【课文原文】
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16,37,38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
31.
What’s the main idea of the text?A.How Snow did the research. |
B.How Snow found the cause of cholera. |
C.His determination to treat cholera. |
D.His way to stop cholera. |
32.
Match the main idea with each paragraph.A. There were two theories about cholera. B. Cholera showed us a way to do research into diseases. C. Snow told people to drink clean water. D. Cholera was a deadly disease. E. Snow collected evidence. |
Para. 1
________Para. 2
________Para. 3
________Para. 4
________Para. 5
________33. The best way to defeat a disease, John Snow thought, was to find ________.
A.its cause | B.its cure | C.its result | D.its harm |
34. Where were there the most deaths from cholera?
A.No.9, Cambridge Street. | B.No.8, Cambridge Street. |
C.No.40, Broad Street. | D.No.21, Broad Street. |
35. Why were there no death at No.9, Cambridge Street?
A.They worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street which had cleaned conditions. |
B.They had drunk free beer instead of water from the Broad Street pump. |
C.The beer they had drunk could prevent against cholera. |
D.They had known the water from the Broad Street pump was dangerous to drink. |
36. It seemed that ________.
A.polluted water played a key role in spreading cholera |
B.Broad Street and Cambridge Street had their own water pumps |
C.cholera spread through air |
D.John Snow found the cause of cholera by accident |
37. Complete the form according to the text.
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” |
↓ |
About cholera | It was a ________ disease. |
People didn’t know its ________. |
Millions of people died every time there was an ________. |
↓ |
The way of finding evidence | He ________ the exact places on the map. | Finding a valuable clue |
He did further research. | Finding the ________ pump was to blame |
He was able to announce with certainty that ________ water carried the germs. |
↓ |
The measures and result | Water companies began to sell ________ water. |
Cholera was ________. |
38. Analyse and translate the sentences.
(1) He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
________________________________________________________________(2) Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
________________________________________________________________(3) It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
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