ended | B.started | C.changed | D.refused |
A.public | B.private | C.clean | D.dirty |
A.but | B.as | C.until | D.or |
A.next | B.last | C.best | D.first |
A.break | B.make | C.discuss | D.follow |
A.buy | B.repair | C.produce | D.steal |
A.citizen | B.street | C.idea | D.school |
A.looked up | B.made up | C.put up | D.set up |
8 . Remember the 100 mile diet. That was so in 2007. English environmental activist Rosalind Readhead is doing something much tougher: a One Tonne Diet, where she gets her personal carbon footprint (碳足迹) from everything she does down to less than one tonne of carbon per year. Currently, the average American has a footprint of 28 tonnes, and the average UK citizen 15 tonnes. Her project inspires many people, and unavoidably, it’s questioned. “It’s virtually unattainable for an individual in the developed world to even get down to a threetonne lifestyle anytime soon,” says Eric, another enviromental activist.
“The aim is to attempt to live on one tonne of carbon per year from September 2019. I record everything that I consume in a journal. This includes food, drink, transport, entertainment, data, showers, heating etc” Readhead writes on her website. “Interestingly, this lowcarbon diet is also lowcalorie and less costly. I save money unexpectedly, and become healthier for avoiding highcalorie foods that could make us overweight easily, such as, a large cheeseburger, with a footprint of 2.5 kg CO2e”.
Much of her data comes from Professor Mike BernersLee’s book How Bad Are Bananas?: The Carbon Footprint of Everything. In the introduction, BernersLee says he has had firsthand experience of a ten tonne diet, and hopes the book motivates others to aim for that. So what is the point of such an exercise? BernersLee notes that “our impacts used to be local and visible. Today they are not”. Living his ten tonne diet makes them visible and comprehensible.
A onetonne lifestyle is a tough experiment, but we could all do better by thinking about how we live, by having a sense of scale and understanding the sources of our own footprints, and maybe even trying to achieve BernersLee’s tentonne lifestyle. Tell what is important and work our way down the list. Otherwise, read Rosalind Readhead’s posts and feel really guilty!
1. What does Eric think of Readhead’s onetonne lifestyle?A.Impractical. | B.Inspiring. |
C.Popular. | D.Useless. |
A.Losing weight. | B.Cutting daily expenses. |
C.Saving time. | D.Reducing her footprint. |
A.To provide people with data on carbon footprints. |
B.To share his experience of a ten tonne diet. |
C.To encourage people to try a lowcarbon lifestyle. |
D.To tell people how to calculate their footprint. |
A.Go after the serious stuff first. |
B.Read Readhead’s posts again. |
C.Follow BernersLee’s example. |
D.Get down to a onetonne lifestyle. |
9 . As a result of pollution, Lake Erie, on the borders of the USA and Canada, is now without any living things.
Pollution in water is not simply a matter of “poisons” killing large numbers of fish overnight. Very often the effects of pollution are not noticed for many months or years because the first organisms (生物体) to be affected are either plants or plankton. But these organisms are the food of fish and birds and other creatures. When this food disappears, the fish and birds die too. In this way a whole food chain can be wiped out, and it’s not until dead fish and water birds are seen at the river’s edge or on the seashore that people realize what is happening.
Where do the substances which pollute the water come from? There are two main sources—sewage (污水) and industrial waste. As more detergent (洗涤剂) is used in the home, so more of it is finally put into our rivers, lakes and seas. Detergents harm water birds, dissolving the natural substances which keep their feathers waterproof. Sewage itself, if not properly treated, makes the water dirty and prevents all forms of life in rivers and the sea from receiving the oxygen they need. Industrial waste is even more harmful as there are many highly poisonous things in it, such as copper and lead (铅).
So, if we want to stop this pollution, the answer is simple: sewage and industrial waste must be made clear before flowing into the water. It may already be too late to save some rivers and lakes, but others can still be saved if the correct action is taken at once.
1. When do the people notice the pollution of water according to Paragraph 2?A.The first organisms are affected. | B.A good many fish and birds die. |
C.Poisonous things are poured into water. | D.The balance of nature is destroyed. |
A.There is no water. | B.There is no fish. |
C.There is no poison. | D.There is no oxygen. |
A.Organisms. |
B.Plants and plankton in the water. |
C.Waste water from cities. |
D.Industrial waste made clear before flowing into the water. |
A.To realize the serious situation clearly. |
B.To put oxygen into the river. |
C.To make the waste material harmless before flowing into the water. |
D.To make special room in the sea for our rubbish. |
10 . The survival of about one fifth of the world’s vertebrates — animals with a backbone — is considered threatened, according to new research published in the journal Science. That’s a large fraction of Earth’s animals, but this new study held some good news too. Conservation efforts by humans have slowed the loss of many species of amphibians (两栖动物), birds, and mammals. Losses in these groups would have been about 20 percent greater had it not been for recent action of protection.
Among the animalconservation success stories is one about birds called Mauritius kestrels (红隼).In the 1970s, just four of these birds were left in the world. Through a special breeding program, scientists were able to increase their number to about 1, 000 and release them into the wild.
Humpback whales (座头鲸) have benefited greatly from recent conservation efforts as well. They were once on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) list of species threatened with extinction. But the species is now in less danger, thanks to laws that ban whale hunting. The IUCN even moved the humpback into “species of the least concern”.
Over the past 100 years, the white rhino (犀牛) of South Africa has also made an amazing recovery because of habitat protection. The breed multiplied from just 50 animals to about 17, 000. Their home has been turned into a protected area, safe from poachers (people who hunt animals illegally) and other threats.
Stuart Butchart, one of the authors of the new study in Science, is encouraged by the positive effects of conservation. But he says, “Biodiversity (生物多样化) of species is in a frightening state. Its situation is getting worse. But our results show we can turn the situation around.”
New conservation policies hopefully are on the way. One hundred ninetythree countries recently met in Japan at the Convention on Biological Diversity to set goals for preserving threatened wildlife and their habitats. Only 1 percent of ocean and 12 percent of land areas were protected under earlier agreements. Two new goals set by the group are to designate (指定) 10 percent of the world’s ocean and 17 percent of land environments as protected areas to help increase endangeredanimal population.
1. Which of the following is not mentioned in people’s conservation efforts?A.Habitat protection. |
B.Breeding programs. |
C.Laws of banning whale hunting. |
D.Creation of studying organizations. |
A.conservation works |
B.man conquers nature |
C.animals are more important |
D.law is fair |
A.protect ocean habitats |
B.build land environments |
C.increase the population of endangered animals |
D.control animal population |
A.Though there was a special breeding program, the number of Mauritius kestrels didn’t increase. |
B.Conservation efforts should not only be made by human beings. |
C.Humpback whales are not on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s list now. |
D.Because many groups are working to protect wildlife, natural habitats are in good condition. |