People who have got rhythm might have an advantage when it comes to language and reading skills. A new study shows the brains of people who can move to a musical beat react to speech on a more consistent basis than those who can't. Researchers also find that musical training can sharpen the brain's response to language.
The researchers say their discovery provides the first biological link between the ability to keep a beat and how the brain responds to speech, something that can have important value for reading skills. To gather materials for their research, the team got more than 100 teenagers who lived in Chicago, Illinois. The teens were given two tests. First, they were instructed to listen to and tap their fingers along to the beat. The researchers calculated how accurately their young volunteers were able to tap along to the musical timekeeper. Second, the teen subjects were linked to an EEG device, which measures electrical activity in the brain. The EEG device was focused on an area of the brain that not only processes sound, but is also connected to parts of the brain responsible for motor-movement. The researchers recorded the brainwaves as their teen subjects listened to the synthesized speech sound, which was repeated irregularly for half an hour. The researchers were able to find out how the nerve cells in that particular region of the brain responded every time the synthesized sound was played. a Across this population of adolescents, the more accurate they were at tapping along to the beat, the more consistent their brains' response to the letter unit was," said Nina Kraus.
While past studies have showed the links between reading skills and a person's ability to keep a beat, the researchers said their new findings show the hearing system is what provides a common basis for those links. “Rhythm is naturally a part of music and language." Nina said.
1. According to the first paragraph, what can get the brain's reaction to language more effectively?A.Rhythm. | B.Musical training. |
C.Language. | D.Reading skills. |
A.areas of knowledge studied in a school, college, and so on |
B.things that are being discussed in a conversation or a book |
C.persons or things that are the main features of works of art |
D.persons or animals that are studied in an experiment or a research |
A.reading skills may make language learners keep a beat |
B.the hearing system may be useless while a person is learning to read |
C.the hearing system may separate sound from meaning while a person is reading |
D.the hearing system may be used while a person is reading or taking musical training |
A.Experts are expanding their studies on rhythm. |
B.Rhythm might help us improve our reading skills. |
C.Moving to a musical beat is more popular nowadays. |
D.Experts find the links between the hearing system and reading. |
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【推荐1】Sherlock Holmes once asked Dr Watson about “the curious incident of the dog in the night-time”. When Watson pointed out that the dog did nothing in the night-time, Holmes responded, “That was the curious incident”. In The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, Mark Haddon introduces another detective obsessed with discovering the truth. Christopher is a fifteen year old autistic savant who has trouble understanding other people but knows every prime number (质数) up to 7,057.
The story begins when Christopher discovers a crime scene across the street: a dog named Wellington lies dead. When the dog’s owner found him there, he was suspected and put to jail. After being got out by his father; he pledges to solve the mystery of its death.
As Christopher investigates the killing, he is directly confronted with a deeper mystery: other human beings. Like most people with autism, Christopher has trouble reading single facial expressions. People are confusing to him. By contrast, he likes dogs because he can always tell what they are thinking. They have only four moods, happy, sad, cross and concentrating. And they don’t lie since they can’t talk.
Haddon deepens the theme of mystery by exploring the complexities of human language, For example, Christopher never lies. A lie means saying something happened that didn’t happen and Christopher cannot see the point of it. For him, the only things worth speaking about are facts and mathematics. Christopher also doesn’t understand jokes and metaphors, such as “apple of my eye”. He writes, “When I try and make a picture of the phrase in my head, it just confuses me because imagining an apple in someone’s eye doesn’t have anything to do with liking someone a lot.
Christopher’s quest for truth leads him inevitably to discover even deeper mysteries. Two years before the beginning of the story, Christopher’s mother died of a sudden heart attack. At that time, Mrs. Shears, the neighbor woman who owned Wellington became a family friend who helped him deal with their grief. Her friendship with them ended on the night that Wellington was killed. But the question is whether the friendship ended because of the dog’s death or the dog died because the friendship ended. As Christopher investigates, he strips away years’ words of lies and discovers the truth.
At the beginning of the book, Christopher writes, “This is a murder mystery novel”, but it is much more than that Haddon uses the theme of mystery to show how deeply mysterious human expressions, language and relationships are to a person with autism. At first, the book seems to show the limits of being autistic, but in the end, it shows the limits of being normal. Christopher himself describes it best in the final sentence of the book: “And I know I can do this because I went to London on my own, because I solved the mystery of Who Killed Wellington? ...and I was brave and I wrote a book and that means I can do anything.”
1. What can we infer from the conversation between Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson?A.Holmes was curious about dogs, behavior at night |
B.Dr. Watson was not as curious about dogs as Holmes. |
C.Dogs are usually alert and active in the night-time. |
D.The dog mentioned by them was already killed. |
A.The boy is as tall as you. | B.The boy is six feet tall. |
C.The girl often tell jokes. | D.The girl has a heart of stone. |
A.Autistic child as Christopher is, he has a talent for mathematics. |
B.Compared to humans, dogs are more understandable to Christopher. |
C.Mrs. Shears suspected Christopher of killing the dog named Wellington. |
D.Christopher witnessed the killing crime of the dog named Wellington |
A.To provoke thought on “the limits of being normal”. |
B.To tell a story about the curious incident of a dog. |
C.To specify the trouble facing the autistic. |
D.To introduce the detection of an autistic savant |
【推荐2】Books can't stop a global pandemic. But, for a short while, they can let us forget the world around us and transport us to different places, allowing us to travel in spirit. Here are some picks for this month:
Rohinton Mistry: A Fine Balance
Mistry's novel focuses on the lives of four central characters whose lives are on a downward spiral, from poverty to outright destitution and, ultimately, death.
Mistry does not whitewash the reality of urban poverty in India. But as readers, we become absorbed in his characters lives we hope with them, we fear for them and, at the end, we cry for them.
Elena Ferrante: Mу Brilliant Friend
Elena Ferante'r novels take us straight to the Italian city of Napoli Starting with My Brilliant Friend, the four novels chart the intensive relationship between two girl, Elena Greco (Lenù) and Raffaella Cerullo(Lila) who grow up in a poor neighborhood in the 1950s.
Reading Ferrante's description calls forth images of Napoli and makes us feel like we are standing in the Piazza del Plebiscito. We can fell, hear and smell Napoli around us.
Patrick Modiano: The Search Warrant
The Search Warrant pieces together the real-life story of Dora Bruder, a young Jewish girl who went missing in Paris in December 1941. Modiano attempts to retrace Dora's movements across Paris and his book is full of evocative descriptions of quiet squares and streets.
By tracing Dora's possible steps, Modiano evocatively recreates the twilight atmosphere of Paris under occupation.
Kazuo Ishiguro:The Remains of the Day
The Remains of the Day tells the story of Stevens, the aged butler of Darlington Hall, and his ill judged life choices that saw him being involved with British fascism in the interwar years.
This allusion to British fascism in particular is something that makes this novel stand out;it is a subject matter not often discussed or even taught.
1. Which book is set in India?A.A Fine Balance. | B.My Brilliant Friend. |
C.The Search Warrant. | D.The Remains of the Day. |
A.Both novels tell real life stories. |
B.Both novels take place in Italy. |
C.Both are related to interpersonal relationship. |
D.Both give a vivid description of the surroundings. |
A.Its moving story. | B.Its miserable character. |
C.Its rarely mentioned subject. | D.Its skillful techniques of description. |
【推荐3】With smart phones and e-readers becoming more common, some worry that the days of paper books are numbered. But as a recent survey showed, traditional books are still popular among readers.
Industry research company Nielsen found that 7 percent more paper books were sold in the UK in 2020 compared to the previous year, while sales of their digital rivals declined(下降)by 4 percent. It was the sixth year in a row that e-book sales had fallen.
Nielsen’s survey, surprisingly, found that it is young people who preferred physical books to e-reader versions.
In another study conducted in 2016 by the youth research agency Voxburner in the UK, more than 60 percent of 16-to-24-year-olds said they preferred print books to e-books. The most popular reason given was: “I like to hold the product.”
Steve Bohme, research director at Nielsen Book Research UK, explained that young people were using books as a break from their daily connections to electronic devices(设备)and social media. “We are seeing that books are a respite(缓解), particularly for young people who are so busy digitally,” he said.
And it is not just young people in the UK who prefer print books. The story is the same in other countries.
According to a study, 92 percent of college students prefer paper books to e-books, of more than 420 university students from the United States, Slovakia, Japan and Germany.
The main reasons were that when reading e-books, students are easily distracted. Some also ended up with headaches or painful eyes.
In addition, print books can bring a very different reading experience-a sense of accomplishment when finishing reading.
1. What is the meaning of the underlined word “numbered” in Paragraph 1?A.Added | B.Analyzed. | C.Completed. | D.Limited. |
A.The life of young people is full of digital devices. |
B.It’s better to read books when having a rest. |
C.Young people are too busy to have time for a rest. |
D.Young people prefer print books due to their lower costs. |
A.E-books make reading experience uncomfortable. |
B.E-books provide young people with fewer books. |
C.E-books are far more expensive. |
D.E-books give people a sense of failure. |
【推荐1】To many of us, art is obviously a kind of human expression of creativity. But in recent years, you may have read news about artificial intelligence (AI) creating its own art, such as painting or writing poems. Some people worry that AI might someday replace artists.
A piece of music created by AI recently attracted attention. AI was used to turn the novel virus into a piece of nearly two-hour long music based on its protein structure. The project was led by Markus Buehler, an American musician and MIT professor of engineering. He assigned (指定) a unique note to each amino acid (氨基酸) in the protein.
Listeners found the project to be “mind-blowing”. “It allows me to see the virus from a new angle,” said one listener.
As Peter Ward wrote for The Culture Trip, art of every kind has always been influenced by technological breakthroughs.
A.The AI then translated these notes into music. |
B.AI has become an important part of our everyday life. |
C.But this worry seems to be unnecessary, at least for now. |
D.AI can become a useful tool to bring change to the art world. |
E.Besides the music industry, AI has entered the world of poetry as well. |
F.This surprising marriage between science and art could not be achieved without AI. |
G.Apart from co-creating imaginative works, AI can also help artists avoid repeating tasks. |
【推荐2】On a dark winter day in Russia in 1896, Sergei Prokofiev sat by a piano next to his mother. She was helping him compose (作曲) his first piece of music. Sergei was only five years old.
He had overheard his parents discussing a terrible famine (饥荒) in India. The picture Sergei had of those hungry people in his mind caused him to write a story, in the form of musical notes. Sergei could not read music, so he picked out a tune on the piano keys, and his mother recorded the notes. Sergei titled it “Indian Gallop.”
Sergei's mother began giving him piano lessons for 20 minutes a day, and his ability grew quickly. She had a great love for music, too, and Sergei often lay awake in bed at night and listened to her play the piano.
Sergei's parents found a famous music teacher for him. The teacher shouted at Sergei when he didn't practice reading and playing music. Sergei later wrote, “I wanted to compose great musical plays, and instead I was given all sorts of boring tasks.” Yet he persisted with his studies and grew up to be a great composer.
In 1936 a children's theater asked Sergei to write music that would teach children about different instruments. He was happy and wrote the piece in a week, calling it Peter and the Wolf.
Sergei's Peter and the Wolf was enjoyed by children as well as adults. The first time Sergei played the piece on the piano, the children listening to it loved it so much that they made him play the ending three extra times. He was excited.
Today Sergei Prokofiev is remembered not only for his contributions (贡献) to classical music, but also for his sense of fun.
1. When he was five, Sergei _____.A.could read music | B.experienced a famine |
C.created his first composition | D.wrote a story about his parents |
A.Hurried up. | B.Continued with. |
C.Put up with. | D.Walked away from. |
A.was a great success |
B.was one of Sergei's early works |
C.was written to teach children about the piano |
D.was played three extra times when first played |
A.The greatest 20th-century composer. | B.Sergei's contributions to music. |
C.Musical plays in Russia. | D.Sergei's musical stories. |
【推荐3】Carleen Hutchins finished building her first stringed instrument (弦乐器) in 1949, when she was 38. She is remembered as an excellent luthier. A luthier is a person who makes stringed instruments, such as violins and guitars.
Hutchins was a primary school science teacher. She took up the viola (中提琴) at 36. But she wasn’t satisfied with the viola she bought. Since she was a skilled woodworker, she decided to build one herself.
For more than 50 years, she carved (雕刻) stringed instruments. Hutchins worked from her home — often in her kitchen. She used a scientific method to carve them. Over the years, she made around 500 instruments. Her method is still used. It helps luthiers carve high-quality stringed instruments.
Hutchins also created a family of eight violins known as the violin octet. They change in size and tone (音调). “It’s how the instrument is carved that makes it a violin,” Joe McNalley says. He is the founder of the Hutchins Consort, a group that plays the octet.
The four instruments in the string family are violin, viola, cello, and bass. They cannot play the lowest or highest notes of the piano. They play the notes in between. Hutchins created a family of eight violins that play all the notes a piano plays.
D. Quincy Whitney has written a book about Hutchins. “For centuries, musicians had talked about creating a family of violins that had a total string sound as wide as a piano,” she said.
Hutchins was an artist and a scientist. A big part of her dream was to create top-quality instruments that were affordable. “Her story is about how one person can not only make a difference,” says Whitney, “but can change a whole world.”
1. Why did Hutchins start to make stringed instruments?A.She hoped to create a better viola. |
B.She was not satisfied with her career. |
C.She expected to be a skilled woodworker. |
D.She wanted to teach her students about music. |
A.She headed the Hutchins Consort. |
B.She is very good at playing the octet. |
C.She learned a simple method to make instruments. |
D.She is a pioneer in the design of stringed instruments. |
A.is easier to make | B.has the same size |
C.produces richer sounds | D.is less enjoyed by musicians |
A.Respectful. | B.Concerned. |
C.Doubtful. | D.Worried. |
【推荐1】A team of researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder have created a revolutionary type of robotic muscles. They are strong and flexible at the same time, can feel the movements they perform and, whenever they suffer damage, they can self-heal. However, what is best about them is probably the fact that they are extremely cheap to manufacture.
The robotic muscles have been called actuators, and have drawn inspiration from real-life muscles. By creating robots equipped with this kind of actuators, researchers would allow them to perform movements just like human muscles.
To make the robotic muscles work, they filled some flexible material with electrodes(电极)and with liquid and oil. Then, they applied some electricity, and the liquid and oil started moving around the electrodes and powered them. This way, the robotic muscles started contracting and relaxing just like real muscles, but a lot quicker.
Researchers also took inspiration from the variety of human muscles, and created more types of actuators, each of them performing a different movement. They called these robotic muscles HASEL ( Hydraulically-Amplified Self-healing Electrostatic). However, they are superior to biological muscles as they are stronger, faster, and more flexible.
Even the researchers were amazed they could develop such technology. Eric Acome, the author of one of the studies, explained what is unique about the robotic muscles.
“The ability to create electrically powered soft actuators that lift a gallon of water at several times per second is something we haven't seen before.”
These muscles are special because they are also self-healing. This property is given by the liquid placed inside of them, which also gives them a lot more advantages than those mechanisms (机械)using solids. In the end, the material which keeps the liquid, the oil and the electrodes is extremely cheap. It is a type of polymer (聚合物)similar to the one used for potato chips bags, and can be manufactures for only 10 cents.
1. What can we learn about actuators?A.They can heal on their own. | B.They are biological muscles. |
C.They can not move like human muscles. | D.They are slower to react than real muscles. |
A.Solids. | B.Liquid and oil. |
C.A type of polymer. | D.Potato chips bags. |
A.The origin of actuators. | B.The opinions on actuators. |
C.The advantages of actuators. | D.The significance of actuators. |
A.Health. | B.Culture. | C.Education. | D.Technology. |
【推荐2】In elementary school, Glenn Cameron was very aware of the challenges faced by his friend, Roger, who had lost a hand. Now he has built an artificial helper for him.
The robotic hand is called “Dexi”. Each of its fingers can move independently. The strength and speed of the hand’s “muscles” can be controlled. He’s also created a digital version of this hand, which responds on a computer screen. Through a special headset, the system takes electrical signals from a human brain, sends them to a computer, and then the computer “tells” the hand what to do. For example, to make the hand close, you “see” a fist in your head.
In fact, Cameron’s first robotic hand was 3D printed online. Realizing the hand was too limited, he decided to build his own. It was quite a challenge, but his new version was better. It was also cheap, compared to many other robotic hand projects. Cameron says designing and building the hand was hard, but he went on. Then came the one Roger is using.
Cameron is working on a hand that can actually be used by a person who’s lost a hand at present. He says the new hand will be simpler, because there won’t be as much space. To make up for this, he is adding a mini camera and trying to make the hand smarter.
Cameron encourages young people who think they might want to do something demanding and similar, “You just begin working towards it. Take one little step at a time, purposeful and steadfast, sooner or later you’re going to get to the place you long for.”
1. Which version of the artificial hand does Dexi belong to?A.The first. | B.The third. | C.The second. | D.The fourth. |
A.By operating the computer. | B.By sending electrical signals to the hand. |
C.By thinking. | D.By speaking. |
A.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. | B.All that glitters is not gold. |
C.All things are difficult before they are easy. | D.Well begun is half done. |
A.A robotic helper for the disabled. | B.Cameron’s story of success. |
C.The latest designs of artificial intelligence hands. | D.Cameron’s brain-controlled robotic hands. |
【推荐3】Today’s oceanographers use sonar (声波定位仪) instruments to produce a sound signal that is bounced(反弹) or “echoed” off the sea floor and then recorded on board the ship. The speed of sound in water is 1,500m per second, four times faster than the speed of sound in air. By carefully measuring the round-trip time of the sound waves and taking into account the variables of temperature and salinity (盐度), the depth of the water and the distance to another object can be measured accurately.
Taking soundings this way is time-consuming, especially in deep water. Today most depth measurements are made using an echo sounder. Instead of dropping a weight, a pulse (脉冲) of sound energy is transmitted (发射) electronically toward the bottom. The time it takes the pulse to travel to the bottom and be reflected back up to the surface is measured. From this time interval (间隔), the depth of the water can be calculated. When pulses are sent out and received in quick speed, an almost continuous recording of the ocean depth called a bottom profile may be obtained.
The sedimentary rocks (沉积岩) that exist on the ocean bottom are much younger than any similar rocks found on the continents. The central part of mud and rock brought back by deep-sea drilling ships vary greatly in age, but no deposits from the ocean floor seem to be more than about 200 million years old. This makes oceanic hard outer covering very young compared with the continents, which contain rocks up to about 4 billion years old.
1. From the passage we can learn that the speed of sound in air is ________.A.375m per second |
B.6,000m per second |
C.250m per second |
D.350m per second |
A.they can use sonar instruments at the bottom of the water |
B.they can measure the speed of light on board the ship |
C.the can measure the distance between two objects at the bottom of the water |
D.they can measure the time of sound waves by using an echo sounder |
A.scientists used to drop a weight to the bottom of the water to measure the depth of the water |
B.the distance from one object to another can be measured by dropping a weight |
C.scientists used to use an echo sounder to measure the depth of the water |
D.scientists have to measure the speed of sound first if they want to measure the depth of the water |
【推荐1】In six states in the USA, drivers are forbidden to use cell phones while operating a vehicle. In 19 states, anyone who is behind the wheel of a car will get a ticket for text messaging. While cell phone may distract people when they are supposed to be paying attention to traffic, some feel that these laws are an invasion of privacy.
With the increase in the popularity of cell phones, more and more people are using them while driving. Police officers have found talking on hand-held or even hands-free phones while driving is becoming the cause of more and more crashes. As a matter of fact, talking on a cell phone does reduce the brain activities associated with driving by 37 percent. In nearly 25 percent of crashes, police officers have reported that cell phones have had a distracting effect on the drivers. Although evidence shows that using a cell phone while driving can cause traffic crashes, many people believe that they have a right to privacy in their own vehicle.
Privacy advocates have been attempting to define privacy as a fundamental human right. In America privacy is not guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, but the Supreme Court has ruled that citizens be granted a right against government intrusion (侵犯). This is one of the reasons why advocates believe that giving fines for doing something as simple as talking on the phone goes against the privacy of the individual. People are free to do what they feel like doing, but if it has the potential to harm others, then there should be laws stopping this behavior.
Just as a citizen of a country has freedom of speech but it is still not allowed to yell “fire” in a crowed movie theater, people should not be allowed to talk on a cell phone while navigating their way through traffic. Last year at any time during the daytime, there were 800,000 individual text messaging or making phone calls with hand-held cell phones. That same year, 6,000 people died in automobile accidents related to cell phone use. These statistics show that cell phone use in a vehicle can put one's life in danger.
1. Why are privacy advocates upset?A.They think the fines are too high. |
B.They believe a basic right is being violated. |
C.They want to change the Constitution. |
D.They want more citizens’ right. |
A.Cell phone use can be dangerous. |
B.Governments shouldn't limit cell phone use. |
C.Privacy is a basic human right. |
D.Text messaging is acceptable while driving. |
A.Citizens have a right to privacy. |
B.Text messaging is not too dangerous. |
C.Evidence concludes that it is risky. |
D.Friends should connect with each other with cell phones. |
【推荐2】This past weekend my wife and 1 had the opportunity to be in Colorado for a school reunion.On Saturday, we decided to take a day trip up to the mountains for a hike.The hike started at Echo Lake, near the base of the beautiful Mt Evans.The path would follow a river up the mountain to another lake.
We crossed the river a few times on wooden planks and walked through some thick trees slowly and unsteadily but eventually we made it to the lake.It was absolutely beautiful and definitely worth the hike.But we noticed that the path continued up the mountain further.We had plenty of water and a little more energy so we decided to keep going and see where it led.
The path got steeper from there and sometimes it was hard to find.But we stuck with it because every quarter mile the trees would open up and we’d get an amazing view of the mountains around us.Eventually, the path led us to another lake that was even more beautiful than the first.
We were about to stop and eat lunch, having reached our destination, when my wife noticed a waterfall at one end of the lake.We could see that the path we were on continued up the mountain to what must be the source of the waterfall.Having seen it, we knew we had to try and make it.
During the next mile of hiking we had to trudge through dark, sticky mud and then hop on logs and rocks across rivers.The last half mile was really steep, and we had to hike through the thick snow which was far beyond our expectations.The altitude was starting to affect us as the air got thin and our muscles ached.
Eventually, we made it to the top and found one of the most beautiful sights I have ever had the privilege to see.At the top there was yet another lake, with amazingly blue water, the snow-capped mountains reflected on its surface.It was breathtaking.
I learned a lesson about setting goals that day.
1. Why did the writer and his wife go to Colorado?A.To hike in the mountain for a day. |
B.To visit Echo Lake near Mt Evans. |
C.To attended a get-together with classmates. |
D.To be reunited with former colleagues at school. |
A.Tough. | B.Easy. | C.Flat. | D.Even. |
A.The steep cliff. | B.The thick snow. |
C.The waterfall. | D.The muddy path. |
A.Great energy is just for a great purpose. |
B.The secret of success is to firm the target. |
C.A person can only address a limited goal. |
D.We’ll never reach the end of our goals sometimes. |
Written by Margaret Mitchell, American
It was published in 1936 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The novel is one of the most popular of all time, and an American film adaptation of the same name released in 1939 became the highest grossing(票房) film in the history of Hollywood and received a record-breaking number of Academy Awards.
Mitchell’s book relates the story of rebellious(叛逆的) Georgia woman named Scarlett O’Hara and her suffering with friends, family and lovers in the middle of antebellum(战前的) South, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Period. It also tells the story of love that blossomed between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett Butler.
The Song of Ice and Fire
Written by George Raymond Richard Martin, American
The novel tells us a series of fantastic stories on the mainland of mid-century, including court struggles, battlefield killings, travel adventures and magic counterbalance(抗衡). The author shaped more than 100 characters. The whole book contains seven chapters, forming an impressive picture. The Song of Ice and Fire emphasizes the struggle of human nature, which was adapted into a TV series, attracting audience at home and abroad.
The Bad Kids
Written by ZiJin Chen, Chinese
The Hidden Corner is a popular TV series adapted from the novel. It includes a tense crime and mistery drama, unexpectedly pitiful childhood, family ties and the severe realities of life. Since its release in June, The Hidden Corner has quickly become one of the country’s most discussed and watched shows.
1. What can we know about Gone with the Wind?A.It won the most Academy Awards. |
B.A great many characters were shaped |
C.It was the most popular when published. |
D.There were some adventurous and magic plots. |
A.mid-century | B.modern times |
C.the Reconstruction Period | D.the American Civil War |
A.They are hits at home and abroad. |
B.They have been adapted for the screen. |
C.They are written by American authors. |
D.They have got the top grossing of their times. |