1 . What happens when you want to go from one place to another, but there's water in the way?That's the problem people faced for hundreds of years in the area that is now New York City. In the city, there is a natural canal called the Narrows, separating Brooklyn on one side from Staten Island on the other.
But the Narrows isn't really so narrow. The water is almost a mile wide, and it's more than 100 feet deep.
By the late 1800s, circumstances had changed dramatically. Population growth meant there were now many people needing to travel between Staten Island and Brooklyn for work.
Between 1888 and 1920 there were two major efforts to build a train tunnel to connect the areas.
Finally, after World War II, there were so many people living in New York City that leaders decided Brooklyn and Staten Island needed a direct connection. Since tunnels were too expensive, they decided to build a bridge. The design selected had two separate roadways stacked on top of each other.
A.Sometimes getting from one place to another is easy. |
B.Both were quickly abandoned however due to the high costs involved. |
C.Neither road was large enough to satisfy the existing transport demands. |
D.It was anticipated that the new train system would help the areas grow even faster. |
E.Taking a boat every time was very slow, expensive and, in bad weather, unreliable. |
F.Both would hang in the air from thick steel cables, supported by two giant steel towers. |
G.For a long time that wasn't a problem, because only a few people lived in Brooklyn and Staten Island. |
2 . When the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (巴黎圣母院) was on fire, it seemed as if the nation had lost a piece of its soul. A similar tragedy took place in 19th century Russia. And the rebuilding effort of the Russians might offer some inspiration for the French.
Standing in the heart of the Russian capital, with 60,000 square meters of floor space and 1,500 rooms, the Winter Palace was among the world’s grandest building. On Dec. 17, 1837, a fire broke out at the Winter Palace. By the morning of Dec.19, only the structure’s framework remained.
For the czar (沙皇) , the fire presented a political challenge. Fearing that Russia's enemies would cast the fire as a blow to the czarist orders, the czar’s supporters quickly worked together to shape the description of the fire in Russia and abroad. They wanted the country to appear united. And they certainly didn't want despair to become the story.
The first full account of the fire was written in French by the poet Petr Viazemskii. A Russian translation appeared two months later. That text and others painted a highly idealized picture of the response to the tragedy. The accounts noted that the czar forcefully directed the fire’s containment. Soldiers were selfless to save the palace. The Russian people felt the loss just as deeply as the czar.
To erase the shame of the fire, the czar set a nearly impossible goal: rebuild the palace within 15 months, and he ordered that rebuilt palace look exactly as it had before.Thousands of workers labored on the construction site. They made rapid progress. On Match 25, 1839, the czar celebrated the rebirth of the Winter Palace.
Outwardly identical to the old version, the new palace featured more iron and brick in its structures---and less wood. It was far less fire-prone than the original.
Notre Dame hasn’t experienced the same level of destruction as the Winter Palace, if the Russian phoenix of 1839 is any indication, there is hope that a renewed Notre Dame will once again grace the banks of the Seine.
1. What do we know about the fire in the Winter Palace?A.It burnt down 60,000 rooms |
B.It lasted more than 24 hours |
C.It was set by Russia’s enemies |
D.It completely destroyed the palace |
A.To secure his power |
B.To challenge his enemies |
C.To unite French people |
D.To celebrate his birthday |
A.The scene of the fire |
B.The selflessness of the czar |
C.The Russians’ joint effort to fight the fire |
D.The ideal result achieved by the Russians. |
A.To describe a fire at the Winter Palace |
B.To praise the renewal of the Winter Palace |
C.We express sympathy for the Notre Dame |
D.To inspire confidence in rebuilding the Notre Dame. |
The biggest house of cards, the longest tongue, and of course, the tallest man: these are among the thousands of records logged in the famous Guinness Book of Records. Created in 1955 after a debate
In its early years, the book set its sights on
Once aware of the public's thirst for such knowledge, the book's authors began to branch out to cover increasingly doubtful, little-known facts. They started documenting human achievements as well. A forerunner for reality television, the Guinness Book gave people
In its latest appearance, the book has found a new home on the internet. No longer
Originating as a simple bar book, the Guinness Book of Records
4 . Last year marked the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I. There were events around the world in memory of those who died in the conflict. We have picked out three of them in European countries. Let's take a look.
Belgium
In a park, the famous Belgian artist Koen Vanmechelen had an exhibition called Coming World, Remember Me. The work consisted of 600,000 individual(个别的) clay sculptures, one for each person killed during the World War. In the center of the exhibition was a big egg made of clay, symbolizing a new world.
UK
In a small town called Aldridge, almost 100 houses in one street were covered with 24,000 poppies and statues of soldiers. They stood for the men from the area who had been killed in the war. The flowers were chosen because of a poem written by the Canadian doctor John McCrea in 1915. They made people think of fields of blood.
France
The British artist Guy Denning arrived in La Feuille, a small town in the northwest of France, to stick life-size drawings of soldiers who never came back home. Armed with glue and a brush, Denning stuck his drawings carefully on walls. Before long 112 men, mainly young adults, were brought back to mind, if not to life.
1. What do we know about Coming World, Remember Me?A.It's the name of an exhibition. | B.It's a film about World War I. |
C.It's a work standing for peace. | D.It's a sculpture made of clay. |
A.The British people preferred them. | B.They showed the cruelty of war. |
C.A Canadian doctor suggested them. | D.The fields were filled with them. |
A.A memorial to the dead soldiers was built. |
B.112 wounded soldiers in the war were helped. |
C.Drawings of some dead soldiers were put up. |
D.Young adults were encouraged to join the army. |
A.She experienced it. | B.She saw a film about it. | C.She played a game about it. |
The Amber Room, an
During the Second World War, when Germany and Russia were at war, The Nazis stole the room
Cholera was a deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure
He became interested in two theories
John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready
8 . The Battle of Chancellorsville, one of the most famous battles of the Civil War, took place in Virginia in the spring of 1863. For months, the two armies had been staying on opposite banks of a narrow river. The Confederate(南方联盟) troops were led by perhaps
In appearance, personality, and lifestyle, these men were nearly perfect opposites. Lee, an older man in poor health with a gray beard, had a solemn, measured character. Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man
Despite the fact that the Confederacy
Hooker had used spies, analysts, and even hot air balloons to compile a vast amount of intelligence about Lee’s army. He had already been aware, for example,
Yet Lee, despite his disadvantages of both numbers and position, did not retreat. Instead, he moved his troops into position to attack. Union soldiers who tried to warn Hooker that Lee was on the offensive
9 . Early in the Iliad, Homer's epic poem(史诗)about the legendary, Trojan War, there occurs a famous anecdote known as the catalogue of ships, which names all the Greek leaders and contingents(小分队) who came to fight at Troy. Before unfolding this impressive muster roll (花名册),Homer makes a special, public appeal to the Muses to ensure he gets the facts right:
Tell me now, Muses, who have your homes on Olympus-- for you are goddesses, and ever-present, and know all things, and we hear only rumour: nor do we know anything
These lines reflect a central claim of epic poetry—that through the inspiration of the Muses, daughters of Memory, it can preserve the knowledge of people and the events of the past —a formidable power in the non-literate, oral cultures in which the Iliad evolved. The Iliad was composed around 750-700 BC, but its origins lie at least some five centuries earlier, deep in the Mycenaean Bronze Age---the world the Iliad poetically evokes.
The Iliad is keenly aware of its role as the keeper of memory, and credibility is central to its storytelling. The epic is a work of fiction, and relates the events of a few weeks in the tenth and final year of the Trojan War fought between Greeks and Trojans over beautiful Helen, the Greek queen who deserted her husband to elope with a Trojan prince. Its cast of characters includes not only warriors and their captives and families, but the immortal Olympian gods, who perform many supernatural acts in the course of their eager participation in the action around Troy.
The Iliad has the reputation for being an exclusively(专门地) male epic, weak on female characters, but to choose only one example—Homer's delicate characterization of Helen as a woman driven by reluctant remorseful(悔恨的) passion is as hauntingly(萦绕心头地)credible as any Anna Karenina.
Longinus, a scholar in the 1st Century AD wrote that in recording as he does the wounding of the gods, their quarrels, vengeance, tears, imprisonment and all their passions Homer has done his best to make the men in the Iliad gods and gods men. The scene between Achilles and Priam displays this inversion and crystallises what the Iliad poets had learned in the course of the epic’s Journey. That the gods we worship might not answer, and on occasion humanity must rise to fill their place. That glory is closely associated with painful loss. That the victor shares the humanity of the most vulnerable of the vanquished(战败者); that there is no such thing as pure victory in war.
1. The Iliad about the legendary Trojan War, might date back to _______.A.the third century BC | B.the seventh century BC |
C.the eighth century BC | D.the thirteenth century BC |
A.being reliable is essential to the storytelling of the Iliad |
B.Trojan War between Greeks and Trojans lasted over a decade |
C.Trojan War ended owning to the Olympian gods’ absence |
D.beautiful Helen is a woman worth respecting in the Iliad |
A.Because it focuses only on men and war. |
B.Because too few females were well depicted. |
C.Because its cast of characters includes only males. |
D.Because Helen was described as a passionate woman. |
A.Pure victory in war does not exist at all. |
B.Glory is naturally accompanied with saddening loss. |
C.The victor gains everything without any emotional loss. |
D.Both the victor and the vanquished share the same humanity. |
Woodblock printing first appeared in the early Tang period. During the Song dynasty, the technique of block printing was very advanced. Books were
However, block printing
The technique of printing was gradually known to other Asian countries and Europe. The great influence printing had