People generally consider that friendship is reciprocal(相互的). But when we analyzed self-reported relationship surveys, we found that only about half of friendships are indeed reciprocal. These findings indicate a profound inability of people to know who their friends are.

This may seem like an interesting but minor finding, but this kind of asymmetric(不对称的) friendships has a major effect on the ability of an individual to convince others to cooperate or change their behavior. That's because success depends on the ability to recruit friends to help at important times—in the spread of new behaviors, new ideas, and new methods.

Moreover, in recent years peer-support programs have become highly effective ways to make use of peer influence to support behavioral change of employees. One specific type of peer-support program is the “buddy system”. In this program, individuals are paired with another person (a buddy) with the responsibility of supporting them to change their behavior.

But our findings suggest that this misperception (错误认知) of friendships significantly limits the efforts buddy systems make to promote a behavioral change. What's more, we’ve found that which way friendship is perceived between two people is also a factor. For example, we found that when a one-way friendship tie exists from the buddy (the person applying peer pressure) to the subject (the person receiving the pressure), programs were more effective than when friendship tie was from the subject to the buddy. While it is best to have a reciprocal friendship, having a buddy who thinks of their subject as a friend is the next best relationship.

To overcome this limitation, we can’t rely on how the subject perceives the relationship with the buddy to create effectiveness. If we want to design a program, two simple findings can be applied to achieve behavioral change more effectively. The first is that we shouldn’t start by focusing on people who “know everyone” in the organization.

4. What does the underlined word “recruit” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．inform

B．gather

C．persuade

D．employ

5. Which of the following findings of the “buddy system” program is TRUE?

A．The wrong cognition of friendship restricts a behavioral change.

B．The way friendship is perceived makes no difference in the program.

C．Having a buddy who thinks of their subject as a friend is the best relationship.

D．If the friendship tie was from the subject to the buddy, programs were more effective.

6. While designing a program, we should ________.

A．pair individuals with another person

B．avoid involving those familiar with everyone

C．rely on how the subject perceives the relationship

D．consider people with a lot of social ties as influencers

7. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．What Influences Our Friendship?

B．How Does Buddy System Work?

C．What Determines Behavioral Change?

D．How Does Friendship Change Behaviour?

Jeffrey Hall, a teacher of Communications from the University of Kansas (KU) , has used his research to define the exact amount of time necessary to make friends with someone. He's also found how long it will take to deepen a relationship. His new study found that it takes around 50 hours of time together to go from being someone's acquaintance to casual friend. It takes about 90 hours to go from being casual friends to friends, and more than 200 hours before considering someone a close friend or best friend.

But it isn't spending just any kind of time together that deepens a friendship—hours spent working together, for example, don't count as much as hours spent getting to know someone by hanging out, joking around, playing video games, and doing more playful activities. The study explains that these kinds of activities help us to form a deeper connection with someone. “We have to put that time in，” Hall said. “You can't make friends without any effort.”

The results of the study come from analysis of 355 responses to an online survey from adults who said they had moved in the last six months and were looking for new friends in their new environment. Survey participants were asked about new relationships as well as hours spent together and activities they did. They were then asked to rate their resulting relationships according to one of four stages: acquaintance, casual friend, friend and close friend.

The main conclusion that Hall came to is that making close friends takes serious effort. So if you want to have some best friends, you have to know that spending time with someone is the most important thing.

8. How long does it take to turn an acquaintance into a friend?

A．About 50 hours.

B．About 90 hours.

C．About 140 hours.

D．About 200 hours.

9. What does the underlined part “that time” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Time spent working together.

B．Time spent finding new friends.

C．Time spent helping a new friend.

D．Time spent doing fun things together.

10. Which may help deepen a friendship according to the study?

A．Trying to understand your friend's feelings.

B．Enjoying quality time with your friend.

C．Treating a new friend like a close one.

D．Being generous to your friend.

11. What is the main purpose of the text?

A．To solve a relationship problem.

B．To introduce a teacher from KU.

C．To present the findings of a new study.

D．To discuss the importance of friendship.

Michael Todd wore the same old clothes for the first three weeks of school. When some kids began to ______ that, they piled it on. Todd became the target of ______. But there was little Todd could do.

The kids taking the ______ were Garrett and Graham. But over time, they realized their seemingly making fun of Todd was ______ bullying(欺凌) and was hurting Todd. "Finally something ______ I knew I needed to do something ______ the thing got much worse," Graham said. So he and Garrett ______ a plan. The two went home and ______ through their rooms. They asked Todd to come into the ______ the next day at school. Todd was understandably nervous of being called out by them.

"He looked ______," Graham said. "I told him, 'We make a (n) ______ for starting the unkind thing, and want to ______ it.'" He then handed Todd a bag. Inside were clean shirts and a new pair of shoes. Todd was _______

Reflecting on the day he was called to the hall, Todd said it "marked the ______ of my life". Because he got much more than clothes and shoes. He's no longer being ______ at lunch. Now he eats with his new friends, Garrett and Graham.

21.

A．recall

B．notice

C．doubt

D．confirm

22.

A．criticism

B．concern

C．laughter

D．assistance

23.

A．lead

B．chance

C．risk

D．interest

24.

A．privately

B．occasionally

C．essentially

D．constantly

25.

A．clicked

B．emerged

C．passed

D．lasted

26.

A．once

B．if

C．when

D．before

27.

A．hatched

B．recommended

C．demanded

D．promised

28.

A．rushed

B．wandered

C．saw

D．hunted

29.

A．classroom

B．canteen

C．hall

D．restroom

30.

A．innocent

B．scared

C．aggressive

D．amazed

31.

A．struggle

B．apology

C．preparation

D．excuse

32.

A．get down to

B．go on with

C．make up for

D．keep away from

33.

A．blown away

B．turned away

C．struck down

D．let down

34.

A．challenge

B．routine

C．expectation

D．transformation

35.

A．hungry

B．alone

C．helpless

D．different

46. 请描述发生在你和你朋友之间的一件事情，并阐述你对“友谊”的看法。
注意：词数120左右。
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47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为 150 左右。

My name is Frank. I was from the north of England, but my father had been offered a better job in London, and our whole family had moved there. I was 12 and, having lost all my old friends, I felt shy and lonely at my new school.

There were 33 students in my new class, and most people weren’t very interested in a shy new boy. Tony was one of the few people who were kind to me. He often invited me to join his particular group, and as a result, I started getting to know people. Tony and I become good friends. We trusted each other and we could talk about personal matters, things that were important to us.

Five years later, Tony and I are still in the same class. But just under a year ago, Tony’s father was knocked over by a car. He died a few days later. The family had to move to a much smaller house in order to manage financially. Tony, who had always been very close to his father, changed completely, becoming silent and moody. He had always been a clever, hard-working student but now he seemed to lose all interest in his work. He started losing friends. These days, Tony and I see each other from time to time, but we’re no longer close.

About three months ago, a group of us were playing football together after school. Having left something in the cloakroom, I went inside to get it, and found Tony going through the pockets of people’s coats. In his hand he had a wallet---and I knew it wasn’t his！

My mouth fell open and I just looked at him.

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I knew I must do something to help Tony.

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