1 . Air pollution may be causing baldness, scientists have shown for the first time. A new study found that fine particulate matter emitted by cars would damage the skin that holds hair follicles in place. A series of laboratory tests on human cells showed that levels of the crucial proteins needed for hair to grow and be retained decreased when they were exposed to pollution particles. While there is a growing body of evidence showing how these tiny particles can damage internal health, including by entering the bloodstream through the lungs, this is the first to demonstrate such a risk to the surface of the body.

The study was conducted by exposing cells from the human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) ,to various concentrations of PM10-like dust and diesel particles. After 24 hours the researchers performed a process, known as western blotting, to detect the levels of specific proteins in the cells.

The results showed that the presence of PM10 and diesel particles decreased levels of B-catenin, the protein responsible for hair growth. The study also revealed that the levels of three other proteins—cyclin DI, cyclin E and CDK2, which are responsible for hair growth and hair retention, were decreased by PM10-like dust and diesel particles in a "dose-dependent" manner.

Dr Hyuk Chul Kwon, who led the study at the Future Science Research Centre, said, “While the link between air pollution and serious diseases such as cancer and lung diseases is well established, there is little-to-no research on the effect of particulate matter exposure on the human skin and hair in particular. Our research explains the mode of action of air pollutants on HFDPCs, showing how the most common air pollutants lead to hair loss. ”

Sources of PM include the burning of fossil fuels--petrol and diesel, as well as other solid fuels, and other industrial activities such as building, mining and the manufacturing of building materials like bricks.

“While it is difficult to escape from the surrounding pollution, limiting the time for walking in busy streets, especially during rush hour, should help reduce exposure, ”said Dr Kwon. "If you are exercising outdoors, try to do so in areas that are less polluted and do not spend too much time waiting at traffic hot spots such as traffic lights. "

1. What did the new study find?

A．Air pollution can do great harm to our lungs.

B．The color of our skin can be influenced by air pollution.

C．Serious air pollution can probably prevent hair from growing.

D．Air pollution can affect hair growth by entering the bloodstream.

2. What can we learn from Dr Hyuk Chul Kwon's words?

A．His new research is superior to previous research.

B．The research he conducted is really of great importance.

C．The results of his new research need to be further improved.

D．A link between air pollution and diseases needs to be established.

3. What does Dr Kwon advise us to do?

A．To do as much exercise as possible.	B．To take action to reduce air pollution.
C．To avoid being exposed to air pollution.	D．To take public transport to avoid traffic jams.

2 . Each year there is an increasing number of cars on roads and streets as millions of new cars and trucks are produced. One out of every six Americans work at putting together the parts of cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling cars and trucks with gas.     1    . Because most Americans find they are using their cars in almost every aspect of their life.     2    . The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.

    3    . That’s what several of the large car factories have been trying to do. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field has been slow.

Another way is to take the place of the car engine by something else.    4    . Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model that pleases man.

To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we’ll have to make some changes in the way many of us live. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars. They are encouraged to travel and go to work by bicycle. Bicycling is thought to help keep the air clean. But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory closes down.    5    .

Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.

A．Americans know cars very well.

B．Americans won’t live without cars!

C．Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars.

D．However, the number of vehicles has continued to increase in recent years.

E．One way to get rid of the polluted air is to build a car that does not pollute.

F．Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment.

G．However, some have realized the serious problems of the air pollution that is caused by cars.

3 . What is eco­fashion? Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry.

    1     Firstly, the production of textiles(纺织品)pollutes the environment heavily. Cotton­planting uses pesticides(杀虫剂)；sheep­farming and wool­cleaning contribute to global warming；Secondly, every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment. They all use a great deal of energy, and some also involve chemicals which evidently do harm to the surroundings.    2    Thirdly, growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects. We are now so quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times.

    3    To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable (可持续的)materials and choosing local suppliers, to recycle and minimize waste.     4    

There is some concern that eco-friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but in fact, more and more people are concerning about this and we can make sure that doesn’t happen.    5    

A．Then, how to solve the problems?

B．They relate directly to our personal health.

C．Because choosing eco­fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.

D．In addition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water.

E．The fashion industry has developed quickly.

F．On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.

G．A closer look at the fashion industry points out many problems.

4 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. How did the woman get to know about third-hand smoke?

A．From young smokers.

B．From a newspaper article.

C．From some smoking parents.

2. Why does the man say that he would keep away from babies?

A．He has just become a father.

B．He wears dirty clothes.

C．He is a smoker.

3. What does the woman suggest smoking parents should do?

A．Stop smoking altogether.

B．Smoke only outside their rooms.

C．Reduce dangerous matters in cigarettes.

5 . The online takeaway industry is growing in China along with the rapid development of the Internet economy. But environmental activists complain that the huge volume of plastic utensils (用具), wrapping and containers presents a great challenge to the environment, and that the heavy use of throwaway wooden chopsticks is reducing natural resources.

On September 1, the Beijing No.4 Intermediate People’s Court accepted a lawsuit filed by the Chongqing Green Volunteer League, an environmental non-government organization (NGO), against the country’s three largest food delivery platforms—Baidu Waimai, Ele.me and Meituan. The NGO stated that the companies failed to provide customers with the choice to not receive throwaway plastic utensils along with their food deliveries. Meanwhile, these utensils have created large amounts of rubbish and caused serious ecological damage.

In response, both Meituan and Ele.me, which acquired Baidu Waimai in August, have promised to take measures to reduce plastic waste. Meituan announced that it would appoint a chief environmental officer to oversee environmental issues from plastic waste and upgrade its smartphone app to provide consumers with the option of ordering food without single-use chopsticks, spoons or napkins. Ele.me followed by offering a similar choice and putting forward a plan to introduce suppliers of degradable (可降解的) plastic utensils to restaurants in the long term.

Is there a possible way out? Combined efforts by delivery platforms, consumers, restaurants and government departments are required to address plastic waste pollution.

For platforms, promoting environmental protection and introducing this idea to consumers are a meaningful move. Moreover, in the future, they should also make strict rules on the use of plastic utensils. For example, no more than one plastic bag should be used to wrap soup dishes, and all plastic products should be degradable. It is a long and difficult task for them, and the recent reactions from Ele.me and Meituan are just beginnings.

Considering most takeout food packaging is thrown into garbage bins and then taken away along with other household garbage, sorting of waste also becomes more important. Government departments could play a major role in this, and by recycling some materials, waste pollution could be reduced and resources saved. Furthermore, there have been growing calls that the government should also invest more in developing degradable plastic products or environmentally friendly alternatives.

Though consumers enjoy the convenience yet also suffer exposure to the pollution, many of them have paid little attention to the plastic waste problem. Environmental groups suggest that consumers change their habits a little by using their own utensils and dishes and refusing unnecessary plastic containers.

1. The Chongqing Green Volunteer League accused the three food delivery platforms of ________.

A．causing damage to people’s health

B．violating environmental standards

C．using many wooden chopsticks

D．offering no utensil option

2. The author suggests food delivery platforms ________.

A．raise people’s awareness	B．research possible alternatives
C．upgrade their application design	D．hire a chief environmental officer

3. Who probably plays a more important role in promoting the categorization of rubbish?

A．Government departments.	B．Food delivery platforms.
C．Environmental groups.	D．Fast food restaurants.

4. The passage is mainly concerned with ________.

A．why environmental problems arise

B．who food delivery platforms affect most

C．how plastic utensil pollution can be solved

D．what efforts environmental groups have made

6 . Are Your Clothes Causing Pollution? Very small pieces of plastic, called microfibers, are polluting rivers and oceans.     1     Clothes worn for outdoor activities and exercise are often made of artificial material, which is useful in keeping warm. But they contain very small plastic fibers, which may also be harming the environment when you wash them. When people wash these clothes, very small pieces go down the drain with the wash water.

    2    

Pollution caused by plastic is not new, but recent studies have shown the effect of microfibers in the environment. Studies show very small microfibers are ending up in our waters, which may come from waste water treatment factories. A 2015 study found them in fish from California.

Microfibers, effect on food supplies.

Beyond the waterways, the researchers say microfibers may end up in soil and agricultural lands.       3    This means there is much to be learned about microfibers and the environment. Some studies have shown that microfibers end up inside sea animals, like oysters.       4     Researchers say that the fibers tend not to move into the tissue of the fish, but it needs more study.

Steps to save or keep microfibers from the environment.

Until more information becomes known, there are steps to take to reduce the amount of microfibers in the environment. People should use less of the artificial materials. If we already have those in our lives and we're using them, an important step would be washing them less.       5     A bag is being designed in which to wash these clothes. It traps the microfibers in the bag and it may be available for purchase soon.

A．New technology may also help.

B．Studies on microfibers in the environment.

C．They can also move around the atmosphere.

D．Studies on how much of the microfibers is released.

E．The source of these microfibers may surprise you: your clothes.

F．Washing machines keep microfibers from escaping with wash water.

G．So if these microfibers have been found in fish and seafood, are they safe to eat?

7 . 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
There are thousands of coral reefs (珊瑚礁) in the world; Unfortunately, however, they are now in serious danger. More than one-third are in such bad shape that they could die within ten years.    1    Here are the three main causes discovered.
The first cause is pollution on land. The pollutants run with rainwater into rivers and streams, which carry the poisons into the ocean.    2    So they will be easily infected (感染) with diseases.
    3    Higher ocean temperatures kill the important food source (来源) for the coral—the algae, the tiny greenish-gold water plants that live on coral.    4    This process has happened more and more frequently in recent years.
The last factor contributing to the disappearance of coral reefs is people. People sometimes crash into reefs with their boats, breaking off large blocks of coral.    5    Moreover, some people even break coral off to collect for souvenirs since it is so colorful and pretty.

A．Global warming is another reason.

B．Many might not even last that long!

C．Divers who walk on reefs can also do serious damage.

D．Reefs provide a home for 25% of the fish in the ocean.

E．Chemicals from the poisons kill reefs or make them weak.

F．Steps must be taken now to stop over-fishing and pollution of the oceans.

G．When the algae die, the coral loses its color and it also dies in the end.