It was Sunday December 7, 1941. It looked like it would be a normal day     1     board the ship. Suddenly, with a huge crashing sound from above, hundreds of Japanese planes dropped bombs on Pearl Harbor. In great horror, Russell     2     (suffer) serious burns and watched many of his friends die. After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis still saved more men from the water,     3     (drag) them into the lifeboat. Because of his     4     (remark) actions, Louis was acknowledged as a hero, but he thought the ones giving their lives that day were real heroes.     5     (fortune), Russel survived after the treatment in hospital, but he was     6     (willing) to talk about the attack, describing it simply as “hell”.

The terrible scene of the attack, which was hatched by Japan and caused great loss, left a deep impression on Louis Russell. In response to the surprise attack and the famous address     7     (deliver) by President Roosevelt, the United States joined the Second World War.

Today, the USS Arizona lies     8     it sank: in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. A memorial shaped like a bridge     9     (cross) the ship’s sunken remains. Each year, more than two million people visit the memorial in memory of those victims and pray for world peace. Although almost eight decades has passed, the attack on Pearl Harbor, one of the     10     (dark) episodes in American history, will never be forgotten.

Nicolaus Copernicus was very frightened when he found all his calculations led to the same     1     (conclude) that the earth was not the center of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet the     2     (power) church believed God had made the world and     3     that reason the earth must be the center of the solar system.

Copernicus collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge     4     (explain) them. But only his new theory could do that. He worked on his theory, gradually improving it. He placed     5     fixed sun at the center of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun. In 1514 he showed his theory     6     (private) to his friends, who encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious and was afraid of getting     7     (attack) by the Christian Church.

The Christian Church rejected his theory,    8     (say) it was against God's idea. Yet Copernicus' idea is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe     9     (build). His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity,    10     said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the center of the universe.

A deafening boom roars through Pompeii's crowded marketplace. The ground shakes     1     (violent), throwing shoppers off balance. People scream and point toward Mount Vesuvius, a massive volcano     2     rises above them.

Nearly 2,000 years ago, Pompeii was a busy southern Italian city. But in 79, the nearby Mount Vesuvius volcano erupted. Almost overnight, Pompeii and many of its 10,000 residents disappeared under     3     blanket of ash.

Pompeii was basically forgotten until it     4     (rediscover) in 1748. Thanks     5     diggings, scientists have been able to figure out almost exactly what happened on that terrible day.

After the volcano first erupted shortly after noon, the thick ash turned everything black. Some residents escaped the city, while others took shelter in their homes. But the ash kept     6     (fall). Piles grew as deep as nine feet in some places, blocking doorways.

    7     (base) on what they uncovered, scientists believe that Pompeii was a prosperous town popular with     8     (wealth) Romans. Well-paved streets had high sidewalks. To relax, people soaked in public baths and enjoyed plays in two theaters.

Pompeii may be ancient history, but scientists are pretty sure Mount Vesuvius is overdue for another major     9     (explode). Luckily the people living near the volcano today will likely receive     10     (warning) before it blows.

7 . Anxiety sweat. Horsehair Wet grass and soil after a rain. Gunpowder. Perfume （香水） containing rosemary and bitter orange. A touch of leather.

This might have been what Napoleon's withdrawal from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 smelled like. At least, these are some of the elements that Caro Verbeek, an art historian and olfactory（嗅觉的）researcher, tried to combine when she was reconstructing the smell. “Wars are extremely smelly,” Dr. Verbeek said. “Soldiers don't write about their injuries as much as they write about the terrible sounds and smells. So we know more about them. We also know that it had rained the night before the battle, that anxiety sweat smells different from normal sweat, and that there were thousands of horses on the field.” These were some details Dr. Verbeek relied on during the reconstruction, which is part of a project called “In Search of Lost Scents（气味）.” The scent is offered in the Rijks museum as part of tours- -on pieces of paper or in a necklace with tiny pumps- alongside Jan Willem Pieneman's 1824 painting of the scene.

Dr. Verbeek approaches past smells by attempting to recreate versions of them, as she did with the Battle of Waterloo, making a perfume of sorts that might be associated with historical events, people and works of art. Bringing smell into a museum context can be one way to make art more accessible. Marie Clapot, associate museum educator, has worked over the last few years to bring smell into the museum “It's not just about ‘Oh, it's nice to smell something.’ It's one way you can make an art objet accessible” It is also a way, she said, to bring a number of people into the conversation about art who might not be moved by traditional art history.

Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano located just east of Naples, Italy. It is the only volcano on the continent of Europe that     1     (erupt) in the last one hundred years, though other volcanoes have erupted on islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Vesuvius's earliest     2     (record) eruption is now its most famous. In the year A. D. 79,     3     little or no warning, Vesuvius erupted and completely buried the ancient city of Pompeii. For two days the mountain shot     4     (volcano) material into the air, spreading     5     blanket of ash over the landscape. Pompeii, located seven kilometers from the volcano,     6     (bury) under five meters of ash. The destruction was so complete that it was not until sixteen hundred years later     7     the city was discovered. Evidence of the religion, culture, and everyday life of the Pompeiians, all     8     (leave) behind in the sudden panic of the volcano's catastrophe, are     9     (remarkable) well preserved. And everywhere there are     10     (remind) of its sudden eruption and the shadow of Vesuvius. Even the forms of the citizens remain. Their bodies lie much as they did on the day of their death almost twenty centuries ago.