1 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Do you know the UK government has     1     (successful) passed a law banning branding on packs of cigarettes? That means tobacco makers will be forced to pack     2    (they) cigarettes in plain packets.

The motivation behind this     3     (decide) is to make smoking less appealing to people, especially children.

A similar law     4     was passed in Australia in 2012 has resulted     5     a fall in smoking rates from 15.1% to 12.8% for people aged 14.

As of January 2015, 22% of adult men and 17% of adult women smoke in Great Britain. The possibility of smoking in the UK increases with age so that by 15 years of age 8% of school children     6    (be) regular smokers. Children, it is thought, will be less attracted to cigarettes     7     (sell) in unbranded boxes.

Smoking is one of     8     biggest causes of preventable deaths in England. Every year about 80,000 die and over 450,000 people     9     (send) to hospital due to smoking. This places a large stress on the health service and is also a factor in why the government would like to prevent people     10     (take) up smoking or help them quit.

3 . Good afternoon, and welcome to England. We hope that your visit here will be a pleasant one. Today, I would like to draw your attention to a few of our laws.

The first one is about drinking. Now, you may not buy alcohol (酒) in this country if you are under 18 years of age, nor may your friends buy it for you.

Secondly, noise. Enjoy yourselves by all means, but please don’t make unnecessary noise, particularly at night. We ask you to respect other people who may wish to be quiet.

Thirdly, crossing the road. Be careful! The traffic moves on the left side of the road in this country. Use pedestrian crossings (人行横道) and do not take any chances when crossing the road.

My next point is about litter (throwing away waste material in a public place). It is an offence (违法行为) to drop litter in the street. When you have something to throw away, please put it in your pocket and take it home, or put it in a litter bin.

Finally, as regards something, it is against the law to buy cigarettes or tobacco (烟草) if you are under 16 years of age.

I’d like to finish by saying that if you require any sort of help or assistance, you should contact your local police station, who will be pleased to help you.

Now, are there any questions?

1. How many laws are there discussed in the speech?

A．Three.

B．Four.

C．Five.

D．Six.

2. The underlined word “contact” in the seventh paragraph means ________

A．get along with

B．join

C．report

D．get in touch with

3. From the speech we learn that ________.

A．in this country, if you are under 18 years of age, you may not buy alcohol, but your friend can buy it for you

B．you may not buy cigarettes or tobacco unless you are above 16 years of age

C．because the traffic moves on the left side of the road, you must use pedestrian crossings, when crossing the road

D．you can’t make noise except at night

4. Who do you think is most likely to make the speech?

A．A policeman.

B．A worker at a hotel.

C．A lawyer.

D．An air hostess (空姐).

5 . Las Vegas city in Nevada is built in a desert. The city may be known to the world for its partying. But officials have found that there are 21 square kilometers of useless grass. The grass is never laid on, played on or even stepped on. The grass is only there to look nice.

Now, the city is asking the Nevada state legislature (立法机构) to ban useless grass. It is trying to become the first place in America to ban that kind of grass often seen between streets, in housing developments and in office parks.

Useless grass nearly makes up 40% of all the grass in Las Vegas and it needs lots of water to survive. Grass needs four times more water than dry climate plants. By tearing out the grass, the city could reduce yearly water usage by 15%.

In 2003, the Southern Nevada Water Authority banned developers from planting grass in front of new homes. It also offered homeowners $30 for each square meter of grass they tear out. But fewer people are now using the program. Water usage has increased here by 9% since 2019. And last year, Las Vegas set a record of 240 days without major rainfall. The Colorado River provides much of Nevada’s drinking water. The river could lose more water as climate change affects it.

Water officials in other dry cities said water usage needs to be reduced. But they fear the reaction to reforms like the ones in Las Vegas if their communities do not accept them. Cynthia Campbell is the water resources adviser for the city of Phoenix in Arizona. “The city restrictions (限制) may get too hard for some residents (居民). They’ll say that is the point of no return for them,” Campbell said. “For some people, it’s a pool. For some people, it’s grass.”

1. Why does Las Vegas city try to ban useless grass?

A．To protect the local people.	B．To beautify the city.
C．To reduce water usage.	D．To reduce waste.

2. What program was carried out in Las Vegas in 2003?

A．Allowing planting grass before new houses.

B．Awarding those who reduced water usage.

C．Praising those who signed on the program.

D．Encouraging the residents to tear out grass.

3. What does Campbell mean in the last paragraph?

A．Many residents won’t follow the ban.

B．Reaction to the reform will vary personally.

C．Water officials should consider many factors.

D．Other measures should be taken to protect water.

4. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?

A．Las Vegas Plans to Ban Useless Grass

B．A Method Is Adopted to Save Las Vegas

C．Choices between Beauty and Practice

D．Grass Is Important but Useless in Las Vegas

6 . “What kind of rubbish are you?”This question might normally cause anger，but in Shanghai it bas brought about weary complaints over the past few months. On July 1st，the city introduced strict rubbish-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Citizens must divide their waste into four separate categories and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure that rules are obeyed and to examine the nature of one's rubbish.

Violators could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain hank loans or even buy train tickets.

Shanghai authorities are responding to obvious environmental problem. It produces 9 million tons of garbage a year. But like other cities in china, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on rubbish pickers to pick out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China produces 80 billion pairs of one-off chopsticks a year.

Many citizens appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous（有害的），the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss（投掷）it by hand, Most annoying are the short periods for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.

1. What's the purpose of Paragraph l?

A．To complain about rubbish dividing.

B．To explain the four categories of the waste.

C．To introduce the rules on waste sorting.

D．To show the goal of rubbish, sorting regulations.

2. What does the underlined word "Violators" in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．People who don't pay for train tickets.	B．People who argue with the monitors.
C．People who obtain bank loans.	D．People who are against the regulations.

3. What makes the citizens upset most about the rules?

A．Complex distinction among the four categories of rubbish.

B．Short scheduled time for tossing rubbish.

C．Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage.

D．Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．A Restart of Waste-sorting	B．A New Age of Garbage Classification
C．Learning to Classify Rubbish	D．Rubbish-sorting Benefits the World

7 . Hundreds of new drivers have been given bans (禁令) for using their mobile phones at the wheel, as part of stricter new laws introduced. In March, the punishment for driving while on the phone was doubled to six points — meaning drivers with less than two years’ experience faced a ban.

New laws meant the punishment for being caught on a mobile phone at the wheel was increased to six points. The new rules were introduced in England, Scotland and Wales. Drivers who get six points within two years of passing their test will lose their licence, creating a one-strike rule for mobile phone users. To get back behind the wheel, new drivers have to retake both the theory and practical parts of the driving test.

Mr Williams in the RAC said, “These people have spent hours and hours and hundreds of pounds learning to drive to gain their personal freedom only to throw it all away through this foolish behaviour. The only comfort is that they won’t be drawn into some terrible crashes caused by the distraction (使人分心的事物) of a hand-held mobile phone.”

When the new laws were introduced, Transport Secretary Chris Grayling said they would act as a strong warning to mobile phone users. However, the numbers suggested a total of 15,752 drivers received the punishment of six points for using a mobile phone between March and August. This is an increase from 15, 237 drivers in the same period of last year.

National Police Chiefs’ Council Lead on roads Policing, Chief Constable Anthony Bangham, said the police took the offence (违法行为) seriously. “This is not a small offence and is never a risk worth taking because a moment’s distraction behind the wheel can change lives forever.” “Our message is simple — don’t do it,” he added.

1. What can we infer from Paragraph1?

A．The new laws have not been passed.

B．The new laws are not strict enough.

C．Drivers with less than two years’ experience won’t be affected.

D．Punishment for driving while phoning used to be three points.

2. What will happen if a Welsh citizen who got a licence last year gets six points?

A．He will be fined a lot.

B．He must learn the new rules.

C．He will lose his driving licence.

D．He will be given a warning.

3. When the new laws were first introduced, _________.

A．traffic accidents were cut down

B．there were still many drivers who broke them

C．drivers thought the laws were unfair to them

D．fewer people broke them compared

4. What does Anthony Bangham mean?

A．The police didn’t take the new rules seriously.

B．The roads policy should be improved for safety.

C．A moment of carelessness may cause big accidents.

D．The laws need to be improved a lot and retested.

9 . The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.

In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonable sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book” him. “Booking means that the name of the person and the charges against him are formally listed at the police station.

The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away -- for example, because he owns a house and has a family -- he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail（保释金）. At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one.

The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally plead guilty（认罪）or not guilty.

At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time, the judge tells the convicted（宣判有罪的）person what his punishment will be. The judge may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation（缓刑）.

The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A．The American court system requires that a suspect prove that he or she is innocent.

B．The US court system is designed to protect the rights of the people.

C．Under the American court system, judge decides if a suspect is innocent or guilty.

D．The US court system is designed to help the police present a case against the suspect.

2. According to the passage, ‘he can go free’ (para. 3) means _________.

A．the suspect is free to choose a lawyer to defend him

B．the suspect does not have to go to trial because the judge has decided he is innocent

C．the suspect will be informed by mail whether he is innocent or not

D．the suspect does not have to wait in jail or pay money until he goes to trial

3. What is the purpose of having the suspect pay bail?

A．To pay for the judge and the trial.

B．To pay for a court lawyer to defend the suspect.

C．To ensure that the suspect will return to court.

D．To ensure that the suspect will appear in prison.

4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A．The American justice system sometimes operates slowly

B．The police can arrest a suspect without giving any reasons.

C．It is the responsibility of the suspect to prove he is innocent.

D．The jury considers the evidence in the court room.

10 . When your alarm clock rings and you drag yourself out of bed, you probably wonder: Why on earth does school have to start so early?

Fortunately, there is a new law to back you up—or better still, science. A law in California requires that public middle schools begin classes no earlier than 8:00 am and that high schools start no earlier than 8:30 am. The law will go into effect by July 1, 2022.

Starting school at 8:00 or 8:30 in the morning may not sound like a big change, but it could mean one more hour of sleep for students who used to start school at 7:30 or even earlier. “The effect of that one hour is something they will be feeling as 40-year-old adults,” Sumit Bhargava, a sleep expert at Stanford University, told The New York Times. He said that not having enough sleep can affect students’ mental health and increase the risk of fatness and diabetes.

In the short run, students’ school performances should improve almost immediately. Kyla Wahlstrom, a researcher at the University of Minnesota’s College of Education and Human Development, found that students who have enough sleep are more active in class and get better grades.

Some might say that urging students to go to bed earlier could have been a much easier solution than changing the school timetable across an entire state. But according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, teenagers go through biological changes when they enter adolescence, which makes it difficult for them to fall asleep before 11:00 pm. So when school starts at 8:00 or earlier, they can hardly get the ideal 8.5-9.5 hours of sleep that experts suggest they need to do their best in the daytime.

This is why when the new law came out, its author, Anthony Portantino, said, “Generations of children will come to appreciate this historic day and our governor for taking bold action.”

1. What does the first paragraph serve as?

A．A background.

B．An explanation.

C．An introduction.

D．A definition.

2. What can we learn from Bhargava’s words?

A．The new law is of lasting benefit to students.

B．Lack of sleep affects adults more than children.

C．Enough sleep guarantees students’ mental health.

D．The amount of sleep people need changes with age.

3. What is the passage mainly talking about?

A．Less sleep easily makes for health problems.

B．California is pushing back school start times.

C．A law to start the school day later takes effect.

D．Teenagers’ biological changes affect their sleep patterns.