Federal laws have been in place to protect archaeological (考古学的) resources for more than a century.
Yet theft, vandalism, and looting continue to pose serious threats to our cultural resources, and land managing agencies, tribal communities, and others are faced with the challenge of protecting heritage sites. A 2010 National Park Service report revealed that more than 3,000 cases of vandalism and looting on federal lands were documented within a 3-year period, and many more are likely unreported. Destructive behaviors range from the harmful act of artifact collecting to the criminal activity of looting and grave robbing.
Ancestral sites and surface artifacts are abundant in the Southwest. These material remains maintain connections to ancient traditions and cultural identity.
A.It is of primary importance to work with local police. |
B.Signs of these activities are found across the landscape. |
C.Therefore, they are of cultural and spiritual importance. |
D.There is no single or easy solution to this serious problem. |
E.They serve as significant contributors to local and national economies. |
F.The Antiquities Act, passed in 1906, was the first measure taken to preserve sites. |
G.It forbids the damage to archaeological resources on public lands without a permit. |
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【推荐1】The city of Quanzhou in East China's Fujian province, one of the most important Chinese ports along the historic maritime(海运的)Silk Road, reported new findings about archaeological(考古的)efforts from 2019 to 2020, experts said at a meeting held in Quanzhou from Friday to Saturday.
"The latest research results on iron-making remains in Quanzhou's Anxi county showed that it used to make lots of iron and steel, important goods of trade along the historic maritime Silk Road, mainly during the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty," says Shen Ruiwen, a famous archaeologist.
Two other sites were discovered and identified as remains of regulatory bodies(监管机构)that existed within the two dynasties. One of them managed affairs related to the emperors' relatives, and the other served similar functions as today's customs. Shen said, "The two ancient organizations showed that Quanzhou once provided effective support for ocean trade."
Another finding exposed was the development of china-making technology from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty in Dehua county, as is evidenced in the thousands of relics(遗迹)that were dug out.
"Quanzhou is a city of in historical significance because it preserved the continuous track of urban planning and construction from the late Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty," says Shen. Experts say the city will continue with research on some of the sites included in the project and carry out long-term plans.
1. What's the purpose of writing the first paragraph?A.To present an argument. |
B.To lead in the topic of the text. |
C.To add some supporting details. |
D.To provide background information. |
A.Silk. | B.Farm products. | C.Green tea. | D.Iron and steel. |
A.It once served as the Capital. |
B.It once helped a lot for ocean trade. |
C.It was once the education center of the world. |
D.It developed fast from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. |
A.Culture. | B.Environment. | C.Education. | D.Health. |
【推荐2】Fruitful achievements of nearly a century of archaeological (考古的) exploration at the world heritage site Yin Ruins are now concentrated in the newly inaugurated building of Yinxu Museum along the banks of the Huanhe River in Anyang, Central China’s Henan Province.
The exterior design of the newly constructed museum building draws inspiration from the Shang Song in the Book of Songs, featuring green grass platforms, towering bronze sculptures, and layered depths, all enveloped in bronze color.
The new Yinxu Museum building houses about 22,000 square meters of exhibition halls, displaying nearly 4,000 sets of artifacts including bronzeware, pottery, jade artifacts, oracle bones, and more. The vast quantity and diverse types of exhibited artifacts represent the pinnacle of Shang Dynasty artifact exhibitions. Among them, over three-quarters of precious artifacts are making their public debut, showcasing a series of new archaeological achievements.
The new building features three basic exhibitions focusing on the Shang civilization, with four thematic exhibitions and one distinctive immersive digital exhibition. The immersive digital exhibition fully utilizes technologies such as artificial intelligence and multimedia resources to present artifacts, documents and oracle bone inscriptions in innovative ways.
Tang Jigen, one of the exhibition planners and a research fellow at the Institute of Archaeology, CASS, told the Global Times that many overseas museums have strongly supported the construction of the museum. They have provided images and detailed materials of their bronzeware collections to meet the needs of the exhibition. “These museums and archaeologists are very interested in China’s latest progress and research on the Yin Ruins and the Shang civilization, and are eager for more opportunities for exchanges,” he said.
1. What do you know about the Yinxu Museum?A.It has been put into use for a long time. |
B.It is located in Hunan province. |
C.A huge variety of artifacts are displayed in it. |
D.Its interior design draws inspiration from the Shang Song in the Book of Songs. |
A.By listing numbers. | B.By giving an example |
C.By making a comparison. | D.By describing details |
A.To show how distinctive it is. | B.To present exhibits in innovative ways. |
C.To better focus on the Shang civilization. | D.To display the latest technological achievements. |
A.Tang Jigen works for Yinxu Museum. |
B.Many overseas museums provide support only during the construction of the museum. |
C.Some detailed materials of bronzeware collections have been transported overseas for exchanges. |
D.There have already been some exchanges between the Yinxu museum and overseas museum. |
【推荐3】Rome wasn't built in a day. And neither was the Roman subway system. Underground work is slow going, because construction workers often meet with frescoes(壁画) and other valuable stone foundations thousands of years ago. And a few years ago, they found the wooden foundations of a luxurious porch from a Roman building.
So local archaeologists called in Mauro Bernabei of the National Research Council of Italy. He's a dendrochronologist: someone who analyzes tree rings, which give age and environmental information.
"We have to study wood because it's full, really full, of information!" Bernabei and his team found that the wooden planks were oak(橡木). But the wood's origin was harder to determine. So they compared the tree rings in the oak floor to those available in libraries of tree rings that contain timber from all over Europe. And they found a match for the Roman wood—from the Jura region of eastern France, more than 600 miles away.
The researchers also determined that it was used in about 40 to 60 B.C. And some came from trees already up to 300 years old when they were cut down. The details are in the journal PLOS ONE.
The discovery is the first clear evidence of oak from north of the Alps being used to build ancient Rome. And it's a reminder that the Romans had a complex trading network. These trees, for example, likely floated down two rivers, across the Mediterranean and up another river to Rome.
Bernabei says Roman archaeologists usually destroy ancient wood—it's not as valuable as jewelry and vases and frescos. But he's hoping this study might change their minds."Save the wood, yes! And call me,if you don't want to save—please, call me!"He says.
1. Why does the subway in Rome go slowly?A.It is hard to dig up the earth in Rome. |
B.There are many ancient ruins buried here. |
C.It is very dangerous to work too fast in Rome |
D.The Roman are not experienced in building subways |
A.The wealth in ancient Rome |
B.The trading information of ancient Rome |
C.The culture of ancient Rome |
D.The social relations of ancient Rome |
A.The stone | B.The subway |
C.The French wood | D.The Roman foundation |
A.Scientists found some information about ancient Rome |
B.Wood was not as valuable as stones in ancient Rome |
C.Only the rich people in ancient Rome could use wood |
D.Ancient Rome could have a rich trading network. |
【推荐1】The Yurok people have lived along the Klamath River, which flows from the Cascades in Oregon southwest through Northern California, for thousands of years, protecting the region and river from which they — and others — draw sustenance (生计).
But as development and pollution continue to reduce the number of fish in the river and the quantity and quality of its waters, the Yurok Tribe is legalizing (合法化) the tribe’s longstanding care by granting the Rights of Personhood to the Klamath, the first river in North America to have such rights declared.
The Yurok Tribal Council’s May 2019 resolution means the river has the same legal rights as a human under tribal law. This order allows people to bring law cases on behalf of the river when its rights are violated. According to the resolution, the tribe’s intention is to provide a legal basis for safeguarding the river and its ecosystem, especially in the face of water diversion, industrial pollution, and climate change impacts, among other threats. In a testimony (证词) delivered to the U. S. House of Representatives in October 2019, Yurok Tribe Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said this legal framework could create a path to ward a more thoughtful view of the rights of nature in other communities and courts, and that any money awarded by the Yurok courts will fund cleanup and restoration projects to remedy the litigated harms.
The Yurok Tribe’s resolution draws lessons from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and echoes the efforts of other Indigenous tribes, including the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, which adopted the Rights of wild rice, in December 2018. “This is a very important step forward in the Rights of Nature movement,” Mari Margil, Associate Director of the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund commented.
1. Which of the following can be used to describe Yurok people?A.A conqueror. | B.A guardian. | C.A governor. | D.A consumer. |
A.The process of legalization. | B.The tradition of Yurok tribe. |
C.The reason behind the legalization. | D.The importance of the Klamath River. |
A.Win an award in cleanup projects. |
B.Protect the personhood of the river. |
C.Fight against global water pollution. |
D.Improve the government legal system. |
A.Time and tide wait for no man. |
B.Birds of a feather flock together. |
C.Past experience is a guide for the future. |
D.All things are difficult before they are easy. |
【推荐2】Michael Jackson had Bubbles, a chimpanzee(黑猩猩). Justin Bieber had Og Mally, a capuchin(卷尾猴), until it was seized by German customs officials and put in a zoo. Rihanna has been photographed bottle-feeding a baby monkey on holiday. The stars would find few fans in the British government, which on December 12, 2020 placed new restrictions on keeping primates(灵长目动物)as pets. Somewhere between 1,000 and 5,000 marmoserts, lemurs, tamarins and other little species of primates are kept in private ownership in Britain, the government says, often bored to misery.
One of the benefits of cutting loose from the European continent is that Britain can fully express its passion for animals. Politicians are only too happy to work for it, for pet-friendly policies are cheap and popular. In the previous election, the Tory Party promised to help reunite missing pets with their owners by making it compulsory to put chips into the bodies of cats and dogs, and to deal with animal smuggling(走私). The Labour Party promised to ban the live-boiling of lobsters in restaurants.
Yet, Britain’s animal welfare laws are already among the most comprehensive in the world, according to the Animal Protection Index.
Wild animals in traveling circuses were banned by law last year, but a decreasing public appetite for parades of elephants and tigers balanced on chairs had already put an end to the business. By the time the ban came into force, only two licensed animal circuses were left in Britain. Members of Parliament are moved by the sad loss of pets because of motor accidents. James Daly has proposed Gizmo’s Law, named after a cat, the victim of a hit-and-run accident, which was burned without its owner’s knowledge. The law requires that dead animals be brought back from the roadside to scan them for microchips, so that they can be reunited with their brokenhearted owners rather than being burned without their names being known. A draft bill in 2018 proposed criminalizing drivers who failed to stop after striking a cat. Hit-and-runs on dogs, pigs, goats and humans are already illegal.
1. What does the author want to introduce by mentioning the three stars in Paragraph 1?A.A recent pet-friendly policy in Britain. |
B.British people’s passion for animals. |
C.A trend towards keeping primates as pets. |
D.The present situation of primates in Britain. |
A.They’re two-faced about animal welfare. |
B.They disapprove of European animal welfare. |
C.They used to blame each other on animal welfare. |
D.They devoted to making laws on animal welfare. |
A.To track the hit-and-run driver. |
B.To help the animals find their way home. |
C.To inform their owners of the accidents. |
D.To find out the exact locations of the accidents. |
A.Animal welfare: all you need to know |
B.Could Britain be a leader in animal welfare? |
C.Could animal welfare plans be smart politics? |
D.Animal welfare: a favorite issue for politicians. |
【推荐3】Hold your smartphone, smile at the front camera, and click! You get a selfie. There is no doubt that this photo is yours. But if a monkey takes a selfie, does the camera owner have the right to decide how to use it?
Recently, this question has caused a problem between Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization, and British wildlife photographer David J. Slater.
In 2011, Slater was visiting a park in Indonesia when a macaque(猕猴) got hold of one of his cameras. “They were quite naughty, jumping all over my equipment,” Slater told The Telegraph, “and it looked like they were already posing for the camera when one hit the button.” The result was hundreds of monkey selfies. The best of images was a female macaque grinning toothily into the lens.
This week, the grinning monkey selfie returned to the news when Wikimedia refused Slater’s request to take the photos down from Wikimedia Commons, a website that is run by the organization and offers free images. 5
According to Wikimedia, anyone who downloads the monkey selfie, or any of the millions of images on the site, can “copy and use any works here freely as long as they follow what the author says.” The question that arose here was whether Slater, who had not held the camera, set up the shot, or pressed the shutter(快门) button, could be considered the photographer of the monkey selfie. Wikimedia’s position on this was clear: as the work of a non-human animal, this photo has no human author who owns the copyright.”
Only authors of creative works, like a piece of writing or a song, own copyrights. In terms of photos, US copyright law says whoever pushes the button on the camera owns the copyright to the image produced, which means that if tourists ask you to take a photo of them, and you happen to hit the shutter button at the exact moment that Justin Bieber, a Canadian singer, made faces behind them. You, as the photographer, would have the photo’s copyright and sell it. The tourists, who own the camera on which the photo was taken and asked you to take the photo don’t get the right to use it without you allowing them to. All this has been complicated by the appearance of surveillance cameras(监控摄像头), smart phones, and large-scale photography projects for which assistants often press the shutter button to produce works whose copyrights belong to their boss.
Slater seems to be thinking along these lines. He says that buying the cameras, spending thousands of pounds to transport himself to Indonesia, and allowing the monkeys to “steal” his cameras makes him the author of the image, regardless of who pushed the button. “In law, if I have an assistant then I still own the copyright,” he told the “Today” Show. “I believe in this case, the monkey was my assistant.”
If that seems unfair, think about this. If a person left her laptop in a café, and a poet picked it up, opened up a word-processing program, and typed out a poem which turned out to be the best poem of this generation, could she ask for much more than her laptop back?
1. Why did Wikidmedia refuse to take down the monkey selfie?A.According to Wikidmedia, David J. Slater is not the author and thus has no copyright of the selfie. |
B.Wikidmedia believes any human owns the copyright of the monkey copyright. |
C.It aims to make profits by posting the selfie on the site. |
D.Wikidmedia had got Slater’s permission in advance. |
A.To raise an example of exception against the US copyright law |
B.To prove that the owner of the camera has the copyright |
C.To explain what the US copyright between different parties |
D.To reveal the argument of the copyright between different parties. |
A.supportive |
B.doubtful |
C.approving |
D.indifferent |
A.Wikidmedia’s position on copyrights |
B.Who owns the copyright of a Monkey Selfie? |
C.A female macaque grinning toothily |
D.On the copyrights of selfies |