1 . Natural selection is the process by which one type of animal within a species grows or develops well because of certain features that make it more likely(可能的) to live than others in its group. The history of the peppered moth (灰蛾) is an example of the natural selection process.
In nineteenth-century England, certain types of peppered moths were able to better blend (融合) into their surroundings. During that time period, great changes were happening in Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution was part of this change, and with it came air pollution. Natural selection often takes hundreds or even thousands of years to happen. For the peppered moth, this process happened comparatively(相对地) quickly.
At the beginning of the Industrial Age, most peppered moths in England were light-colored and covered with black markings, although a few moths had dark-colored wings. Because the light-colored moths blended into the light-colored bark on the trees, they could not be easily seen by birds that would eat them. As the air grew more polluted, however, tree trunks became covered with soot (煤烟) and became darker. The light-colored moths became easy for birds to see against the dark tree trunks. Since the dark-colored moths now had the advantage, their numbers grew. Within 50 years, the peppered moth went from being mostly light-colored to being mostly dark-colored.
In the twentieth century, the air cleared up, and the peppered moth population changed again. As tree trunks lightened because of less soot in the air, light-colored moths once again had an advantage. Their numbers increased as soot levels dropped. Depending on their environment, the coloration of the moths helped them to be “naturally selected” to survive(生存).
1. What do we know about the peppered moth’s natural selection process?| A．It was a good example of environmental protection. |
| B．The soot levels in England did not affect it. |
| C．This type of color change was typical for moths. |
| D．The length of time was unusual. |
| A．Both kinds of moths preferred the dark-colored trees. |
| B．Birds failed to see light-colored moths. |
| C．There were more light-colored moths than dark-colored moths in the beginning. |
| D．The color of moths was unimportant. |
| A．Birds would eat fewer moths. |
| B．Light-colored moths would disturb people’s life. |
| C．Moths would not be able to stay alive. |
| D．The population of dark-colored moths would increase. |
| A．the surrounding environment may affect some peppered moths’ survival |
| B．birds preferred to eat dark-colored moths than to light-colored ones |
| C．different types of peppered moths liked different kinds of tree trunk |
| D．birds were dangerously affected by the soot levels |
2 . Hardware in general,and smartphones in particular,have become a huge environmental and health problem in the Global South's landfill sites(垃圾填埋场).
Electronic waste(e-waste) currently takes up 5 percent of all global waste,and it is set to increase rapidly as more of us own more than one smartphone,laptop and power bank They end up in places like Agbogbloshie on the outskirts of Ghana's capital,Accra. It is the biggest e-waste dump in the world,where 10,000 informal workers walk through tons of abandoned goods as part of an informal recycling process.They risk their health searching for the precious metals that are found in abandoned smartphones.
But Agbogbloshie should not exist.The Basel Convention,a 1989 treaty,aims to prevent developed nations from unauthorized dumping of e-waste in less developed countries.The e-waste industry,however,circumvents regulations by exporting e-waste labelled as "secondhand goods' to poor countries like Ghana,knowing full well hat it is heading for a landfill site.
A recent report found Agbogbloshie contained some of the most dangerous chemicals.This is not surprising: smartphones contain chemicals like mercury（水银）,lead and even arsenic(砷).Reportedly, one egg from a free-range chicken in Agbogbloshie contained a certain
chemical which can cause cancer and damage the immune system at a level that's about 220 times greater than a limit set by the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA).Most worryingly,these poisonous chemicals are free to pollute the broader soil and water system.This should concern us all, since some of Ghana's top exports are cocoa and nuts.
Some governments have started to take responsibility for their consumers' waste.For example,Germany has started a project that includes a sustainable recycling system at Agbogbloshie,along with a health clinic for workers.However,governments cannot solve the problem alone, as there is an almost limitless consumer demand for hardware,especially when governments' green policies are focused on issues like climate change.
Only the manufacturers can fix this.A more economically sustainable and politically possible solution is through encouraging hardware manufacturers to make the repair, reuse and recycling of hardware profitable,or at least cost-neutral
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?| A．Electronic waste requires more landfill sites across Ghana. |
| B．Electronic waste is too complex to get fully recycle |
| C．Electronic products need to be improved urgently |
| D．Electronic pollution is a burning question in Agbogbloshie |
| A．Abolishes | B．Tightens |
| C．Brings in | D．Gets around |
| A．The thread of polluted food around the world |
| B．The damage of chicken’s immune system |
| C．The lack of diversity in Ghana's exports |
| D．The violation of EFSA's standards |
| A．Manufacturers' developing a sustainable hardware economy |
| B．Governments’ adjusting their green policies about e-waste. |
| C．Reducing customers' demands for electronic products |
| D．Manufacturers’ urging the government to make effective policies to ensure more profit. |
The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modern traffic and modern communication means. Life today is much easier than it
Man has been polluting the earth. The more people, the more pollution. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious
Air pollution is still the most serious. It’s bad for all living things in the world. Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution
Many countries are making rules
