1 . On a boat near Costa Rica, a team of marine biologist is helping a turtle. The animal is having trouble breathing, and the team discovers why—there is something inside its nose. A scientist tries to extract the object, but the turtle cries in pain. Finally after eight long minutes, a long object is pulled out. It is a 10 centimeter plastic straw.

The video of the turtle’s rescue has been viewed millions of times on YouTube. It has helped raise awareness of a growing problem: The world’s seas are full of plastic. Since 2000, there has been a huge increase worldwide plastic production, but we recycle less than one-fifth of it. A lot of this plastic waste ends up in the ocean. Today, scientists think about 8.1 billion kilograms goes into the sea every year from costal regions. Most of this plastic will never break into little pieces.

This ocean plastic hurts millions of sea animals every year. Some fish eat plastic because it is covered with sea plants, and it looks and smells like food. “In some cases, eating sharp pieces of plastic can seriously hurt sea animals and even result in death,” says marine biologist Matthew Savoca.

Plastic is useful to people because it is strong and lasts a long time, but this is bad news for sea creatures who eat or get stuck in it. According to Savoca, single-use plastics are the worst. These are items that are used only once before we throw them away. Some common examples include straws, water bottles, and plastic bags. About 700 sea species have been caught in or have eaten this kind of plastic. Luckily, the turtle survived and was released back into the ocean. How will plastic affect sea animals in the long term? “I think we’ll know the answers in 5 to 10 years’ time,” says an expert from Columbia University. But by then, another 25 million tons of plastic will already be in the ocean.

1. Which of these questions is answered in Paragraph 1?

A．Where was the scientist from?	B．When did the incident take place?
C．What was the cause of the turtle’s pain?	D．How did the scientists remove the object?

2. Why are the seas full of plastic waste?

A．Because more plastic is produced than recycled.

B．Because sea animals consume plastic.

C．Because plastic can be dissolved in the sea quickly.

D．Because other places are already full of plastic waste.

3. What can be concluded from the text?

A．Single-use plastics are people’s favorite.

B．The ocean’s plastic problem will be solved in a decade.

C．More than 700 sea species can survive the ocean plastic.

D．Plastic waste can cause deadly damage to sea animals.

2 . A Plastic Ocean is a film to make you think.Think,and then act.We need to take action on our dependence on plastic.We’ve been producing plastic in huge quantities.Drinking bottles,shopping bags and even clothes are made with plastic.    1     What happens to all the rest?This is the question the film A Plastic Ocean answers.

The film begins as a journey to film the largest animal on the planet,the blue whale.But during the journey the filmmakers make the shocking discovery of a huge,thick layer of plastic floating in the Indian Ocean.    2     In total,they visited 20 locations around the world during the four years to make the film.

In the film there are beautiful shots of the seas and marine life.    3     We see how marine species are being killed by all the plastic we are dumping in the ocean.The message about our use of plastic is painfully obvious.

    4     In the second half,the filmmakers look at what we can do to deal with the problem.

They present short-term and long-term solutions.These include avoiding plastic containers and recycling as much as you can.The filmmakers also stress the need for governments to work more on recycling programmes.

We make a shocking amount of plastic.Over 300 million tons of plastic are produced every year,and at least 8 million of those are dumped into the oceans.The results are disastrous,but it isn’t too late to change.    5    

A．This causes them to travel around the world to look at other affected areas.

B．Once you’ve seen the film,you’ll realize it is time to do our part.

C．It has raised public concern all over the world.

D．We live in a world full of plastic,and only a small amount is recycled.

E．But the film doesn’t only present the negative side.

F．In conclusion,we only have one earth to live on.

G．These are contrasted with dumps of plastic rubbish.

3 . Scientists in Mexico say they may have found a way to cut the production of methane (甲烷), a gas linked to rising temperatures on the Earth’s surface. The scientists say their method may help reduce the methane released by cows, one of the main producers of the gas.

When talking about global warming, many people think of carbon dioxide, another heat-trapping gas. Methane is an even more powerful heat-trapping gas. Cows are known to produce high levels of methane when they eat and process food.

Researchers at the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico are studying how a cow's diet affects the production of methane. The researchers are using a specially designed machine to measure the effect. The scientists use the machine to try to capture the animal's breathing to examine the methane released.

Most of the gas is released when cows belch. The digestive bacteria in a cow's stomach causes the animal to send out the gas through its mouth. There are an estimated 1.3 to 1.5 billion cows in the world. Each animal releases as much as 120 kilograms of methane per year. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that, whenever measured in pounds, the effect of methane on climate change is more than 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.

As it is difficult to capture the gas released by cows for use as energy, one way to lessen its release is to change their diet. Scientists in some countries are looking for ways to decrease cow methane. But while they are trying different plants and chemical compounds, those products would be too costly and difficult to bring to Mexico.

1. How harmful is the gas sent off by cows?

A．It is more difficult to control its amount.

B．It takes up most of human-caused methane.

C．It is the key factor to prevent globe warming.

D．It is more harmful than carbon dioxide.

2. What can scientists in some countries do to settle the problem caused by cows?

A．Limit the number of cows.	B．Change what they eat.
C．Fix machines on their mouths.	D．Use their gases as energy.

3. What may be the best title for the text?

A．We Had a Better Method of Raising Cows

B．Cows Are Much More Harmful than Cars

C．Researchers Found a Way to Reduce Methane from cows

D．Two Gases Are Causing the Warming of the Planet

4 . One of the problems damaging our planet is the number of things we throw away. A more recent addition to the list of things we throw away is e-waste —   electronic items that are broken and not recycled.     1    , but also because we lack the skills to repair them even if we know their value. Many millions of tons of televisions, phones, and other electronic equipment are abandoned each year. A UN report claims the 50 million tons of e-waste generated every year will more than double to 110 million tons by 2050, making it the fastest growing waste stream in the world.     2    .

Recently, there’s a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of electrical and electronic junk. The BBC visited a Restart Project in London, which is one of many found around the world. One of its operators, Francesco Calo, said that “This project makes total sense.     3    . Besides, it helps people who cannot afford to get rid of items that have developed a fault.”

    4    . An experiment at the University of New South Wales involves extracting (提取) these materials from electronic gadgets (小工具). Apart from just being recycled, the European Union, for example, is trying to encourage manufacturers to reuse some extracted electronic components.     5    . With phones typically containing as many as 60 elements, this could be part of the solution to our appetite for new technology.

A．First of all, this project prolongs the life of electric objects

B．It is partly because it’s cheaper to replace them than fix them

C．It is reported that many people have made a big fortune from it

D．Now solutions have been put forward to give this e-waste a new life

E．So it’s thought that doing this could be more profitable than traditional recycling

F．As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another solution is e-waste mining

G．One of the reasons is that people don’t think their electronic items are fashionable enough

5 . Hardware in general, and smartphones in particular, have become a huge environmental and health problem in the Global South’s landfill sites (垃圾填埋场).

Electronic waste (e-waste) currently takes up 5 percent of all global waste, and it is set to increase rapidly as more of us own more than one smartphone, laptop and power bank. They end up in places like Agbogbloshie on the outskirts (郊区) of Ghana’s capital, Accra. It is the biggest e-waste dump in the world, where 10,000 informal workers walk through tons of abandoned goods as part of an informal recycling process. They risk their health searching for the precious metals that are found in abandoned smartphones.

But Agbogbloshie legally should not exist. The Basel Convention, a 1989 treaty, aims to prevent developed nations from unauthorized dumping of e-waste in less developed countries. The e-waste industry, however, circumvents regulation by exporting e-waste labelled as “secondhand goods” to poor countries like Ghana, knowing full well that it is heading for a landfill site.

A recent report found Agbogbloshie contained some of the most dangerous chemicals. This is not surprising: smart phones contain chemicals like mercury, lead and even arsenic. Reportedly, one egg from a free-range chicken in Agbogbloshie contained a certain chemical which can cause cancer and damage the immune system at a level that’s about 220 times greater than a limit set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Most worryingly, these poisonous chemicals are free to pollute the broader soil and water system. This should concern us all, since some of Ghana’s top exports are cocoa and nuts.

Some governments have started to take responsibility for their consumers’ waste. For example Germany has started a project that includes a sustainable recycling system at Agbogbloshie, along with a health clinic for workers. However, governments cannot solve the problem alone, as there is an almost limitless consumer demand for hardware, especially when governments’ green policies are focused on issues like climate change.

Only the manufacturers can fix this. A more economically sustainable and politically possible solution is through encouraging hardware manufacturers to make the repair, reuse and recycling of hardware profitable, or at least cost-neutral.

1. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?

A．Electronic waste requires more landfill sites.

B．Electronic waste is too complex to get fully recycled.

C．Electronic products need to be improved immediately.

D．Electronic waste can be a serious problem.

2. What does the underlined word “circumvents” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．Relaxes.

B．Abolishes.

C．Avoids.

D．Tightens.

3. What should be the biggest concern according to the text?

A．The violation of EFSA’s standards.

B．The threat of polluted food worldwide.

C．The lack of diversity in Ghana’s exports.

D．The damage to chicken’s immune system.

4. What does the author think is the best solution to the e-waste problem?

A．Letting governments take on the main responsibility.

B．Reducing customers’ demands for electronic products.

C．Governments adjusting their green policies about e-waste.

D．Manufacturers’ developing a sustainable hardware economy.

6 . 语法填空

Today, Mount Qomolangma's peak is not a lonely place any more. Over 3,500 people have     1    (successful) climbed the mountain over the past years. Meanwhile，climbers have complained about     2    (wait) for hours in the bottlenecks.

In fact，the dangerous     3    (crowd) aren't the only problem. All those climbers need to bring a lot of equipment, much of     4     ends up on the mountain. It is becoming the world's     5    (tall) rubbish dump.

But the good news is that some mountaineers have started to clean up the garbage     6    (leave) on Qomolangma. Mountaineers Paul and Eberhard are part of Eco Everest Expedition, which has been cleaning up rubbish since 2008.So far they     7    (collect) over 13 tons of garbage.

Some of that rubbish is even being used for     8     higher purpose.As part of the Mount Everest 8848 Art Project，a group of 15 artists from Nepal collected 1.5 tons of garbage. They've changed the cans and oxygen tanks     9     74 pieces of art that have already been exhibited in Nepal's capital. Part of the profit from sales     10    (be) available for the Everest Peakers Association which has helped collect rubbish off the mountain.

7 . Taking in dirty air does great harm to our health. Air pollution lowers the average life spans by a year worldwide and in more polluted parts of Asia and Africa, dirty air shortens lives up to twice that much. Scientists shared their new findings in Environmental Science & Technology Letters. The study used data gathered in 2016 as part of a project known as the Global Burden of Disease and was the first major country-by-country look at the connection between the length of life and what’s known as fine PM.

Air pollution has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies had looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. Joshua Apte is an environmental scientist at the University of Texas at Austin. By looking at life expectancy (预期寿命), his team had hoped to make the threat easier to understand. PM2.5 is what scientists call tiny particles (颗粒) of pollution in the air. Higher levels of PM2.5 can cause health problems and cut months, if not years, from the average length of life. This analysis shows how pollution affects life expectancy in different parts of the world.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting PM2.5 to 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Apte’s group calculated how holding pollution to this low level would help people. In countries with very dirty air, meeting this standard would lengthen people’s lives. However, in countries whose air already meets this standard, the study shows no gain in life expectancy. In other words, meeting the WHO standard won’t reduce health costs resulting from dirty air because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter, pollution still causes serious risks. Meanwhile, the scientists compared how other threats including smoking and cancer shorten the length of life across the globe.

1. What is special about the study?

A．It won recognition from a professional journal.

B．It discussed health problems caused by air pollution.

C．It gathered lots of data for the Global Burden of Disease.

D．It analyzed the link between life spans and PM by country.

2. What is Joshua Apte’s team trying to do?

A．Help people better understand air pollution.

B．Study life expectancy in different countries.

C．Know how small air pollutants affect health.

D．Deal with different kinds of health problems.

3. What will happen if a country limits PM2.5 to 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air?

A．People’s life spans will surely increase.

B．It will guarantee people clean air.

C．People’s health may not be much improved.

D．It will be awarded by the WHO.

4. What might be discussed in the following paragraphs?

A．How other threats shorten life expectancy.

B．How cleaning up the air can lengthen lives.

C．How air pollution shortens lives by country.

D．How all the countries deal with severe pollution.

9 . 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

Our city is no longer what it was used to be. Nowadays, a lot of things have been done to make it more beautifully. Firstly, many trees have been planted around the city. The whole city is dressed on green. Besides, the polluting rivers have been cleaned up but there are more fish in the rivers. Moreover, a new park, that allows people to have fun and relax, has been built in a center of the city. Finally, people have been encouraged go to work by bike or on feet. In this way, the air pollution have been greatly reduced. In short, our city has become better and better.

10 . If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels—and light rhythms—to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霜) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth-is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.

We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet (磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our own making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.

1. Which of the followings has the similar meaning to the underlined word “diurnal” in Paragraph 1?

A．Everyday.	B．Routine.
C．Daytime	D．Nighttime.

2. The writer mentions birds and frogs to ________.

A．provide examples of animal protection

B．show how light pollution affects animals

C．compare the living habits of both species

D．explain why the number of certain species has declined

3. It is implied in the last paragraph that ________.

A．light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals

B．light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages

C．human beings cannot go to the outer space

D．human beings should reflect on their position in the universe

4. What might be the best title for the passage?

A．The Magic Light.	B．The Orange Haze.
C．The Disappearing Night.	D．The Rhythms of Nature.