The human sense of smell is weak.That is well known, and is suspected by many anthropologists of being the result of a trade-off(协调) in favor of visual processing power. In the specific case of people, however, the relative weakness of smell compared with sight extends to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colors but are notoriously bad at putting names to smells.
That might also be caused by how the brain is wired. But some doubt this. They suggest it is more likely a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words useful to their speakers. Since smells matter little to most people, most languages have few abstract words for them. A study just published in Current Biology, by Asian Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden supports this.
Dr. Majid knew from previous work she had done that the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in western Malaysia, are remarkably good at naming smells. Dr. Majid suggested that it might, in part, be because the Jahai have a dozen wards dedicated to describing different sorts of smells in the abstract. For example, the Jahai use the word “cŋεs” for stinging(刺激的) sorts of smells associated with petrol, smoke and various insects, and “pleŋ” for bloody, fishy and meaty sorts of smells. According to Dr Majid, only “musty” is able to act in this way in English without drawing on analogy (banana-like, gooseberry-noted, and even earthy and sweet-smelling, are all analogies of some sort).
They also looked at how two other groups of people from the Malay Peninsula(马来半岛)used terms for colors and smells. These were the Semaq Beri who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who cultivate rice. They found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for smells 86% of the time-about as often as they did for colours, which was 80％. The Semelai also used abstract colour descriptions at a similar rate, namely 78％ of the time. But when it came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44％ of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as “banana” and “chocolate”, 56％ of the time. Given these findings, Dr.Majid and Dr.Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is crucial to the use of abstract names for smells.
1. What leads to the difficulty of describing smells according to Majid's study?
| A．The imbalance between smell and sight. |
| B．The poor function of the human nose. |
| C．The structure of the brain. |
| D．Lack of relevant vocabulary. |
| A．English mainly relies on analogy to name smells. |
| B．Analogy is often used in the Jan a i language to names smells. |
| C．“Musty”is an English word using analogy to name a smell. |
| D．English borrows some words for smells from the Jahai language. |
| A．Language plays a decisive role in_naming smells. |
| B．The two groups were equally good at describing colors. |
| C．The Semaq Beri's lifestyle helped them have an edge in naming smells. |
| D．Surviving in the forest has greater effect on human language than farming. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Mandarin (普通话) Summer Camp in China
JOIN OUR POPULAR MANDARIN CHINESE SUMMER CAMP INBEIJING OR SHANGHAI
For 7 to 17-year-olds
Our Chinese Summer Camp Programmes are suitable for kids and teens. They will be grouped with other students of similar Chinese level and age.
Interactive lessons
We make lessons fun and engaging for your kids through various methods：cartoon classes. storytelling. role playing. games and more.
Vibrant cultural activities
Kids will get to try their hands at both traditional and modern Chinese arts and games and practise the language in a real-life setting. Explore the Chinese culture. Visit famous cultural sites in China and learn Mandarin together with 300 other campers from different countries for an exciting and memorable experience!
Mandarin summer camp features
We emphasize on our students’ well-being and safety and make sure they’re well taken care of at all times. Our staff are available 24/7 to provide assistance in case any issue arises.
Meals
We work only with credible restaurants to provide healthy and nutritious meals to our students. Students can always find something they like at mealtime. with options of Western or Chinese cuisines.
Accommodation
Students are placed in a modern： comfortable hotel accommodation close to our school. One standard room is shared by two students. A male teacher and a female one will stay with them and be supervisors.
From RMB6000 to RMB 48.000
Click here for the complete list of our camp prices.
Comments from parents
This has been such a great experience! Our daughter had so much fun and she enjoyed all the activities and field trips. We would like to come back again next year.
Michelle W.
Parents of a student
1. Which is one of the activities for campers?| A．Visiting some Chinese cultural sites. |
| B．Trying various snacks on the street. |
| C．earning to do some Chinese kung fu. |
| D．Introducing traditional Chinese songs. |
| A．To ask previous campers to come back again. |
| B．To respond to parents’ requests and questions. |
| C．To make the text more persuasive. |
| D．To share a parent’s happy experience |
| A．A website. | B．A textbook. |
| C．A magazine. | D．A newspaper. |
【推荐2】English and Chinese have for a long time been the languages most studied around the world but the line up of other languages of study is ever-changing.
In 2020, Spanish overtook (超越) French as the second most learned language on the popular language learning app Duolingo. This could be explained by a number of factors. The Spanish-speaking community is increasingly influential in the US and Latin America is seen as increasingly influential worldwide. It could be that for many people in the US there’s a practical need to speak Spanish domestically (国内地) that has overridden (比……更重要) the wish to speak French for travel.
Asian languages are also increasing in popularity. There’s recently been great interest in Japanese from China, as well as from some African countries including Chad and Ethiopia. We can mainly relate this growing interest to Japan’s cultural output and general attraction to its unique culture. Not to mention the Olympics getting the interest of language learners from around the world.
What’s striking is that Chinese is now a more popular choice than Russian for language learners. That’s probably because the increasing global influence of China means it is seen as a more useful language to speak compared to Russian. Over 100 million learners are thought to be studying Chinese worldwide with interest from the UK, US, India and Africa. It’s interesting to see a relatively new superpower overtake a more established one — in language terms at least.
It’s hard to judge the cultural influence of a country but the number of people spending time learning more about it through its language is surely a sign that it is exerting (施加) influence.
1. What can we infer about Latin Americans?| A．They often travel to France. |
| B．They mostly speak Spanish. |
| C．They influence the US most. |
| D．They learn the most languages. |
| A．Culture. |
| B．Tourism. |
| C．The Olympics. |
| D．The global influence. |
| A．confused. |
| B．interested. |
| C．proud. |
| D．anxious. |
| A．Languages most studied |
| B．The app most downloaded |
| C．Changes in language learning |
| D．The battle between English and Chinese |
【推荐3】How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we have really known is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions, and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. These sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, are called words.
The power of words, then, lies in their associations—the things they bring up in our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar(粗俗的).
1. According to the author of the passage, ________.| A．men, as well as animals, invented certain sounds to express thoughts |
| B．words did not have written form at first |
| C．the origin language is a difficult question |
| D．words came from sounds |
| A．it can associate the things in the world with the ideas in our minds |
| B．one word is connected with another |
| C．it can associate one person with another |
| D．it can recall to us the events of our past |
| A．choose words with care and accuracy |
| B．use words that can move men to tears |
| C．use words which sing like music |
| D．become a master of words |
| A．The meaning of words |
| B．The nature of words |
| C．The invention of words |
| D．The power of words |
【推荐1】The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from an earlier theatre, The Theatre, which had been built by Richard Burbage’s father, James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The first performance for which a firm record remains was Jonson’s Every Man out of His Humour — with its first scene welcoming the “gracious and kind spectators” — at the end of the year.
On 29th June 1613, the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII. A theatrical gun, set off during the performance, misfired, burning the wooden beams and straws. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man whose burning breeches (炮后膛) were put out with a bottle of ale. It was rebuilt in the following year.
Like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644, or slightly later — the commonly cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as false — to make room for other buildings.
A modern reconstruction of the theatre, named “Shakespeare’s Globe”, opened in 1997, with a production of Henry V. It is an academic approximation of the original design, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings, and is located approximately 750 feet (230m) from the site of the original theatre.
1. How did the Globe Theatre begin to be on fire on 29 June 1613?| A．It was set fire to by a performer by design. |
| B．It caught fire by accident during a play. |
| C．A man put out breeches with a bottle of ale. |
| D．It was started by wooden beams and straws. |
| A．Time | B．Space | C．Importance | D．Flashback |
| A．James Burbage. | B．Every Man out of His Humour |
| C．Henry VIII. | D．Henry V |
| A．The popularity of the Globe Theatre. |
| B．The construction of the Globe Theatre. |
| C．The function of the Globe Theatre. |
| D．The history of the Globe Theatre. |
【推荐2】How do you spend your spare time? There will be different answers to it. Most people in Poland (波兰) have their own ways of spending free time. Sometimes they just want to have a rest, but they try to do something more pleasant most of the time. They have many different hobbies, which help them to get away from their everyday problems and spend their free time happily.
Many Polish (波兰的) people like travelling. They look for new places that they have never been to and add new and exciting experiences to their journey. Some of them like to climb mountains, others like to go to the sea or a lake to swim, because these can make them get exercise and are good for their health.
Many Polish people also like to watch sports in their free time. They are usually crazy about football, and football is regarded as the Polish national sport. Many football fans may support a certain team, so they go to watch every match of the team they support, and they buy many things that have any relation with the team. Watching a sport and doing it are both good ways to relax.
In addition, doctors say that doing sports is very good for the health. Many people in town, especially young men, often go to the gym to attend the exercise classes to keep fit.
Besides these ways, Polish people have many other ways to spend their free time. And they really enjoy their free time.
1. Polish people have many different hobbies in order to ______.| A．solve their daily problems | B．finish all their work |
| C．make some friends | D．relax themselves in their spare time |
| A．Because they hate travelling. | B．Because they can get exercise from it. |
| C．Because they can find a new place. | D．Because it is comfortable and funny. |
| A．Playing football. | B．Climbing mountains. |
| C．Skating. | D．Swimming. |
| A．Many Polish people like travelling | B．People in Poland like to watch sports |
| C．Different people, different hobbies | D．How people in Poland spend their spare time |
【推荐3】Changes have been taking place in Philadelphia since 1984. One by one, ugly graffiti-covered walls are being changed into outdoor art. So far, over 1,800 murals (壁画) have been painted.
The walls are now covered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art, thanks to the Mural Arts Program (MAP). Its work makes schools and public places attractive, and its citizens very proud. The program began as part of Philadelphia’s Anti-Graffiti Network. Jane Golden is the MAP’s artistic director. When people ask her what their program is about, she will answer them with one word: hope. Each year, the MAP offers youth art programs and workshops. Some onetime graffiti (涂鸦) writers even help paint MAP murals.
The MAP’s work, says Golden, is all about developing a sense of community. When a neighborhood requests a mural, the MAP works with the people there to develop a message. Some messages have been “Safe Streets,” “Love and Care,” and “Peace Walk. ”
The MAP receives up to 50 requests for murals each week. Last year, the workers painted 140 murals. “The making of a mural enters people’s memory as a special, pleasant moment in neighborhood history” says Golden, who began as a muralist in Los Angeles.
1. What can be the best title for the text?| A．Love, from Graffiti Writers to Muralists |
| B．MAP, a New Company in Philadelphia |
| C．Jane, an Excellent Mural Artist |
| D．Hope, One Wall at a Time |
| A．Helping the young find jobs. |
| B．Protecting the graffiti-covered walls. |
| C．Fighting against graffiti. |
| D．Attracting more visitors. |
| A．By having discussions with people in the community. |
| B．By seeking advice from the city government. |
| C．By learning from the young graffiti writers. |
| D．By studying the history of the city. |
| A．Difficult. | B．Dangerous. | C．Boring. | D．Successful. |
【推荐1】The future of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which will open on Tuesday, has been doubted by some experts due to their low expectations as to its logistic(后勤的) functions. But instead, the bridge will play an important role in promoting the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.
According to research made by the One Country Two Systems Research Institute, the grand bridge connecting Hong Kong, Macao and Zhuhai will have limited effects on freightage(货运) but it will have a meaningful influence on passenger traffic.
Under the economic environment of the Bay Area, particularly the western part, the bridge's transport function will focus on passenger traffic.
The bridge will give a big improvement to cross-boundary passenger traffic as using it will not only be less time-consuming than the currently used circuitous(迂回的) land routes, it will also be more economical than travel by sea. Demand for cross-boundary passenger transport is expected to increase greatly.
And prospects(前景) for the bridge's traffic volumes have received a improvement from two policies. The first is that the bridge charge for vehicles will be driver-friendly — between 60 yuan ($8.66) and 300 yuan per trip.
The second policy is connected with private car drivers. Hong Kong drivers without a mainland license can apply for a permit online and drive around Guangdong for a short period after entering the province through designated(指定的) ports.
Along with other favorable policies, which have already been carried out, the operation of the bridge is likely to strength regional unity.
Greater cooperation between Hong Kong and the western Pearl River Delta is a major value of the bridge.
1. According to the passage, we know that .| A．Some experts once thought poorly of the future of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |
| B．The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is only used for passenger traffic |
| C．Travel by sea will be replaced |
| D．Charge for vehicles will be high |
| A．Make the transportation easier in this area |
| B．Improve tourism |
| C．Promote cooperation among Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao |
| D．All of the above |
| A．enter the mainland through any port |
| B．stay in Guangdong for a short period |
| C．live in Guangdong as a citizen |
| D．drive around the mainland for a short period |
【推荐2】Did you see snow in your hometown last winter? Did you feel it was warmer than before?
“There have been 21 warm winters in China since 1986,” said scientists. They also said that in the past 100 years, as the global (全球的) temperatures went up by 0.74 °C , the temperature in North China has climbed 1.4°C in only 50 years.
China needs to take quick action to cut carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) emission (排放), because it’s the main reason for global warming. The good news is that China has seen the importance of going green. China set the goal of cutting energy use by 20 and pollution emission by 10 in the 11th Five-Year Plan.
Can you slow global warming? Sure! You and your family can take steps to cut the amount of carbon dioxide that is sent out into the air.
Here are some pieces of advice to help you save the earth.
Wear used clothes. Wearing your brother's, sister's or dad’s old T-shirt means you save the energy.
Change your light bulbs (灯泡). Use energy-saving light bulbs. And don’t forget to turn off the lights when you leave a room and turn off your television and computer when they are not in use!
Ride the bus. Taking a bus saves a lot of oil every year.
Say no to plastic bags. The next time your parents go to the market, ask them to use baskets.
Open a window. Don’t use the air conditioner (空调), and let some fresh air in. When you have to use the conditioner, set the temperature higher in the summer and lower in the winter to save energy.
Make small changes in your daily life. Don’t use paper cups, bags and boxes.
It's time for all of us to do something to save the earth.
1. The main reason for global warming is ____.| A．the oil | B．carbon dioxide | C．paper cups, bags and boxes | D．televisions and computers |
| A．活力 | B．干劲 | C．精力 | D．能源 |
| A．It’s a pity to wear your dad's old T-shirts. |
| B．Using air conditioners may be a waste of energy. |
| C．Taking a bus wastes a lot of oil every year. |
| D．Using paper bags saves energy a lot. |
Hearst Castle is a park on the central California coast and a National Historic Landmark. It was designed by Julia Morgan for William Randolph Hearst from 1919 until 1947. In 1957, the owner donated the fortune to the state of California. Since that time, it has been a state historic park where its large collection of art and antiques are open for public tours. Despite its location far from any urban center, the site attracts roughly one million visitors per year.
Guided Tours
•Tour One is recommended for first time visitors. It now includes the movie, Hearst Castle Building the Dream.
•Tour Two gives visitors a closer look at the main house’s upper floors, Mr. Hearst’s private suite, the libraries, and the kitchen.
•Tour Three looks at the Castle’s North Wing, guest rooms and guest house Casa Del Monte.
•Tour Four includes the impressive gardens and grounds, the largest guesthouse, the wine basement, and the Hidden Terrace.
•The evening tour is a special tour that allows visitors to experience the Castle at night as one of the Hearst’s own visitors might have.
Ticket Prices
Hearst Castle accepts VISA, Master Card, American Express and Discover. Free day use parking is available for automobiles, motorcycles, tour buses and recreational vehicles.
| Tours | Adult | Ages 6－17 |
| Tour 1 | $24 | $12 |
| Tours 2,3 or 4 | $24 | $12 |
| Evening tour | $30 | $15 |
* Children under 6 are free when accompanied by a paying adult.
Reservation(预订) Information
While tickets may be purchased at the Visitor Center upon arrival, tour reservations can be made online now or by calling 18004444445,see below for times.
| Reservation Call Center Hours | ||
| Dates | Monday－Friday | Saturday－Sunday |
| March－September | 8 am－6 pm | 8 am－6 pm |
| October－February | 9 am－5 pm | 9 am－3 pm |
Visit www.hearstcastle.org for more information.
1. If you are quite interested in wine，which tour will you choose?
| A．Tour Two. | B．Tour One. |
| C．Tour Four. | D．Tour Three. |
| A．$36. | B．$60. |
| C．$48. | D．$75. |
| A．At 8 am on Monday in February. |
| B．At 6 pm on Saturday in October. |
| C．At 7 pm on Friday in September. |
| D．At 9 am on Sunday in March. |
【推荐1】Looking for a good book? Here, TFK Kid Reporters review four of the most noteworthy reads of 2019.
TITLE: Charlie Thorne and the Last Equation
BY: Stuart Gibbs
The CIA is trying hard to find Pandora, which could destroy the world if the wrong people get it. For help, they turn to Charlie, a 12﹣year﹣old girl who’s as smart as Albert Einstein. Charlie doesn’t have a lot of time to solve the world’s problems﹣but she's the only one who can do it. People who like action﹣packed mysteries with an element of adventure will enjoy reading this thrilling book.
TITLE: AstroNuts
BY: Jon Scieszka and Steven Weinberg
In AstroNuts, the Earth has been destroyed by humans for thousands of years. Four animals set out from Mount Rushmore, the headquarters of NNASA （Not﹣NASA）. Their mission is to find a new planet fit for human life. Eventually, they discover one: Plant Planet. The narrator of this fun book is the Earth. The story’s theme is simple: Don’t harm the planet. Readers who love fantasy and sci﹣fi will enjoy AstroNuts.
TITLE: Stargazing
BY: Jen Wang
Christine hears rumors that Moon, who's new in town, is the kind of kid who beats people up for fun. But Moon and her mom come to live with Christine's family, and the two kids become best friends. Moon even shares a big secret with Christine. Stargazing is a graphic novel based on author Jen Wang’s experiences as a child. The story is about the power of friendship and how people are able to change.
TITLE: Roll with It
BY: Jamie Sumner
Roll with It is a story about a 12﹣year﹣old girl named Ellie. She has cerebral palsy, a disability that makes it hard for her to walk on her own. So she uses a wheelchair. When Ellie and her mom move to another state to take care of Ellie’s grandpa, she must learn to adapt to a new school and develop new friendships. This page﹣turner is a must﹣read for everyone. Is a heartwarming story that really shows the value of family and how being different is special.
1. What is the first book most probably about?| A．A new way to deal with criminals. |
| B．A girl's efforts to save the world. |
| C．Albert Einstein's childhood life. |
| D．A girl's adventure with friends in the wild. |
| A．Children having a passion for history. |
| B．Children showing great concern about animal protection. |
| C．Children loving stories of space travel and life on other planets. |
| D．Children wanting to know the causes for environmental pollution. |
| A．Stargazing. |
| B．AstroNuts. |
| C．Roll with It. |
| D．Charlie Thorne and the Last Equation. |
【推荐2】Want to buy some gifts for children? See the following ones.
Wonder Crew dolls
Wonder Crew creates dolls for boys. The dolls are aimed at encouraging boys to express kindness and other characteristics not encouraged in their other toys. “I wanted to address the developmental needs of the whole child.” Wider told USA TODAY. “Toys have the power to teach.”
Sale for $29.99 on Amazon.
Barbie dolls that use a wheelchair
Mattel created dolls with disabilities to inspire girls to tell more stories. Barbie expanded its Fashion line to showcase dolls in a wheelchair and a removable prosthetic leg(假肢). “We can have the conversation around physical disabilities by including them into our fashion doll line to further show a special view of beauty and fashion, ”Mattel said.
Sale for $19. 99.
Dolls inspired by children with autism(自闭症)
Lottie Dolls offers a doll inspired by a boy with autism. The doll kit includes an astronaut’s suit and a companion dog named Cookie. Lottie Dolls, an Irish company, offers a host of dolls that highlight diversity.
Sales for $30 on Amazon.
Plastic Army Women
A 6-year-old girl wanted to play with female plastic soldiers. She got her wish when Pennsylvania company BMC Toys agreed to make Plastic Army Women. When completed, a pack of 24-figurines(小塑像)will include six different poses and should be available on the company website and on Amazon.
It is available for pre-order at different price points.
1. What can we learn about Mattel's Barbie dolls?| A．They are in old style. |
| B．They can move quickly by themselves. |
| C．They have no legs at all. |
| D．They represent special views on beauty. |
| A．It can be ordered in advance. | B．It can't be bought on Amazon. |
| C．It is fit for young kids. | D．It is the most popular. |
| A．Dolls offered by Lottie Dolls. | B．Wonder Crew dolls. |
| C．Plastic Army Women. | D．Barbie dolls that use a wheelchair. |
【推荐3】Teenagers love to socialize, and the following websites give them a chance to do that while playing games, exploring virtual(虚拟的)worlds and taking quizzes.
Instagram allows teenagers to upload photos of their daily lives and share them with friends. People say that a picture is worth a thousand words, and that must be true because Instagram has around 300 million users who are active each month. The platform is all about photos with short captions(说明文字).53 percent of its users are aged 18-29, but a big percentage of those may be even younger and simply (list their age as 18 in order to use the platform)
Habbo Hotel
Habbo Hotel is a place for teens to chat/Each teen receives personal room to decorate with virtual objects. They can also dress their avatars(网络头像) in virtual clothes or create games to play with friends. The room might have music, be set up like classroom, or have other features so different avatars can visit one another. Each room has an adult moderator(管理员) to make sure it stays safe.
Fanlala
Fanlala is a social network that gives teens who love celebrities, music and TV shows a place to interact. Through it, users can get the latest news and gossip on their favorite shows, as well as take quizzes to test their knowledge.
Teen Chat
Teen Chat is place for teens to interact with one another through forums(论坛)according to their interests. For example, there are chat rooms for those who love anime(日本动漫) and for those who have just started college. There are also chat rooms for things like music, games, and sports.
1. What makes Instagram different from other site listed in the text?| A．It's a great place for people to share photos. |
| B．The majority of its users are in their early 20s. |
| C．It has the largest number of users. |
| D．Only those above 18 normally use it. |
| A．Instagram. | B．Habbo Hotel. |
| C．Fanlala. | D．Teen Chat. |
| A．Game skills. | B．Sports knowledge. |
| C．Anime videos. | D．Entertainment news. |
