Kazuo Ishiguro has a number of strings to his bow, or rather bis guitar     1    62-year-old is world famous as a writer of fiction, but his early dream was to be a great singer and songwriter.

His friend and former publisher Robert McCrum recalls him     2    (turn)up at the publishing house Faber and Faber with a bunch of his stories in one hand and e guitar over his shoulder. It was his stories     3    earned him the great honor.

As his name indicates, Ishiguro comes from a Japanese background, although he came to Britain from Japan at the age of 5 and is a Britain citizen who writes in English. He     4    (educate) at the University of East Anglia ,a school that has become known for training writers.

Ishiguro's writing is highly restrained. His characters are often reluctant to express themselves, except in a kind of code. This certainly gives his writing a quality in common with that of Jane Austen, an author to whom he is often compared. The best example of this is his novel The Remains of the Day,     5    (adapt) later into a successful film with the same name.

The central character of the book is a butler called Stevens. He is an extremely loyal servant to an English lord, and is a character     6    some might call repressed(压抑的). He is not willing to confess his feelings to anyone     7    he misses out on(错失) affection and love.

The story is told by Stevens and his style is as polite and unrevealing as his behavior. Of course we     8    read between the lines to uncover the “real” story, which isn’t quite the one the butler is telling. Stevens finds it challenging     9    (communicate), and communication is often a theme in Ishiguro’s novels.

In his author’s sense of the world, there is a gap between our feelings and our ability to communicate     10    . The Nobel Committee emphasized this theme when it talked about communicate Ishiguro’s work. The writer has, the committee claimed, “in novels of great emotional force...uncovered the abyss(深渊) beneath our illusory(虚幻的) sense of connection with the world.”

Antibodies play a key role in the immune system. They begin the process of getting rid of the invaders that may cause harm or infection. This lesson     11    how antibodies work and the different kinds of antibodies.

What Are Antibodies?

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body. When an intruder enters the body, the immune system     12    into action. These invaders, which are called antigens (抗原), can be viruses, bacteria, or other chemicals. When an antigen is found in the body, the immune system will create antibodies to mark the antigen for the body to destroy.

Function

The antibodies act sort of like the immune system’s scouts. They find antigens, stick to them, and     13    for the immune system the     14    type of antigen so that it can be destroyed. Each antibody is made for one and only one antigen, and it’s fitted with special receptors that will only     15    to that antigen. For instance, a specific antibody is created to help destroy the chickenpox virus. Only that particular antibody will attack a chickenpox virus.

How Antibodies Fight Antigens

So what happens when an antigen tries to enter the body? When it does, the immune system is     16    . Chemical signals are sent to     17    all the different parts of the immune system into action.

First, the virus is met by a type of cell called B cells. The B cells are responsible for creating antibodies to match the antigen. Remember, each type of antibody matches to only one antigen. After the B cells have created their antibodies, the antibodies stick to the virus, marking it for the next round of     18    . T cells are then ordered to attack the antigen that the antibodies have marked for it.

After the antigen has been destroyed, the cleanup crew comes along. A wave of phagocytes large cells that can consume foreign matter, eats the     19    of the infection.

Immunizations

After an infection is defeated, the antibodies still remain in the body. They are left there to wait in case that particular antigen returns. Immunizations take advantage of the fact that antibodies remain in the body after an infection is eradicated. Most immunizations consist of a weak or diluted form of an antigen-not enough of the antigen to make the patient sick, but just enough to trigger the creation of antibodies. This way, the body can    20    attack any form of the infection it encounters, stopping the infections before they begin.

The next generation of artificial intelligence (AI) promises to have an impact as big as the mobile revolution or the internet revolution. The positive opportunity before us is virtually _______—but for AI to meet its vast potential, it will require the right _______.

AI is already revolutionizing our lives. But though computers can assist us, they are not like us. Our health of experience gives us creativity—but it also makes us vulnerable to accumulating. Conscious and unconscious biases (偏见). _______, AI systems today receive their “training” using very specific collections of relevant data. These data sets can be large but are inherently much more _______than human experience. That can be a(n) _______—AI does not have the complex emotions that guide human decision making, so it could _______most if not all of these inherent biases.

Based on previous work involved in AI research, we believe that makers of AI should _______ the following principles. First, AI should benefit the many, not the few. In practical terms, it is possible for AI to help the doctor and the patient, the business and the employee. As a society, we should make use of this _______ and ensure that AI always aims for the common good.

Second, AI research and development should be open, responsible and socially _______. As we continue developing AI, new questions will continue to arise, and we will need to answer them ________, including everyone from engineers and scientists to philosophers and activists. In particular, those whose industries will ________ as result of AI will need to be part of this global conversation.

Third, those who design AI should establish best practices to avoid undesirable outcomes. Is a system doing what we need. Are we training is using the right data? Have we thought through the way any system might yield ________ side effects—and do we have a plan to correct for this? There should be check systems that ________whether an AI system is doing what it was built to do.

We are building tools that humans control. AI will reflect the values of those who build it. Ultimately our ________ for AI is to give people more choices about how they live their lives. Under our control, it can take the drudgery（辛苦乏味的）out of work and free up many more hours for creative pursuits. And ________properly and cooperatively, AI could help bring about solutions to the world’s most complex problems.

One evening in February 2007, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path. That's when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line. Seconds later,she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.

Ceely's near miss male the news because she blamed it on her GPS.She had never driven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily.Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing, “I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train," she told the BBC.

Who is to blame here Rick Stevenson, who telis Ceely's story in his book when Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small problems. And it's not just GPS devices: Stovenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards.

The problem with his argument in the book is that it's not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other possible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Coely for not paying attention Perhaps the railway authorities are fault for poor signaling system, Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn't say.

It's a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. He offers two independent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of the country. He says that once again not all new locks have proved reliable. Perhaps, but maybe it's also due to, the shortage of policemen on the streets, or changing social circumstances, or some combination of these factors.

The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. It is shaped by economics and psychology and the cultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology.

If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines. After all, we have lived with them for thousands of years. They have probably been fooling us for just as long.

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When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuse, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kinds of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo (PEP) a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willemstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”