2 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. stem     B. dot     C. attributable     D. exceeded     E. overlook     F. exposed G. drainage     H. emerging     I. sinking     J. access     K. established

The Mega-City Environment

Mega-cities suffer from a catalog of environmental ills. A World Health Organization(WHO)/United Nations Environment Program(UNEP)study found that seven of the cities-Mexico City, Beijing, Cairo, Jakarta, Los Angeles, Sao Paulo and Moscow-had three or more pollutants that    1     the WHO health protection guidelines. All 20 of the cities studied by WHO/UNEP had at least one major pollutant that went beyond    2     health limits.

According to the World Resources Institute, “Millions of children living in the world’s largest cities, particularly in developing countries, are    3     to life-threatening air pollution two to eight times above the maximum based on WHO guidelines. Indeed, more than 80 percent of all deaths in developing countries    4     to air pollution-induced lung infections are among children under five.” In the big Asian mega-cities such as New Delhi, Beijing and Jakarta, approximately 20 to 30 percent of all respiratory diseases    5     from air pollution.

Almost all of the mega-cities face major fresh water challenges. Johannesburg, South Africa, is forced to draw water from highlands 370 miles away. In Bangkok, saltwater is invading aquifers(地下蓄水层). Mexico City has a serious    6     problem because of excessive groundwater withdrawal.

More than a billion people, 20 percent of the world’s population, live without regular    7     to clean running water. While poor people are forced to pay high fees for private water, many cities squander their resources through leakages and illegal    8    . “With the population of cities expected to increase to five billion by 2025,” says Klaus Toepfer, executive director of the UNEP, “the urban demand for water is set to increase rapidly. This means that any solution to the water crisis is closely linked to the governance of cities.“

Mega-city residents, crowded into unsanitary slums, are also subject to serious disease outbreaks. Lima, Peru(with population estimated at 9.4 million by 2015)suffered a cholera outbreak in the late 1990s partly because, as the New York Times reported, ”rural people new to Lima...live in houses without running water and use the outhouses(屋外厕所)that    9     the hillsides above.“

It’s worth looking at some of these    10     mega-cities in detail, because daily life there is likely to be the pattern for a majority of the world’s population. Most are already experiencing severe environmental problems that will only be worsened by rapid population increases.

3 . Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the words and phrases below.

downtown	jam	suit	greenhouse gases
public transport	complain	anger	get stuck in traffic

Martin: Good morning, Mary. How do you always manage to the office before me?
Mary: Morning, Martin. Well, I cycle so I don’t     1    .
Martin: Well, I don’t cycle but I do take     2    . It’s not quite as fast as cycling but it gets me     3     much quicker than if I take my car.
Mary: Public transport is also a good way to help reduce the level of     4     in our atmosphere. If more people take the bus and train, it would be better for us all.
Martin: I know so many people who     5     about traffic     6     and air pollution, but     7     cannot solve the problems.
Mary. That kind of attitude is common but I think more and more people are beginning to do something which     8     them and protect the environment.

4 . Directions:Complete the following sentences by using the proper form of the words or expressions   given in the frame.Each one can only be used once.

A. capable        B. effectiveness       C. employing        D.exposure          E.famously           F. joining          G. limitation        H. minimal       I.precisely        J.recognizing       K.worthwhile

Clean Air Act

The air in modern homes and offices is pretty clean,but not as clean as it might be.Often it contains small amounts of volatile(挥发性的）,poisonous,organic compounds.Long-term    1     to these is a bad thing,so clearing them out of the air people breathe is widely accepted as     2    

Finding an effective way to do so has proved difficult.But Stuart Strand, Long Zhang and Ryan Routsong, of the University of Washington,in Seattle,think they have succeeded,As they report in Environmental Science and Technology, their method involves     3     a gene from a rabbit into a popular indoor plant nicknamed Devil's vine—a type of ivy hat is so called because it is    4     difficult to kill.

The idea of     5     plants to de- pollute   the atmosphere inside buildings has been around for decades-but has met with only qualified success. One experiment involving unmodified spider plants,for example,showed that they are indeed     6     of removing formaldhyde (甲醛) from the air.The     7     is that to make much of a difference in a space as large as a house would require turning most of the rooms into spider-plant forests.

Dr Strand, Dr Zhang and Mr Routsong thus sought something suitably transgenic ( 转 基 因 的),but that does not flower indoors. The plant they settled on was Devil's vine,     8     because of its toughness.With the help of a bacterium,they were able to ferry the rabbit version of the gene into the plant's chromosomes(染色 体),and thus to,engineer a type of Devil's vine able to produce an air-cleaning substance. To test the     9     of their idea, the researchers put their modified ivy to work inside greenhouses filled with air containing high levels of harmful substances.The plants performed well,reducing the harmful substances in air to     10    .

5 . 阅读下面短文，从以下方框内的韵语或短语中，选出合适的单词或短语，并将其正确形式填入空白处。每个单词或短语只能使用一次，有两个是多余的。

affect       effect       environment       float             negative             extremely produce       recycle       shocking             solution       take action       thick

A Plastic Ocean a film to make you think. Think, and then act. We need to     1     on plastic. We've been     2     plastic in huge quantities since the 1940s. We live in a world full of plastic, and only a small part is     3     . What happens to all the rest? This is the question the film A Plastic Ocean answers. It is a documentary that looks at the impact that plastic waste has on the     4     .

The film begins as a journey to film the largest animal on the planet, the blue whale. But during the journey the filmmakers make the     5     discovery of a huge,     6     layer（层）of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. This causes them to travel around the world to look at other areas that have been     7    . We see how marine species are being killed by all the plastic we are dumping in the ocean. The message about our use of plastic is     8     obvious.

But the film doesn't only present the     9     side. In the second half, the filmmakers look at what we can do to reverse the tide of plastic flowing around the world. They present short-term and long-term     10    . These include avoiding plastic containers and * single-use5 plastic products as much as possible.