1 . The curb cut (下斜路缘). It’s a convenience that most of us rarely, if ever, notice. Yet, without it, daily life might be a lot harder—in more ways than one. Pushing a baby stroller onto the curb, skateboarding onto a sidewalk or taking a full grocery cart from the sidewalk to your car—all these tasks are easier because of the curb cut.
But it was created with a different purpose in mind.
It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently.
I think about the “curb cut effect” a lot when working on issues around health equity (公平). The first time I even heard about the curb cut was in a 2017 Stanford Social Innovation Review piece by PolicyLink CEO Angela Blackwell. Blackwell rightly noted that many people see equity “as a zero-sum game.” Basically, that there is a “prejudiced societal suspicion that intentionally supporting one group hurts another.” What the curb cut effect shows though, Blackwell said, is that “when society creates the circumstances that allow those who have been left behind to participate and contribute fully, everyone wins.”
There are multiple examples of this principle at work. For example, investing in policies that create more living-wage jobs or increase the availability of affordable housing certainly benefits people in communities that have limited options. But, the action also empowers those people with opportunities for better health and the means to become contributing members of society—and that benefits everyone. Even the football huddle (围成一团以秘密商讨) was initially created to help deaf football players at Gallaudet College keep their game plans secret from opponents who could have read their sign language. Today, it’s used by every team to shield the opponent from learning about game-winning strategies.
So, next time you cross the street, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalk—think about how much the curb cut, that change in design that broke down walls of exclusion for one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but all of us.
1. By “might as well have been Mount Everest” (paragraph 3), the disability rights leader implies that a six-inch curb may become ________.A.as famous as the world’s highest mountain |
B.an almost impassable barrier |
C.a connection between people |
D.a most unforgettable matter |
A.it’s fair to give the disadvantaged more help than others |
B.it’s impossible to have everyone be treated equally |
C.it’s necessary to go all out to help the disabled |
D.it’s not worthwhile to promote health equity |
A.Spaceflight designs are applied to life on earth. |
B.Four great inventions of China spread to the west. |
C.Christopher Columbus discovered the new world. |
D.Classic literature got translated into many languages. |
A.Everyday items are originally invented for people with disabilities. |
B.Everyone in a society should pursue what is in his or her interest. |
C.A disability rights leader changed the life of his fellow men. |
D.Caring for disadvantaged groups may finally benefit all. |
“Wow ... what a beautiful girl!” you think to yourself. Today, you logged into Facebook and saw a friend request from a lovely stranger. You think that she must be a model
Catfishing is an online cheat
Some catfish attempt
On social media, it’s possible to remain anonymous (匿名的) even after you
The internet is a wonderful tool that allows users to learn new things, play games and meet interesting people. However, everyone
3 . The Great PowerPoint Panic of 2003.
Sixteen minutes before touchdown on the morning of February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia (“哥伦比亚”号航天飞机)
The immediate
By the start of 2003, the phrase “death by PowerPoint” had well and truly entered the
Wired ran an excerpt (节选) from Tufte’s booklet in September 2003 under the headline “PowerPoint Is Evil.” A few months later, The New York Times Magazine included his assessment — summarized as “PowerPoint Makes You Dumb” — in its
Despite the backlash it inspired in the
On its face at least, the idea that PowerPoint makes us stupid looks like a textbook case of misguided technological doomsaying. Today’s concerns about social media somehow resemble the PowerPoint critique. Both boil down to a worry that new media technologies
A.disappeared | B.disintegrated | C.distributed | D.disappointed |
A.side | B.cause | C.feature | D.issue |
A.collected | B.unified | C.dropped | D.single |
A.discounted | B.viewed | C.accessed | D.founded |
A.muted | B.absorbed | C.buried | D.sunk |
A.technical | B.popular | C.negative | D.special |
A.possibly | B.reasonably | C.ordinarily | D.necessarily |
A.accommodated | B.combined | C.distinguished | D.enhanced |
A.abstract | B.repetition | C.review | D.brief |
A.press | B.publication | C.media | D.criticism |
A.opened | B.created | C.threw | D.jumped |
A.rules | B.harmonizes | C.impacts | D.roars |
A.feature | B.encourage | C.value | D.defend |
A.Therefore | B.However | C.Certainly | D.Surprisingly |
A.difference | B.truth | C.time | D.concern |
The Economist — Japan has made a lot of noise in recent years about demolishing the traditional view that women should stay at home
Their defence was that women are
Doctoring has long been a male bastion. But it is not the only one. Discrimination is common in banks and trading houses,
All this embarrasses a government that has promised to make women “shine”,
In the filed of politics, the record under Mr. Abe's premiership is disappointing. Just two members of his 20-strong cabinet are women,
Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices, while driving, walking, shopping, even sitting in toilets.
People
The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products, not to actually improve our quality of life. They have successfully created a cultural disease. I see people
What is a healthy use of technology devices? That is the vital question. Who is really in charge of my life? That is what we need to ask
Richard Fernandez, an executive coach at Google acknowledged that “we can be swept away by our technologies,” To break the grand digital connection, people must consider
6 . In summarising the state of the planet—rising population, widespread conflict, one-sixth of the planet suffering extreme poverty and hunger, global warming—Jeffrey Sachs, author of “The Common Wealth, can paint a terrible picture. However, he’s an
Take child mortality (死亡). Perhaps surprisingly, the higher the child mortality rate is, the higher the birth rate. This leads to a
However, it is
These ideas are already being
So if it’s so
So while Sachs sees an opportunity to end poverty forever, he also raises an
A.economist | B.optimist | C.expert | D.opponent |
A.prospectively | B.essentially | C.thoughtfully | D.refreshingly |
A.declining | B.global | C.booming | D.local |
A.in turn | B.by contrast | C.on end | D.with care |
A.truth | B.principle | C.solution | D.statement |
A.transmit | B.specify | C.worsen | D.reduce |
A.downward | B.general | C.modem | D.previous |
A.describing | B.reserving | C.adopting | D.protesting |
A.modify | B.intensify | C.prevent | D.locate |
A.successfully | B.hesitantly | C.personally | D.worthlessly |
A.popular | B.simple | C.hard | D.strange |
A.spent | B.promised | C.learned | D.featured |
A.requirement | B.condition | C.challenge | D.target |
A.restricted | B.standardized | C.requested | D.combined |
A.alarm | B.objection | C.amount | D.instance |
Be Careful on the Internet
Parents of boys at a Sydney private school have been urged to monitor their sons’ use of social networking website, with a warning
The headmaster, Timothy Wright, wrote to parents on Thursday,
Modern technology means that a careless word, an ill-willed comment or an inappropriate photograph, are on permanent record and freely available to
Dr Wright said that
He urged parents to set ground rules for use of mobile phones and the Internet and in particular to set boundaries on taking and sending images that
8 . There have been countless books and television series on living with teenagers, yet parents don’t seem to have
“The key to getting teenagers to respect you is to respect them first,” says Penny Palmano, who has written a best-selling book on teenagers. “You can’t
Palmano, who has a daughter aged 19, has even allowed the girl to hold several teenage parties at her home. “I’ve found that if you have brought your kids up to do the right thing, and then
She agrees that teenagers can be annoying: enjoying a world that is free of responsibility, yet
“This would explain why many teenagers can’t make good decisions, control their emotions, priorities or concentrate on several different things at the same time.
The key to
A.questioned | B.discovered | C.discussed | D.taught |
A.behavior | B.responsibility | C.issue | D.procedure |
A.continue | B.stop | C.strive | D.hesitate |
A.curious | B.ashamed | C.upset | D.unwise |
A.mark | B.feeling | C.lack | D.level |
A.instruct | B.require | C.forbid | D.trust |
A.solution | B.problem | C.opinion | D.voice |
A.essential | B.grateful | C.desperate | D.famous |
A.affording | B.failing | C.promising | D.trying |
A.occupied | B.mature | C.valued | D.fruitful |
A.In addition | B.By contrast | C.On balance | D.For example |
A.occasionally | B.intentionally | C.universally | D.significantly |
A.happiness | B.justice | C.restriction | D.courage |
A.consider | B.forget | C.encourage | D.forbid |
A.Therefore | B.Otherwise | C.Furthermore | D.Instead |
9 . Looking on the Bright Side with Moon Worship
According to Cheshire psychic Claire Stone, a growing number of women are looking to the moon to increase their health, power and wealth. Daily Mail reporter Samantha Brick recently
“There is drumming and chanting,” wrote Ms. Brick, “then
Ms. Stone said that wishing on the moon helped her move into her
Ms. Stone was initially attracted to complementary sources of
They have been a(n)
The report ended with veterinary nurse Victoria Twist, who
A.witnessed | B.covered | C.attended | D.broadcast |
A.discussion | B.silence | C.dance | D.ceremony |
A.convince | B.share | C.visualize | D.pray |
A.imagination | B.intention | C.impression | D.illustration |
A.country | B.holiday | C.family | D.dream |
A.researching | B.studying | C.disturbing | D.healing |
A.call up | B.build up | C.meet up | D.line up |
A.normal | B.pleasant | C.magical | D.attractive |
A.obsessed | B.inspired | C.fascinated | D.affected |
A.astonishing | B.progressive | C.immediate | D.puzzling |
A.appeal | B.attempt | C.call | D.cater |
A.host | B.participate | C.favor | D.attend |
A.winds | B.nights | C.tides | D.temperatures |
A.celebrates | B.claims | C.concerns | D.credits |
A.apart from | B.regardless of | C.thanks to | D.instead of |
10 . Genetic testing companies have a long history of creative attempts to reach the mainstream. An early example was the sequencing of rock star Ozzy Osbourne’s genes in 2010, with accompanying guess about how they might have influenced his drug habits.
Lately, such projects have taken on a new, highly commercialized tendency. In 2017, we got the “Marmite (马麦酱) gene project,” run by London-based genetic testing start-up DNAfit. It claims to show that love or hate for Marmite was in our genes. The project turned into a full-blown marketing campaign, and even sold Marmite-branded DNA testing tools.
DNAfit is now working with Mercedes-Benz to find out whether specific genetic traits are associated with business wisdom. AncestryDNA, the world’s largest consumer genetic testing company, last year teamed up with Spotify to promote “music tailored to your DNA.” Just a few weeks ago, 23andMe, the second largest, announced a partnership with Airbnb to provide genetically tailored travel experiences, also inspired by ancestral DNA.
I have skin in this game. I run a genetic-testing start-up that connects people who want their genome sequenced with researchers who want data to improve their understanding of genetic disease. I believe that broadening access to DNA testing can be a powerful force for good, providing safer, more effective medicines and giving people more power over their healthcare. But these campaigns risk discrediting the industry, by giving a misleading impression of what genetics can and can't say and its role in determining behaviours and personal preferences.
Take the Marmite study. It covered 261 people — tiny, by the standards of the field. It was published not in a journal, but online on bioRxiv, a server where scientists typically put results before peer-review. Shortly after, researchers looked at the genetic data of more than 500 times as many people in the UK Biobank and found no such correlation. A large peer-reviewed study in 2013 found no significant link between genes and business common sense.
We need to inform the public about what this is all about: that is, the gathering of large amounts of genetic data. We need better regulation to ensure that consumers are clear that this may happen with this sensitive personal information. A checkbox on a 20-page web document full of legal terms should not be enough.
Scientists too, need to start asking hard questions about whether the information they are using has been sourced ethically. DNA testing has a great future, but we can't build this future with data acquired by any means.
1. The author mentions DNAfit, AncestryDNA and 23andMe in order to __________.A.highlight the problems facing genetic testing |
B.illustrate the commercial applications of DNA |
C.compare what progress the companies have made |
D.reveal the link between DNA and a person's character |
A.is challenging the available treatment for skin disease |
B.has a personal investment in the genetic-testing business |
C.hopes to remove people's misunderstanding of the game rules |
D.believes that every individual should have access to DNA testing |
A.The disadvantages of genetic testing. | B.The scientific value of genetic testing. |
C.The legal system genetic testing needs. | D.The essentials for proper genetic testing. |
A.DNA Is Anything but a Marketing Tool | B.Genetic Testing Campaigns Aren't Legal |
C.Creative Marketing Is Key to Genetic Testing | D.DNA Testing Has Become a Booming Industry |