1 . In 1944, 730 representatives from 44 allied (同盟) nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War Ⅱ was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system.

To make sure that all nations would be successful, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF promotes international trade by guaranteeing the stability of the international currency and financial system.

The Bretton Woods system also set up the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with IMF, the two institutes remain distinct. While the IMF keeps an orderly system of payments and receipts between nations, the World Bank is mainly a development institution. The World Bank initially gave loans to European countries ruined by World War Ⅱ, and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. Its goal is to “bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.”

These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major. However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States and it placed the U.S. dollar as the global currency. A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions (交易) of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and yen (Japan).

The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S. dollar. More importantly, the conference deeply shaped foreign trade for decades to come.

1. For what purpose was the Bretton Woods Conference held?

A．To shape our modern world.	B．To set up IMF and the World Bank.
C．To help allied nations to pay for their war costs.	D．To guarantee the success of all allied nations.

2. What does the difference between IMF and the World Bank mainly lie in?

A．Their accomplishments.	B．Their functions.
C．Their founders.	D．Their influence.

3. What does the underlined part “These two specific accomplishments” in paragraph 4 refer to?

A．The foundation of IMF and the World Bank.	B．The international currency and financial system.
C．Currency cooperation and financial stability.	D．Developing countries and the entire word.

4. It can be inferred that________.

A．Bretton Woods increased U.S. economic influence around the world

B．the IMF and the World Bank work closely together to guarantee success

C．the conclusion of World War Ⅱ had little influence on events at Bretton Woods

D．the conference organizers recognized the need for markets to function in-dependently

2 . Anxiety sweat. Horsehair Wet grass and soil after a rain. Gunpowder. Perfume （香水） containing rosemary and bitter orange. A touch of leather.

This might have been what Napoleon's withdrawal from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 smelled like. At least, these are some of the elements that Caro Verbeek, an art historian and olfactory（嗅觉的）researcher, tried to combine when she was reconstructing the smell. “Wars are extremely smelly,” Dr. Verbeek said. “Soldiers don't write about their injuries as much as they write about the terrible sounds and smells. So we know more about them. We also know that it had rained the night before the battle, that anxiety sweat smells different from normal sweat, and that there were thousands of horses on the field.” These were some details Dr. Verbeek relied on during the reconstruction, which is part of a project called “In Search of Lost Scents（气味）.” The scent is offered in the Rijks museum as part of tours- -on pieces of paper or in a necklace with tiny pumps- alongside Jan Willem Pieneman's 1824 painting of the scene.

Dr. Verbeek approaches past smells by attempting to recreate versions of them, as she did with the Battle of Waterloo, making a perfume of sorts that might be associated with historical events, people and works of art. Bringing smell into a museum context can be one way to make art more accessible. Marie Clapot, associate museum educator, has worked over the last few years to bring smell into the museum “It's not just about ‘Oh, it's nice to smell something.’ It's one way you can make an art objet accessible” It is also a way, she said, to bring a number of people into the conversation about art who might not be moved by traditional art history.

1. What did Dr. Verbeek's reconstruction depend on?

A．Personal experience in the war.	B．Pure imagination for the past.
C．Great talent in descriptive writing.	D．Detailed facts about the history.

2. What's the purpose of bringing smell into the museum?

A．To inform visitors of the project of nice smells.

B．To promote the popularity of traditional art history.

C．To get visitors to know wars and battles in history.

D．To combine various elements from different fields.

3. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．What does history smell like?

B．How was a project carried out?

C．The Battle of Waterloo: a smelly war

D．The Rijks museum: a creative museum

3 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Titanic was the largest and most advanced passenger ship of its day. It was considered unsinkable. But on 14th April 1912, on    1    (it) maiden voyage ( 首 航 ) from England to New York, the ship    2    (strike) an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sank     3     (short) after midnight. Of the 2,223 people on board, 1,517 drowned.

So why did so many people die in the tragedy? Firstly, the Titanic’s owners fitted the ship     4     only 20 lifeboats. They believed any more would spoil the     5     (appear) of the ship. But this meant there were only enough lifeboats for 1,178 passengers. Secondly, while     6     (load) the lifeboats, the crew observed the “women and children first” rule. This was     7     old custom that said women and children should be saved before men. Because at first men weren’t allowed in the lifeboats, many boats were lowered only half full.     8    the lifeboats had been full, another 500 people might have been saved. In the end, 74% of women passengers survived, but only 20% of men. And many of the men     9     survived were branded as cowards (懦夫) when they got home.

The wreck (残骸) of the Titanic     10     (find) in 1985. It lies about four kilometres below the surface of the water at the bottom of the ocean.