In March, days before her 15th birthday, Ashima Shiraishi successfully climbed Horizon on Mt. Hiei in Japan. She became the first woman and youngest person ever to solve the “V15” boulder( 攀岩) problem, considered the most difficult type of problem in the sport.
Shiraishi is also the world’s youngest person to solve the V10,V13,and V14 boulder problem, which she did at ages 8, 10, and 13.
“Once I have a project in mind, I don’t really give up,” she said. “And even if my skin is looking really bad from bouldering, I’ll just get back on it.”
The New York City native first got to know the sport at age 6 when she saw park-goers climbing Rat Rock in a city park in New York City. Attracted, she started climbing it every day after school and began training at an indoor climbing gym soon after.
She won her first competition at age 7, competing against grown women climbers.
“It was mostly the movement that really attracted me because it was almost like dancing. It felt like I was dancing on the rock,” she said.
Watching Shiraishi climb is like watching a dance of mental and physical courage. At 5-foot-1 and 100 pounds, she could be considered at a physical disadvantage compared to taller climbers who can reach holds more readily. But she makes up for it with smooth movements that only a climber of small size could make.
“The most important part of climbing is not really thinking at all. Once you start thinking, you doubt yourself, and that’s the worst that could happen to you,” she said.
Shiraishi hopes to compete on the most important stage for sports, the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where climbing will make its first official appearance.
1. When did Shiraishi start climbing?| A．After visiting an indoor climbing gym. |
| B．After seeing people climbing in a city park. |
| C．After watching a climbing competition. |
| D．After reading a news report about climbing. |
| A．Thinking about nothing. | B．Encouraging yourself. |
| C．Receiving a lot of training. | D．Entering a lot of competitions. |
| A．She can solve the “V15” boulder problem. |
| B．Climbing will become an Olympic event. |
| C．She can take part in the Olympic Games. |
| D．Bouldering will attract more young people. |
| A．A difficult boulder problem. | B．The personal life of a teenager. |
| C．The popularity of bouldering. | D．A successful young climber. |
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【推荐1】Growing up in the small town of Palmerston, Ontario, I had a dream: to work in television. However, it sounded like a dream that could never come true.
Thankfully, my parents had raised me to have a lot of confidence. With their help and encouragement, I applied to the radio and television arts program at Ryerson in Toronto. After graduating, I worked for Bell Canada for a while, writing and producing commercials. I soon decided, however, that what I really wanted was to be on camera.
I went to the CBC and CTV and applied for a job. They both turned me down because I didn’t have any experience. Luckily, Global Television had just started broadcasting in Canada that year. I found out the president was named Mr. Slaight and called him. I said, “I’ve heard that your studio facilities are amazing. I could come at eleven o’clock on Tuesday or eleven o’clock on Wednesday for a tour. What would suit you better?” He stuttered a bit, then picked a day. When I hung up, I was scared but ecstatic.
On the appointed day, I arrived at the studio. When we sat down, he looked at me and said, “What do you want?” He sounded a little angry and frustrated — but very curious. “All I want is a chance,” I said. “If something on camera comes up at Global — I don’t care what — I want a chance to audition. That’s all I’m asking.”
Three months later, his secretary called and asked me to audition for a new game show. When I arrived at the station, I went right into an audition for a new show called Wintario. The following day, I was handed an airline ticket to Sault Ste. Marie to do the very first Wintario show.
From Wintario, everything happened for me. I hosted the National Santa Claus Parade for fifteen years. I did hundreds of television commercials, a number of movies, training videos, and travel shows. And everything came from finding the courage back in 1975 to make that one phone call.
1. What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 2?| A．She was born to be confident. |
| B．She failed to graduate in Toronto. |
| C．She was good at writing commercials. |
| D．She was not content with her first job. |
| A．Excited. | B．Amazed. | C．Proud. | D．Confused. |
| A．Positive and creative. | B．Sharp and responsible. |
| C．Curious and intelligent. | D．Courageous and confident. |
| A．The success of working on camera. |
| B．The importance of parents’ support. |
| C．The realization of an impossible dream. |
| D．The transformation of an ordinary girl’s life. |
【推荐2】Sara Hinesley, who is 10, doesn’t understand why it is so remarkable that she won a national handwriting competition.
Sara, a third-grade student at St. John Regional Catholie School in Frederick, Maryland, won the 2019 Nicholas Maxim award for her cursive (草书的) handwriting.
She paints and draws, and sculpts clay. She can write in English and some Chinese. When she learnt to write in cursive this year, Sara said, she thought it was “kind of easy”. This is all despite the fact that Sara was born without hands.
To write, Sara holds her pencil between her arms and then focuses on the shapes of letters, each point and curve. “Writing in cursive feels like creating art work,” Sara said. “I like the way the letters are formed. It’s kind of art.”
Sara has never worn a prosthesis (artificial arms), and when she is offered help or a tool that might ease some tasks — such as cutting paper with scissors — she rejects it, said her mother, Cathryn Hinesley She has this independent trend where she just knows that she can do it and she'll figure out her own way. She is beautiful and strong and mighty just the way she is, and she just lives that way. She really does. She moves through life in this way that you never really see her as having a disability because she has a “can do, I-can-solve-anything attitude”
“Sara is an evidence of strong will and the human spirit,” Cathryn said. “Every day I am amazed at the things she is capable to do and that she chooses to do. She doesn't attempt to find her way to avoid s difficulty. She finds a way to finish the task.”
Sara received her national award — a medal — at an award ceremony on June 13, where she was also given a $500 prize. She is the first student from St. John’s to ever receive the Nicholas Maxim award.
1. We can infer from the first sentence that .| A．Sara makes every effort to win the award |
| B．Sara considers it easy to win the award |
| C．Sara doesn’t take the award seriously |
| D．Sara is excited at winning the award |
| A．Brave. | B．Intelligent. | C．Generous. | D．Strong-minded. |
| A．She expects Sara to be independent. | B．She is greatly proud of Sara. |
| C．She doesn’t think Sara has a disability. | D．She is concerned about Sara's future. |
| A．Health. | B．Education. | C．Science. | D．Entertainment. |
【推荐3】It’s said that every person on the planet somewhere has a twin. Some years back, I met mine. His name is Allan Ripp. We met nearly 30 years ago through our respective jobs and hit it off right away. But we largely lost touch with each other until I was laid off from my job in the financial crisis of 2008 and he seriously considered hiring me.
Work brought us back together again about five years ago. And we’ve since become friends. Thanks only to our current go-round, I discovered our many similarities. Our most striking similarities are physical. Allan is five-foot-eleven; I’m five-ten. He weighs 150 lbs, and I155 lbs. A million men around the globe might fit this description. But our similarity extends to our professions as well. Allan started his career as a journalist, and so did I. He has practised full-time public relations for 36 years, I for 31. We are both writers.
But now, the probability of having such a double narrows considerably as other coincidences (巧合) emerge. We both grew up in Northeastern communities, played basketball since childhood and lived most of our lives in New York. Once we talk about family, this whole mirror image business gets strange. Allan and his wife have a son and a daughter, and so do my family. Moreover, both his daughter and my daughter married a man born and raised in Italy. So my double and I both have an Italian son-in-law.
As it turns out, my carbon copy and I have almost identical priorities. We advise each other on career moves and share industry information. We cheer for each other’s achievements. He treats me like he cares about my success more than his own.
The universe might be sending me a message that my double is a model worth following. Maybe he is who I could be if only I could do just a little better.
1. What do the underlined words “hit it off” mean?| A．Liked each other. | B．Had an argument. |
| C．Found similarities. | D．Became old friends. |
| A．Work. | B．Hobby. | C．Family. | D．Appearance. |
| A．Profession and family. | B．Background and family. |
| C．Profession and marriage. | D．Background and marriage. |
| A．Regretful. | B．Grateful. | C．Astonished. | D．Embarrassed. |
【推荐1】A little girl, dressed as a dinosaur, provides interesting commentary (现场解说) while snowboarding in a cute video, which has become popular and is melting people’s hearts.
Robert Garlow of Yakima, Washington, shared the Instagram video last week featuring his daughter, 4-year-old Aubrin Sage, enjoying a wonderful snowboarding. Garlow said in his video that he decided to capture Aubrin’s commentary to catch a glimpse into her thought process while snowboarding.
Robert Garlow has been documenting his kids since their birth and he is always interested in trying to include their voices and thought process when they are hiking, playing, biking and so on. According to her dad, Aubrin has been snowboarding since 2018, when she was 18 months old. Snowboarding together has created some of their best memories as a family.
Garlow said he was making sure he was capturing as many special memories as he could on their winter adventures, even the ones he didn’t expect. Garlow, wrote that “My goal is to make every time out a positive experience so that she asks to come back. I want her love of snowboarding to come from within her, not applied by us.”
Snowboarding has taught Aubrin many lessons already, Garlow said, “She’s learned how to deal with adversity (逆境) whether that be bad weather, personal discomfort or frustration and maintain a positive attitude through it.” Garlow wrote, “She’s spent a lot of time outside in the mountains during the winter so not many situations in life trial her. She’s become brave and confident and capable of problem solving.”
He added, “She’s also an old soul, seemingly wise beyond her years. She’s always surprising us with her intelligence, thoughts and curiosity.”
1. Why did Garlow decide to capture his daughter’s commentary?| A．To entertain the audience. |
| B．To observe her thinking process. |
| C．To train her to snowboard skillfully. |
| D．To get her to become popular through video. |
| A．She is fond of taking videos. |
| B．Her family all love snowboarding. |
| C．She has a talent for snowboarding. |
| D．She skateboards to create memories for her family. |
| A．Why snowboarding is useful. | B．How to address problems. |
| C．What to do in the future. | D．What is important in life. |
| A．Gifted and intelligent. | B．Caring and energetic. |
| C．Ambitious and enthusiastic. | D．Sensible and lovely. |
【推荐2】“I have cancer.” Mom said and held me in a tight hug. I could feel her chest shaking as she tried not to cry but failed.
For all of my twenty-four years, my mom had been supportive. Strength and protection had always flowed from her to me. Now I knew it would have to flow the other way.
Mom didn’t stay down for long. After the shock of breast-cancer, she armed herself with a notebook and a pen and a thousand questions for the doctors. She took notes on white blood cell counts (白细胞数量) and medications (药物) with long names as though she were studying for entrance exams into medical school. “The not-knowing is the worst.” she said.
The operation was successful. The chemo (化疗) was the harder part. I went with Mom to every chemo treatment. She rarely complained, though her hair was gone and her toenails and fingernails fell out one by one. She joked that she could save money on nail polish and put it toward the doctor bills, even though she never wore nail polish. “Cancer can take my hair, my nails, my health, my very life. But it can’t take my smile.” Mom said.
Mom learned to share her fears with me, and it formed an even deeper bond (纽带) between us. Yet I am certain there were fears she didn’t share because she was still protecting me—worries she only shared with Dad. Even in the darkest hours, she would just joke about the cancer. Mom always said, “When you look your greatest fear in the eye and laugh at it, you take away some of its power.”
Mom was one of the lucky ones. She did beat her cancer, though not without scars. From her, I’ve learned I may not get to choose what I face, but I do get to choose how I face it.
1. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．There were other ways to treat cancer. |
| B．I should be the one being there for Mom. |
| C．Mom had to stay stronger to beat cancer. |
| D．Knowledge of cancer would be helpful. |
| A．Humorous and creative. |
| B．Caring and knowledgeable. |
| C．Honest and intelligent. |
| D．Optimistic and determined. |
| A．The ways Mom faced fear. |
| B．The fear Mom shared with me. |
| C．The jokes Mom told me. |
| D．The bond Mom and I formed. |
| A．Luck counts in beating diseases. |
| B．Positive attitudes get one through hardship. |
| C．Complaint does no good to one’s health. |
| D．Sharing feelings helps reduce sufferings a lot. |
【推荐3】In October, I told the eightyearolds in the class I teach in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, about my plan. “Since all of you have done extra jobs around the house to earn some money, ” I said, “then we’ll buy food for a Thanksgiving dinner for someone who might not have a nice dinner otherwise.”
I watched them while they walked up and down the supermarket. “Flowers！” Kristine cried. The group rushed towards the holiday plants.
“You can’t eat flowers.”—It was wiser to use any extra money to buy something that could be turned into meals.
“But Mrs Sherlock, ” came the begging voice, “we want flowers.”
Defeated finally, I put a pot of “funny” purple mums in the cart full of foods. “She’ll like this one,” the children agreed.
An organisation had given us the name and address of a needy grandmother who had lived alone for many years. We finally pulled up in front of a small house. A slightlybuilt woman with a weary face came to the door to welcome us.
My little group ran to get the foods. As each box was carried in, the old woman kept on saying “Thanks.”—much to her visitors’ pleasure. When Amy put the mums on the counter, the woman seemed surprised. She’s wishing it was a bag of rice, I thought.
We returned to the car. As we fastened our seat belts, we could see the kitchen window. The woman inside waved goodbye, then turned and walked across the room, past the turkey, past the goods, straight to the mums. She put her face in them. When she raised her head, there was a smile on her lips. She was transformed (转变) before our eyes.
The children were quiet. At that moment, they had seen for themselves the power they have to make another’s life better. The children had sensed that sometimes a person needs a pot of funny purple flowers on a dark November day.
1. What does the story mainly tell us?| A．Everyone has the power to change the world. | B．Acts of kindness can change someone’s life. |
| C．The poor people may need flowers as well. | D．Children have different thoughts from adults. |
| A．Mothers. | B．Teachers. | C．Flowers. | D．Gifts. |
| A．The old woman preferred food to flowers. |
| B．Flowers are more important than food to the poor. |
| C．The old woman’s dark day was brightened by the children. |
| D．All the money the children earned was transformed to food. |
【推荐1】Want to be more successful? If so, then you need to read a few self-help books. Here are four popular ones to get you going.
59 Seconds ( 2009) by Richard Wiseman
This is a self-help book with a difference. Wiseman, a scientist, uses science to prove many self-help myths(神话) are false. For example, self-help books say that if you want to achieve a goal, you should visualize it. But Wiseman says that's the worst thing to do. Studies show that you need to visualize the steps required to achieve the goal.
How to Win Friends& Influence People ( 1936) —by Dale Carnegie
This is the book that launched the self-help type. Carnegie says financial success is 15% professional knowledge and 85% the ability to express ideas, assume leadership, and motivate people. The book is full of practical advice on how to influence people by making them like you.
The Millionaire Next Door (1996) by Thomas Stanley & Wlliam Danko
The authors of this book spent years interviewing American millionaires to figure out the secrets of their success. And they discovered that a majority of millionaires don't live luxury lifestyles. They're rich because they live below their means and reinvest what they earn.
Who Moved My Cheese? (1998)-by Spencer Johnson
Who Moved My Cheese? An Amazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in Your Life, published on September 8, 1998, is a motivational business fable. The text describes change in one's work and life, and four typical reactions to those changes by two mice and two “little people”，during their hunt for cheese.
1. What is the key to achieving success in 59 Seconds?| A．To employ science. | B．To follow examples. |
| C．To picture procedures. | D．To visualize the goal. |
| A．How to master occupational knowledge. | B．How to apply practical techniques. |
| C．How to gain strong management. | D．How to become popular persons. |
| A．59 Seconds | B．Who Moved My Cheese? |
| C．The Millionaire Next Door | D．How to Win Friends& Influence People |
【推荐2】At 23, my career got going. I was midway through a master’s degree at The London School of Economics and Political Science and had been hired as a part-time reporter for a finance website. I got a great one-month review and my boss asked if I was interested in staying with the company after graduation.
However, balancing graduate studies with work was challenging. To deal with it, I checked my real self at my office door. I came in to work, greeted my colleagues and listened more than I contributed in each morning meeting. The small team I worked with often seemed busy, so rather than giving ideas that might get turned down, I stayed back.
After four months, my boss called me into his office. The meeting was going well until he told me that despite the great work I had produced, the team had held a meeting and decided, “We don’t think it’s the right fit.”
I must have looked confused. “You’re ambitious, intelligent and will be very successful,” my boss said. “But you haven’t made enough of an effort to join the team. You lost the enthusiasm you showed in your interview. That won’t work long term.” I couldn’t believe that performing well at my job wasn’t enough to keep it. But I knew my boss was right.
“Don’t leave before you leave.” Because we work so hard for success, we don’t like to think that we hurt ourselves sometimes. But each of us must change when necessary. In trying to earn a full time job, I “leaned back” in order not to show too much of myself or my lack of expertise. I learned the hard way isn’t the way to achieve your goals.
1. Why did the author write this article?| A．To amuse the readers. |
| B．To introduce her wisdom. |
| C．To share her work experience. |
| D．To land a full-time job. |
| A．She was no longer interested in the part-time job. |
| B．She was afraid to give her own ideas in her team. |
| C．She was active in expressing herself in her team. |
| D．She had no ideas to contribute in her team. |
| A．She didn’t produce the great work. |
| B．She cared little about other members in her team. |
| C．She was concerned only about her own success. |
| D．She didn’t show enough enthusiasm in teamwork. |
| A．Not sharing enough during meetings could lead to being fired from your job. |
| B．Listening is more important than contributing in each morning meeting. |
| C．Getting along well with the other team members could help you keep to your job. |
| D．You must work so hard for your success that you don’t want to hurt yourself. |
【推荐3】About 60,000 Pacific Islanders worked as indentured labourers (签订契约的劳工）on Queensland’s sugar cane（甘蔗）fields between 1863 and 1903.They were mainly males, aged 9 to 30, transported to Australia by ship.Some came freely, wanting the new life promised to them, some were tricked, and some were kidnapped（绑架）.
The practice of kidnapping people for labour was called “blackbirding”.“Blackbird” was a term used instead of slave, because slavery was actually illegal.Britain had passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 and as a British colony (殖民地）,Queensland had to follow the Act It is said that a third of Pacific Islanders who worked as indentured labourers were either kidnapped or tricked into coming to Australia.Indentured labour was really just another name for slavery.
Indentured labourers had to work for a required period of time,usually three years,to pay back their passage to Australia and then they could earn money as free labourers.It was hard, dirty work in the Queensland countryside.Most indentured labourers were badly treated, many returning to their homelands as soon as their indentured period was finished.A small number married into local communities and stayed.Free labourers were also badly treated on the cane fields, working for low pay and living in very poor conditions.
Then the Australian Government’s White Australia Policy forced Pacific Islanders to leave Australia.Even people who were born in Australia to Pacific Islander parents were driven out of the country due to their colour.If they didn’t leave voluntarily, they were rounded up and driven away forcibly between 1906 and 1908.This practice destroyed many families.Some of the people had lived in Australia most, if not all, of their lives.Only a few who had married Australians were allowed to stay.A few managed to hide and avoid being driven away.
1. What happened from 1863 to 1903?| A．Australians had a new life. |
| B．Many Australians were kidnapped. |
| C．Australia was in want of labourers. |
| D．Australia’s sugar industry began to slow down. |
| A．It was lawful before 1863. | B．It came to an end in 1833. |
| C．It was introduced by the British. | D．It replaced the word “blackbirding” . |
| A．To escape mistreatment. | B．To get a better-paid job. |
| C．To avoid being kidnapped. | D．To be involved in local communities. |
| A．Slaves for sugar | B．Laws in Australia |
| C．Pacific Islanders’ new home | D．Sugar cane industry's development |
【推荐1】People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly (均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.”
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
1. The discovery shows that Westerners_______.| A．consider facial expressions universally reliable |
| B．pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth |
| C．observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways |
| D．have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions |
| A．To classify some face pictures. | B．To get their faces impressive. |
| C．To make a face at each other. | D．To observe the researchers’ faces. |
| A．The researchers of the study. | B．The participants in the study. |
| C．The errors made during the study. | D．The data collected from the study. |
| A．do translation more successfully |
| B．study the mouth more frequently |
| C．examine the eyes more attentively |
| D．read facial expressions more correctly |
| A．is a student in University of Glasgow |
| B．studies the fields related to biology or cultures |
| C．has published a new report on human rights |
| D．shows that facial expressions are universal signals of human emotion |
| A．The Eye as the Window to the Soul |
| B．Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills |
| C．How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding |
| D．Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions |
【推荐2】Regnante and her husband, Tingley, knew they were in trouble when they found that they had to stay at the airport on the night before Thanksgiving with a grounded plane and 30 turtles （海龟）. The two rescuers were part of a volunteer effort to save hundreds of sea turtles that were washed up close to death on the beaches of Massachusetts.
The couple urgently needed to find temperature-controlled accommodation for the endangered sea turtles. They were in the rescuer race to save the smallest sea turtles in the world? at a little over 2 feet long, and they had been found with very low temperatures. Every year, hundreds of the turtles follow warm ocean currents north from their hatching sites in the Gulf of Mexico, become trapped in the cold Atlantic and are then rescued from Cape Cod by volunteers. who take them to wildlife centres along warmer coastlines.
Regnante is a volunteer with Turtles Fly Too, a charity that provides air transport for the stricken turtles. On Wednesday, she took off with the turtles from near Boston in a plane piloted by her husband. They were bound for New Orleans but storms forced them to change course and refuel twice. Then, at Chattanooga. Tennessee, a stone damaged the propeller （螺 旋桨）.“It was just one thing after another,” Regnante told The New York Times. just kind of wanted to say, 'Guys, it's going to be OK'."
For turtles, being out of the water and in transit for a long period was stressful. Luckily, a happy ending was delivered. Two heated trucks were sent nearby, where the turtles spent the night. On Thanksgiving morning, Regnante and Tingley drove them to a handover point in Alabama from where the turtles were taken to their new home.
“Turtles Fly Too does whatever it takes to make the mission happen." Leslie, president of the charity, said. “When challenges arise, we'll be quick to make adjustments.”
1. What can be inferred about the sea turtles in paragraph 2?| A．They were hatching babies. |
| B．They were dying from hunger. |
| C．They were to be brought to cold areas. |
| D．They were in danger of low temperatures. |
| A．The fund issue. | B．The bad weather. |
| C．The lack of fuel of the plane. | D．The physical condition of his wife. |
| A．Every coin has two sides. |
| B．God helps those who help themselves. |
| C．Saving turtles sometimes depends on luck. |
| D．The charity will spare no effort to save the turtles. |
| A．A Race to Save Turtles | B．Endangered Sea Turtles |
| C．New Shelters for Sea Turtles | D．An Introduction to Turtles Fly Too |
【推荐3】Everyone has unique personalities, which makes life more interesting.
Over the last 25 years, doctors have classified personalities into five basic traits(特性), called the Big Five. Everyone can be described as having varying levels of agreeableness(随和), conscientiousness(认真)，emotional stability(情绪稳定)，extroversion(外向)and openness to experience.
Contrary to common knowledge, people aren't confined to certain personality types. Usually, no one is entirely an extrovert or an introvert. While a minority may be at the extreme ends of a trait, most people are somewhere in the middle. “Every personality trait is a continuous dimension. You can be very high or very low, and most people fall somewhere in between,” said Christopher Soto, a doctor at Colby College.
Personality isn’t limited to humans, either. Research finds that all animals have personalities. Both the personality of animals and humans has an evolutionary origin. Evolution can a so explain why personalities vary so much. Depending on the situation, each of the Big Five can be advantageous. For example, agreeableness is great for relationships. But if a lion were charging at you, you'd be better off with a less agreeable and more aggressive personality leaning. Because the world is so unpredictable, every aspect of each personality trait could be useful at different times, so instead of evolving a single type of personality that s first-rank for every situation, we're left with a wide variety.
An evolutionary root of personality means traits must be inherited(继承). So whether you’d like to admit it or not, much of your personality comes from your parents. In fact, for humans, about half of the differences in personality are genetic. The rest of the variability in personality comes from your environment.
Not only does your environment shape who you are, but you can, to an extent, adjust your personality to the circumstance. You can be more outgoing at a party and more agreeable at home with your family. But you can also be introverted if you need to focus on work, or aggressive when playing a competitive sport. Humans, after all, have evolved to learn from our environments.
1. Which of the following best explains the underlined word “confined” in Paragraph 3?| A．Forced. | B．Composed. | C．Devoted. | D．Limited. |
| A．A personality difference. |
| B．An environmental condition. |
| C．An evolutionary origin. |
| D．Human's relationship with animals. |
| A．Friendly. | B．Stubborn. | C．Considerate. | D．Aggressive. |
| A．Personalities can change over time. |
| B．Your environment shapes your personality. |
| C．Your genetic starting point stays you forever. |
| D．Humans have born abilities to learn from environments. |
