The main structure of Notre-Dame cathedral (巴黎圣母院) — including the two bell towers — has been saved after firefighters worked through the night to put out the big fire.
Now that it has been put out, experts have been able to explain the difficulties fire crews faced as they fought to save such a large, historic building.
A complex flammable (易燃的) roof?
It’s not yet known exactly how the Notre-Dame fire began, but it appears to have started near the top, eventually spreading across the rest of the wooden roof.
Gregg Favre, former commander at St Louis Fire Department in the US, pointed out how flammable the building is. He explained on Twitter: “Let’s pause to remember how fires actually burn. It involves key elements like fuel, oxygen, heat and a chemical chain reaction.” Unfortunately, none of these elements are easy to remove in this case.
“To start with, removing the fuel is a no go. Churches have no shortage of things to burn. Although a huge oak beam(梁) is generally difficult to get burning, as smaller timbers (木材) fuel the fire and the temperature rises, the timbers will eventually ignite (点燃) in a phenomenon known as a flashover.”
“The heat that a fire this size is putting off is terrific. Little options for interrupting that. The chemical chain is off to the races.”
“That leaves the oxygen. Unsurprisingly, even if the roof had not burnt off, churches are nearly impossible to control ventilation (通风) in. Their design is to be open and airy. Great for Sunday worship, terrible for managing fire spread.”
Dumping water from above?
As the fire burned, US President Donald Trump suggested that flying water tankers (罐车) could be brought in to fight the flames from above.
Professor Rein, the head of Imperial College London’s fire-studying Hazelab said“ Trump wasn’t the first person to come up with the suggestion, however, it was not a good idea because it would have damaged the structure of the cathedral, collapsing the walls”.
The force of water coming from an air tanker is strong and no-one has been trained to use one in a city. He added that Monday’s fire was “not the time to test this”.
How safe can they make Notre-Dame?
Professor Rein says that “fire engineering” will need to be considered when reconstructing the cathedral. Fire engineering is now in place in modern landmarks such as the Shard in London.
“We keep seeing these buildings go up in flames like this. However, it’s relatively easy to prevent. Notre-Dame should install sprinklers (消防喷淋).” he said.
Much as the Notre-Dame fire is a tragedy, information from studying it will be priceless in protecting other buildings.
| Background | Despite difficulties, firefighters | |
Elements | The roof is made up of flammable wood, so Heat and chemical chain are also hard to get | |
Dumping water from above doesn’t make | The strong force of water would have put the structure of the cathedral at | |
| Conclusion | Fire engineering should be considered in the protection of heritage sites in an effort to avoid | |
﹡After the fire, what now?
Bishop Patrick Chauvet, Notre Dame (巴黎圣母院)’s manager, admitted that the famous building would close for “five to six years” as he spoke with local business owners Wednesday. He added that it was unclear what the church’s 67 employees would be doing in the future. French President Emmanuel Macron said Tuesday that he wanted the church rebuilt in five years.
﹡What are the new rules?
While tourists can’t go inside the site itself, the area still may prove popular to those paying their respects. Visitors are welcome to write messages of support in both the main and local city halls.
The island that houses the church has been closed and the people there have been evacuated since the fire. Paris businessmen who depend on Notre Dame tourism are worried about the church’s future as well as their own.
﹡
It’s known that spring is a busy time for tourists in Paris. The travel company recommends people visit other places, like the Basilique Saint-Denis, the Sacre-Coeur and so on. Those who tend to observe church services during Holy Week are advised to go to Saint-Eustache.
﹡Looking ahead to rebuilding
It seems rebuilding can begin, since firefighters put out the fire early Tuesday, more than 12 hours after nearly 400 firefighters had battled the flames that changed the city’s skyline. Two policemen and one firefighter were not badly injured, according to the Paris Fire Service.
A large campaign to raise money already is underway to rebuild the church. Up to Wednesday, donations came to $1 billion.
1. What does the underlined word “evacuated” mean?| A．removed | B．examined | C．accused | D．ruined |
| A．Saint-Eustache is favored by tourists. |
| B．Tour companies offer other choices. |
| C．Church culture develops fast in Paris. |
| D．The best time to visit Paris is spring. |
| A．The government will arrange work for 67 employees. |
| B．Visitors will be forbidden to leave messages anywhere. |
| C．Churches in Paris will also be examined and repaired. |
| D．More money will be donated for the rebuilding project. |
There has been a rise in road traffic accidents from the beginning of this year until Friday, the Traffic Police (TP) said in a statement on Saturday. TP recorded 36 deadly accidents which resulted in 38 deaths, or an increase of three severe accidents and four deaths, respectively, compared with the same period last year. The rise was due mainly to victims who were motorcyclists and vehicle passengers. The top causes of deadly accidents since the beginning of this year were failing to keep a proper lookout, failing to have proper control of the vehicle, and pedestrians crossing roads without paying attention to traffic. ( May 31, 2019)
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容；
2. 结合上述信息，简要分析导致道路交通事故的主要原因；
3. 根据你的分析，就如何降低道路交通事故的发生率，提出你的建议（不少于两条）。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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4 . Ahead of the summer travel season , airlines in the United States usually compete to sell tickets and fill seats. But the airlines that operate the grounded Boeing 737 Max planes have a new problem : there are not enough seats to meet the demand .
The revenue(收益)is right in front of them . They can see it , but they can’t meet it , said Mike Trevino. He is an airline industry expert for Southwest Airlines Pilots Association .
The grounding of Boeing’s 737 Max came after two deadly crashes in five months . Southwest Airlines is the world’s largest 737 Max operator. The company has 34 of the planes .
American Airlines operates the second-most, with 24. These planes have been removed from use until at least August, The grounding of the planes has led Southwest to cancel 160 of its 4,200 daily flights between June 8 and August 5.
American Airlines will cancel 115 daily flights, or 1.5 percent of its total summer flights . Southwest only flies Boeing 737s. It had estimated $ 150 million in lost revenue between February 20 and March 31 --- mostly because of MAX cancellations .
The 737 Max was grounded worldwide in March following a deadly Ethiopian Airlines crash . It came five months after a Lion Air crash in Indonesia. All on board both planes died .
Boeing is under pressure to provide additional software. Experts are examining the original software as a possible reason for the crashes .
Boeing must prove to worldwide regulators that the plane is safe to fly. That process may take more than 90 days. Planes in the United States are usually mostly full during the months of June , July and August .
1. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that__________.| A．the competition among the airlines is becoming more and more fierce |
| B．Boeing needs some time to prove to the world that their 737 Max planes are safe |
| C．after the two deadly crashes, more and more have decided not to travel by air |
| D．Southwest Airlines suffers the most in revenue |
| A．About 4,200. | B．About 115. | C．About 160. | D．About 7,600. |
| A．The terrible management of the airlines. |
| B．The inexperience of the pilots. |
| C．A bug in the operating system. |
| D．The pressure from Boeing. |
| A．some ways to fill the seats |
| B．how to earn enough with each seat |
| C．how long the problem will last |
| D．how to deal with the increasing cost |
5 . It was January 2000, and I had just finished the final term of my year abroad in Auckland, New Zealand. Warm feelings and happy thoughts
I went shopping for gifts to take back to my family in Malaysia. Then I made my way home. I have always been very careful of
When opening my
However, although I
| A．broke | B．sank | C．pushed | D．flooded |
| A．trip | B．photo | C．flight | D．examination |
| A．fire | B．food | C．road | D．public |
| A．street | B．square | C．stage | D．field |
| A．taxi | B．truck | C．motor | D．minibus |
| A．right | B．ideal | C．blind | D．special |
| A．put | B．thrown | C．controlled | D．taken |
| A．maps | B．eyes | C．passports | D．backpacks |
| A．take | B．free | C．keep | D．protect |
| A．sports | B．research | C．medical | D．management |
| A．tending | B．charging | C．educating | D．questioning |
| A．parents | B．tourists | C．doctors | D．witnesses. |
| A．last | B．pure | C．little | D．strong |
| A．fought | B．suffered | C．complained | D．challenged |
| A．change | B．reflect | C．recover | D．graduate |
| A．Finally | B．Recently | C．Gradually | D．Meanwhile |
| A．wise | B．alive | C．proud | D．awake |
| A．life | B．figure | C．family | D．behavior |
| A．allows | B．forbids | C．informs | D．reminds |
| A．ready | B．anxious | C．hungry | D．grateful |
