【推荐1】Back in freshman year, I found myself wondering whether it should really be called “volunteering” if students only do it because they have to.

I started volunteering at Weyrich Health Center, helping elderly patients with daily tasks. The more I did these tasks, the more disconnected I felt from the seniors.            Though I felt bad for them, I did not want to communicate with them.

Then one rainy day, I met Colonel Hemsworth. He invited me to his table and asked for some company. I regarded this as another boring task. However, listening to his stories, I learned that he was a brilliant war veteran(老兵), and I found his tales interesting.

After my brief talk with the Colonel, I realized that I shared common characters with all the seniors. I felt like an oxygen molecule(分子)—ready to form a relationship—rather than an isolated(孤立的) gas.

I met with many learned senior citizens who shared their experiences and wisdom. No longer did I walk aimlessly down the hallways. I found myself enjoying talking with these people as I learned their histories. Why hadn’t I realized sooner that volunteer work could enlighten me?

Some argue that volunteering and working for change does not help. However, they fail to realize that the world is constantly changing and humans must adapt. My experience at Weyrich Health Center has taught me that refusing to change one’s views and accept new ones leads to short-term goals that finally disappear. Communication with others is an important part of life. Volunteering is not just a requirement or a way to improve your resume, it is a time for service and personal growth.

Now I enjoy volunteering my time surrounded by seniors who bring history alive for me. By communicating with them, I have developed into a more dynamic person.

1. What’s the author’s attitude towards volunteering at first?

A．Positive.	B．Doubtful.
C．Satisfied.	D．Unwilling.

2. Why did Colonel Hems worth invite the author to his table?

A．He liked the author very much.

B．He wanted to work with the author.

C．He wanted the author to accompany him.

D．He planned to teach the author something.

3. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Para.4?

A．The author would like to be an oxygen molecule.

B．The author had desire to communicate with the seniors.

C．The author wanted to do a chemical experiment with gas.

D．The author imagined himself being part of an isolated gas.

4. What does the sixth paragraph mainly tell us?

A．Other people’s attitude towards volunteering.

B．The importance of communicating with others.

C．The lessons the author has learned from volunteering.

D．The important meaning of humans adapting to changes.

【推荐2】When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings(缺点). Week by week her list grew: I was very thin, I wasn’t a good student, I talked too much, I was too proud, and so on. I tried to bear all this as long as I could. At last, I became very angry. I ran to my father with tears in my eyes.

He listened to me quietly, then he asked. “Are the things she says true or not? Janet, didn’t you ever wonder what you’re really like ? Well, you now have that girl’s opinion. Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said.”

I did as he told me. To my great surprise, I discovered that about half the things were true. Some of them I couldn’t change (like being very thin), but a good number I could—and suddenly I wanted to change. For the first time I go to fairly clear picture of myself.

I brought the list back to Daddy. He refused to take it.“That’s just for you,” he said.“You know better than anyone else the truth about yourself. But you have to learn to listen, not just close your ears in anger and feeling hurt. When something said about you is true, you’ll find it will be of help to you. Our world is full of people who think they know your duty. Don’t shut your ears. Listen to them all, but hear the truth and do what you know is the right thing to do.”

Daddy’s advice has returned to me at many important moments. In my life, I’ve never had a better piece of advice.

1. What did the father do after he had heard his daughter’s complaint?

A．He told her not to pay any attention to what her“enemy” had said.

B．He criticized (批评) her and told her to overcome her shortcomings.

C．He told her to write down all that her“enemy” had said about her and pay attention only to the things that were true.

D．He refused to take the list and have a look at it.

2. What does “Week by week her list grew” mean?

A．Week by week she discovered more shortcomings of mine and pointed them out to me.

B．She had made a list of my shortcomings and she kept on adding new ones to it so that it was growing longer and longer.

C．I was having more and more shortcomings as time went on.

D．Week by week, my shortcomings grew more serious.

3. Why did her father listen to her quietly?

A．Because he believed that what her daughter’s “enemy” said was mostly true.

B．Because he had been so angry with his daughter’s shortcomings that he wanted to show this by keeping silent for a while.

C．Because he knew that his daughter would not listen to him at that moment.

D．Because he wasn’t quite sure which girl was telling the truth.

4. Which do you think would be the best title for this passage?

A．Not an Enemy, but the Best Friend

B．The Best Advice I’ve Ever Had

C．My Father

D．My Childhood

【推荐3】阅读下面短文，根据短文内容按照每题的具体要求回答问题。（答案写在答题卡上相应题号后的横线上）

Born in 1949, Diana Nyad took an early interest in swimming as a sport and was a Florida State High School swimming champion. Like many young athletes, she had Olympic dreams, but a serious illness kept her from competing in the Games. The disappointment didn’t stop her from going forward. Instead, she became interested in marathon swimming. A brilliant athlete, she was well-conditioned for spending long periods of time in the water. As a long-distance swimmer, she would compete against herself and the obstacles presented by distance, danger, cold, and exhaustion.

For ten years Nyad devoted herself to becoming one of the world’s best long-distance swimmers. In 1970, she swam a ten-mile marathon in Lake Ontario, setting the women’s record for the course. In 1972 she set another record by swimming 102.5 miles from an island in the Bahamas to the coast of Florida. Then she broke a third record when swimming around Manhattan Island in 1975.

Nyad attempted to swim the distance between Florida and Cuba in 1978. Though the span of water is less than 100 miles wide, it is rough and dangerous. After battling the water for two days, she had to give up for the sake of her own health and safety. Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed. For Nyad her strength of purpose was just as important as reaching Cuba. That is how she defined success. It did not matter that her swim came up short; she believed she had touched the other shore.

When Nyad ended her career as a swimmer, she continued to try new things---travelling the world as a reporter, writing books and giving public speeches about her life. Diana Nyad works to inspire others, just as she did when she swam the waters of the world.

1. What prevented Nyad from taking part in the Olympic Games? (Not more than 5 words)
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What does the underlined word “obstacles” mean? (1 word)
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What achievement did Nyad make in 1970? (Not more than 10 words.)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Why did Nyad believe that she had touched the other shore? (Not more than 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Please explain how you are inspired by Nyad. (Not more than 20 words)
_____________________________________________________________________

【推荐1】Jon Pedley is making a big change. He is giving up his life as a successful businessman for life of helping others. He is trading his beautiful farmhouse in England for life in a mud hut it Uganda, East Africa.

Pedley admits that he has not always led a very positive life. At times he drank too much and got in trouble with the law. “I’ve always put the pursuit(追求) of money in front of everything else. As long as I was all right, I didn’t care who I was hurting,” says Pedley.

But a visit to Uganda in 2007 gave Pedley a new outlook(观点) on life. He was amazed at what he saw and how much the people there appreciated the work he was doing. “I worked there for a few days and these people who have nothing thanked me by giving me bags of potatoes, which are a fortune for them,” he said.

Now Pedley is selling his business, his $1.5 million farmhouse, and his expensive car — and moving into a hut made of mud and boards in a small Ugandan village. There he will help run an organization that hopes to improve the quality of life for people in the village of Kigazi. He will help to build schoolrooms for children and tanks to hold clean water for villagers. Today, people in Kigazi must walk two miles to a hospital, so Pedley will help to build doctors’ offices, too.

Pedley’s organization will also work with English teenagers who are in trouble. The teens will be sent to a “camp” in Uganda that Pedley will run. The teens will live in mud huts and help to build water, health and education facilities(设备) for kids in Kigazi, many of whom have lost their parents due to poverty or disease. Pedley hopes the teens will see a side of life that might help them turn around their own lives and set them on a new and more positive path.

1. Which of the following can best describe Pedley’s life in the past?

A．Positive.	B．Colorful.
C．Independent.	D．Selfish.

2. What will Pedley do in the small Ugandan village?

A．Grow potatoes with the local people.	B．Teach English in the local school.
C．Assist villagers with construction work.	D．Help to attract more tourists to the village.

3. Why will Pedley work with English teenagers who are in trouble?

A．To encourage them to make friends with locals.

B．To encourage them to live a more positive life.

C．To train them to become doctors in the future.

D．To make them learn about different cultures.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．From a millionaire to living in a mud hut	B．A life-changing adventure
C．A rich man becoming homeless	D．A grateful businessman

【推荐2】Before Douglas Engelbart, computers were as big as rooms and used mostly for handling numbers. But in the late 1960s, Engelbart invented almost everything your personal computer has today: a mouse, hypertext, screen sharing and more. Engelbart was adding real-time edits, graphics, hyper-linking and sharing screens — all before the birth of the World Wide Web. “The digital revolution is far more significant than the invention of writing or even of printing,” said Engelbart, and as it turns out, he held all the right cards.

If he’d been British, Engelbart would have been knighted (授爵), but the Portland, Oregon, native instead lived out the rest of his years as an unsung hero, trying to fry even bigger fish in Silicon Valley. His blueprint of the Internet was totally different from today’s profit-driven, streamlined version. Engelbart imagined an information system built on the backbones of cooperation and education, all meant to enhance the collective human mind. He wanted a computerized network of real-time, human-wide cooperation, with the open-source spirit of Wikipedia and the purposefulness of Change.org.

By the late 70s and early 80s, Engelbart and his ideas were cast aside in favour of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, along with their profit-generating vision for personal computing, and a user-friendly approach to the Internet. Engelbart’s team of researchers abandoned him, and he had a lesser position at a company called Tymshare while still battling with his pie-in-the-sky visions of a better world. Even worse, when Engelbart’s mouse invention gained widespread use years later, he never gained the profits — it had been licensed to Apple for around $40,000, Engelbart revealed.

And if Engelbart had won? “Hard to say,” says Jefferson of the Internet Archive in San Francisco. “The Web was bound to grow in ways its founders never intended,” he says. He notes his belief that the same spirit of knowledge-sharing and cooperation Engelbart tirelessly pushed for will one day become part of our fast-evolving Internet, even if a commercial layer clouds the original vision. But even so, fame is difficult to achieve; it often ridicules great thinkers like Galileo or Tesla, only to meet them decades after death. Granted, Engelbart was eventually allowed into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998, and into the Pioneers Circle in the Internet Hall of Fame after his death, but the heart of his dream has yet to be realized.

1. The expression “his pie-in-the-sky visions of a better world” in Para 3 refers to ________.

A．the function of computer data processing

B．a real-time video chat on the Internet

C．a user-friendly approach to the Internet

D．an Internet of knowledge-sharing and cooperation

2. Most probably Engelbart’s greatest regret was that ________.

A．he was too crazy about his vision of the Internet when totally ignored

B．he was not profitably rewarded for his landmark inventions of computer

C．he was admitted to the U. S. National Inventors Hall of Fame too late

D．the Internet was commercially oriented against his original intention

3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Engelbart rose and fell in his all-out battle over the future of the Internet.

B．Engelbart could have succeeded in the Internet with his landmark inventions.

C．Engelbart’s achievements have never been recognized.

D．Engelbart didn’t get any profit for his mouse invention.

4. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A．Who Benefits from the Internet?

B．Who Lost the Internet Wars?

C．Who pioneered the World Wide Web?

D．Who Commercialized the Internet?

【推荐3】Susan Brownell Anthony was a lady ahead of her time. She fought for women's rights long before it became a popular event.

Susan was born on February 15, 1820, in Adams, Massachusetts. At that time, women had few rights. They could not own property（财产）. Money earned by a married woman belonged to her husband. Major decisions involving children were made by the fathers. Women could not vote.

At the age of 15, Susan became a schoolteacher. She taught for 15 years. Then she began organizing women's groups to promote rights that were important to women. She helped gain better educational rights for women. She helped give married women possession of their earnings.

After the Civil War, Susan became very involved in the women's voting movement. After years of lecturing, writing, and appealing by Susan and other women, some parts of the United States changed their laws to give women the right to vote. The first state was Wyoming in 1869. Other areas and states gradually followed Wyoming's decision. It was not until 1920 that the U. S. Constitution（宪法）was changed to give all women voting rights.

Susan Brownell Anthony died in 1906 at the age of 86. She was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1950. She was the first American woman to have a likeness（肖像）of her face on a coin. It was the 1979 Susan Brownell Anthony dollar.

1. What was the situation of American women like when Susan was born？

A．They had low social place.

B．They could vote after getting married.

C．They managed money for their husbands.

D．They were responsible for decision-making.

2. What is the third paragraph mainly about？

A．Susan's teaching experiences.

B．Susan's educational background.

C．Susan's efforts to stop slavery.

D．Susan's fighting for women's rights.

3. What does the underlined word "decision" in the fourth paragraph refer to？

A．Promoting the social movement.

B．Changing the U. S. Constitution.

C．Giving women voting rights.

D．Uniting other areas and states.

4. What may be the best title for the passage？

A．The first American woman to invent coins

B．The problem of women's rights in the U. S.

C．The most popular women organization

D．A pioneer in fighting for women's rights

【推荐1】In March, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio ended a decade-long citywide ban on cellphone in public schools and left them to make up their own rules because he argued that by denying access for some students, the city was exacerbating(使加重) the achievement gap in students’ performance.

Two researchers from the London School of Economics, Richard Murphy and Louis Philippe Beland argued that this might have the opposite effect because students are not generally using their phones to assist in their classroom work during school. "Schools could significantly reduce the education achievement gap by prohibiting cellphones use in schools, and so by allowing phones in schools, New York may unintentionally increase the inequalities of outcomes," they told CNN.

However, some educators have come to embrace the technology in their students' pockets. Teacher Ken Halla has been teaching world history and Advanced Placement for 22 years but his students' cellphone ownership forced him to adapt to his classroom dynamics where he no longer is the single authority lecturing, according to the National Education Association(NEA). He now roams(漫步) the classroom and encourages students to use their cellphones to help them complete their assignments, this way they are less likely to let their devices distract themselves.

"It's harder to do negative behavior when the phones are out and the teacher is walking around." Mr Halla told the NEA. "I've always been that type of person who likes to adapt and change as time goes on. Otherwise, I wouldn't still be teaching many years down the road."

1. Why was the ban on cellphones stopped in New York public schools?

A．Because it negatively affected students' health.

B．Because it limited most students' progress.

C．Because it brought about unexpected side effects.

D．Because it was requested by parents and students.

2. How did the two researchers find New York's act?

A．Appreciative.	B．Meaningless.
C．Impractical.	D．Worrying.

3. What is Halla's class like?

A．Students can solve problems using cellphones.

B．Students can use cellphones at will.

C．The class focuses on how to use cellphones.

D．He is the only center of the entire class.

4. What does the phrase"that type of person"in the last paragraph refer to?

A．A tolerant one.	B．A humorous one.
C．An easy-going one.	D．An open-minded ones

【推荐2】Unlike any other art form, movies require hundreds of people and piles of money. With such financial risks, studios (电影公司) want to attract as many people as possible and make a big profit（利润）. I often complain that chasing profits ruins movies. Imagine if Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) had to satisfy investors for The Last Supper.

In May, Paramount released（发行） its trailer (预告片) for a live-action Sonic the Hedgehog movie. Everyone was excited – me too! I love this character, in part because he’s ridiculous（荒谬的）. Hedgehogs (刺猬) aren’t fast, nor are they blue. Had the game’s designers ever actually seen a hedgehog? Who cares? Sonic has always looked cool. Nobody would play a video game featuring a realistic hedgehog character.

When I saw the movie trailer, though, I worried. Sonic’s eyes were too far apart and his big teeth looked like they would eat my fingers. His body looked like a child wearing pajamas 睡衣）. Sonic didn’t look cool. He looked like the half-human result of a failed genetic (基因的) experiment.

You know the internet. People there will fight you for saying the sky is blue. This time, however, the internet stood together: Sonic looked TERRIBLE. People joked about it all over social media. Paramount couldn’t ignore this online outrage（愤怒） and quickly announced a redesign, at great cost to the company.

At first, I thought it was awesome. Back when I was a kid, there was no social media. We would have been stuck with creepy, crappy (怪异且蹩脚的) Sonic and his terrifying teeth. After the redesign, Sonic looks cooler than ever. I’m glad the studio broke its budget to get Sonic right.

But I’m a little worried, too. What if this starts a trend(趋势)? What if directors keep going to Sina Weibo or Twitter to make people happy? One thing I’ve learned in life is that if you try to make everybody happy, nobody will be happy.

If an art form only exists to make money by giving audiences what they expect, can we really call it “art” anymore? Some of my favorite movies are ones that nobody liked at first. Usually, what makes them good is the same thing that made them unpopular. Studios might end up with lots of money but we would end up with a lot of bad movies.

1. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text?

A．To describe his love of the hedgehog, Sonic.

B．To promote the movie Sonic the Hedgehog.

C．To complain about how bad Sonic looked in an earlier film trailer.

D．To express his concern over studios’ attempts to please audiences.

2. Why did the author get worried when he saw the movie trailer?

A．Sonic looked awful in the movie.	B．The story for the movie was boring.
C．They chose the wrong actor to play Sonic.	D．Sonic looked like a realistic hedgehog.

3. What does the underlined word “this” in the second-to-last paragraph refer to?

A．Making an effort to make profits.

B．Posting movie trailers on social media.

C．Making adjustments based on the audience’s preferences.

D．Creating good-looking images for movie characters.

4. Which of the following would the author probably agree with?

A．Great works of art are always disfavored at first.

B．A good movie could be unpopular at first.

C．A great movie is one that reflects its audience’s tastes.

D．The best movies will end up with great profits.

【推荐3】Researchers have recorded penguins making sounds underwater for the first time — the first time such behavior has been identified in seabirds. These animals, like other seabirds, are highly vocal on land. They are known to communicate when their heads are above the water in the ocean, possibly for the purposes of group formation.

However, until the latest study — published in the journal Zoological Science — it was not known whether penguins made sounds underwater, like some other air-breathing marine predators, such as whales and dolphins. For their research, a team of scientists led by Andréa from Nelson Mandela University in South Africa, wanted to investigate this issue. To do so, they fitted adult penguins from three species with video cameras featuring built-in microphones.

To the surprise of Andréa and her colleagues, the team recorded a total of 203 underwater vocalizations from the penguins in the underwater footage they captured over a month-long period in 2019. These are the first recordings of seabirds producing vocalizations underwater. “I couldn’t believe it. I had to replay it many times,” Andréa said.

The vocalizations that the team recorded — which sound like rapid whoops — were very short in duration, lasting about 0.06 seconds on average. And all of these sounds were emitted（发出）during dives in which the animals were searching for food. Currently, it is not clear why the penguins are making these sounds; however, they only produce them while hunting. In fact, more than 50 percent of the vocalizations were immediately preceded by an acceleration movement or followed by an attempt to hunt.

According to the researchers, this suggests that the sounds are related to hunting behavior — especially because the penguins tend to be alone when they make them, indicating that communication was not the purpose. The researchers guess that the penguins may be using the vocalizations to stun(使昏迷) their prey. However, much more research is required to determine why the penguins make these sounds, the scientists note.

1. How does Andréa’s team conduct the study about penguins?

A．By recording penguins’ sounds on land.

B．By fixing electronic devices on the penguins.

C．By observing penguins’ activities underwater.

D．By catching different kinds of adult penguins.

2. What can we infer from Andréa’s words in paragraph 3?

A．Penguins’ sounds are too low to hear.

B．She doubts if penguins could make sounds.

C．Penguins seldom make sounds underwater.

D．It’s not easy to obtain penguins’ sounds underwater.

3. When do penguins probably produce sounds underwater?

A．When they take a deep breath.

B．When they dive to hunt for food.

C．When they teach their babies diving.

D．When they communicate with their partners.

4. What is the scientists’ attitude towards the research results?

A．Cautious.	B．Negative.
C．Supportive.	D．Indifferent.

【推荐1】What kind of amusing activities will you participate in during your life? Will you be spending your free time doing safe sports with little danger or will you always be one of the first people to try the next popular extreme activity? Scientists have been interested in finding out why some people seem to prefer dangerous activities.

Although there are exceptions, researchers have found that in most cases men are less cautious than women. Men often try to impress women by proving that they are courageous and fearless, and they are more likely to take risks when women are watching them or when they are competing against other men.

Research also shows that as people get older they usually behave more responsibly and avoid taking unnecessary risks. In addition, when people are in stable relationships, they seem to be less attracted to daring activities.

Some people seem to be more daring than others, but there are many different types of risks and some people take one type of risk, but not another Psychologists have identified a number of categories of risk. These include financial risks, risks related to health and safety, amusing risks and social risks. Psychologists discover that some people will take risks in one area, but not in another. Just if a person enjoys bungee (蹦极) jumping, it doesn't mean he or she will take chances when investing (投资) money or that he will tell a joke to a group of strangers.

Interestingly, research shows that women take more social risks than men. They are more likely to make career changes as they get older and to express unpopular opinions in business meetings.

Yet, at the end of the day, the likelihood of particular people taking a risk depends on their personalities. In general, optimistic people are more likely to take risks because they focus on the possible positive outcomes of their actions. On the other hand, those with opposite personality are much more likely to avoid taking a chance.

1. What have researchers discovered about women?

A．They are always changing jobs.	B．They are good at doing business.
C．They are more willing to take risks.	D．They are more conservative than men.

2. Why do men try to prove they are brave?

A．To attract women to watch them.	B．To have favorable effects on women.
C．To announce risks are too dangerous.	D．To show their strength to the competitor.

3. What mainly determine whether people take risks possibly?

A．The potential consequences.	B．Their characters.
C．Their problems of finance.	D．The focuses of their work.

4. What is the text mainly talking about?

A．People's sense of taking risks.	B．Risks at people's different ages.
C．Different types of people's risks.	D．Risks between men and women.

【推荐2】Kids spend a lot of time looking at screens, and some parents worry, but a new study argues against the fears parents may feel.

“The danger is that they’re hearing a message that social media, digital technology use is causing very serious and harmful problems like depression（抑郁症) and suicide-related(与自杀有关的) behaviors. And the idea is that if you shut off social media, which lots of kids use to connect with each other, their friends, find out information about health, you could be making a situation worse. Parents are really being sent a message that is not supported by anything scientifically.” Candice Odgers, professor of psychological science at the University of California, said.

Odgers and her colleagues looked at the screen-related behavior of 400 public-school students in North Carolina aged 10 to 14. This group was picked as a representative sample of race and socioeconomic status for the entire U.S. The researchers found that the kids spent between almost five hours to seven hours per day on their devices, with the older kids online the most. That’s a lot of hours, but:

“Overall, what we find is no connection between the amount of time that young people spend online using digital technologies and mental health symptoms like depression and anxiety. When we do find associations, they were actually quite surprising to us. We found that young people who sent more text messages actually reported better mental health.

Now, again, this was a small association, but it reflects what other people have found: that people who are very connected offline and who use technology in the positive ways to stay connected often, are more connected online as well and experiencing better mental health.”

So why the fears about screen time? Odgers argues that the methodologies for older studies may have led to false conclusions.

“One of the issues with the research that’s been done to date has been that youths are, you know, in school.... They have a survey put in front of them, and they’re asked to recall(想), over the past six months, ‘How often are you online?’and ‘Have you ever felt depressed?’And the correlation (相互关系) between those two things has been used to spread a lot of fear around this connection between social media use and things like depression—99.5 percent of the reasons that kids differ in their depression are due to something other than the time they spend online.”

1. According to Professor Odgers, we know that___________.

A．social media is causing serious problems

B．digital technology is the cause of depression

C．parents are holding wrong ideas about social media

D．parents have showed too much concern for their children

2. Who are the respondents（受访者) of professor Odgers’ team’s research?

A．Kids all over America.

B．Kids and parents in North Carolina.

C．Kids with different family backgrounds.

D．A number of public elementary and middle school students.

3. What can we infer from paragraph 4?

A．The more screen time kids have, the less happy they are.

B．Kids who use social media more are not necessarily depressed.

C．Using digital technology has nothing to do with one’s health.

D．The relationship between digital technology and depression is unclear.

4. The research also tells us___________.

A．technology should be put to good use

B．kids who make more phone calls might be happier

C．we should pay more attention to mental health

D．we should enrich our lives by spending more time offline

5. What does the underlined word “methodologies” refer to?

A．Time and effort.	B．Aim and purpose.
C．Ideas and dreams.	D．Means and principles.

6. The problem with the old research is___________.

A．the sample is too small

B．the respondents are too young

C．not considering the time spent offline

D．deliberately(故意地) linking the Internet to mental issues

【推荐3】“Data is the new oil.” Like the sticky black thing, all those Is and 0s are of little use until they are processed into something more valuable. That something is you.

Five of the world’s ten most valuable companies are built on a foundation of tying data to human beings. Google and Facebook want to find out as much as possible about their users’ interests, activities, friends and family. Amazon has a detailed history of consumer behavior. Tencent and Alibaba are the digital wallets for hundreds of millions of Chinese; both know enough about consumers to provide widely used credit scores. Those with a good Zhima credit score, provided by Alibaba, enjoy discounts. Those without receive few offers. In other words, data are used to decide what sort of access people have to services.

That data are valuable is increasingly well-understood by individuals, too, especially because personal information is so often leaked（泄露）or stolen. The list of companies that have suffered some sort of data leak in 2018 alone reads like a roll call of household names: Facebook, Google, British Airways and so on. Such events have caused a switch in the public understanding of data collection. People have started to take notice of all the data they are giving away.

Yet few people have changed their online behavior or exercised what few digital rights they possess. Partly this is because managing your own data is time-consuming and complex. But it is more because of a misunderstanding of what is at risk. “Data” is an abstract concept. Far more solid is the idea of identity. It is only when “data” is understood to mean “people” that individuals will demand responsibility from those who seek to know them.

The fossils of past actions fuel future economic and social outcomes. Privacy rules and data-protection regulations are extremely important in protecting the rights of individuals. But the first step towards ensuring the fairness of the new information age is to understand that it is not data that are valuable. It is you.

1. The example of Zhima credit scores is mentioned to show __________.

A．data help companies target their services

B．credit scores change people’s way of life

C．Alibaba gains popularity among customers

D．people prefer to be offered discounts

2. What has caused a change in the public understanding of data collection?

A．The development of companies.	B．The history of consumption.
C．Cases of data leak and theft.	D．Lists of household names.

3. People don’t protect their data well mainly because __________.

A．they find it time-consuming and complex

B．they are not fully aware of its importance

C．they have no access to their personal data

D．they are afraid of taking responsibility

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A．To defend companies’ use of data.

B．To show the economic value of data.

C．To call for more regulations to protect data.

D．To advocate a new way of thinking about data.