Imagine that while walking through a park one day, you begin to notice strange things all around you. People in colorful clothes from centuries ago walk on the paths. A magician is doing amazing tricks. Musicians play strange music on strange instruments. Knights on horseback show their skills in riding competitions. The smell of roasting meat begins to make your mouth water. A pleasant voice shouts, “Good morrow!”
What is going on? Have you traveled back in time? In a way, yes. You have found yourself in the midst of a Renaissance fair(文艺复兴节)!Since the 1960s, Renaissance fairs have grown in popularity in the US and Canada. Communities in at least 44 states and two Canadian provinces now hold annual Renaissance fairs. Over 200 fairs are held every year, with 40 in California alone. The first Renaissance fair was started in the 1960s by a school teacher in Southern California named Phyllis Patterson. She wanted to give her students a real-life history experience, so she created the “Renaissance Fair” in her backyard. The rest, as they say, is history.
Since Renaissance fairs are “living history”, you might think they are designed to be mainly educational. It’s true that some people try to make the fairs as genuine as possible. However, for many others, the key word is entertainment. With all the musicians and magicians walking about, you will definitely be entertained. A renaissance fair will be a feast for your eyes and your ears, not to mention your stomach.
You can enjoy sampling the food and drink while watching parades and live animal displays. Browse through the booths(摊位) and admire the artwork and handcrafts. You are sure to be both educated and entertained. If you’re wondering how to dress to attend a Renaissance fair, that’s up to you. Some people go all out and dress up in costumes. Others just go in their normal, everyday clothes. However you dress, you’re sure to be overwhelmed by the sights and sounds and smells of a Renaissance fair. And if you have ever wanted to travel back in time, here’s your chance.
1. What is the first paragraph about?A.A chapter of a war novel. | B.A sight of the local market. |
C.A slow walking in the park. | D.A scene of Renaissance fairs |
A.To help her students become the master of history. |
B.To allow her students to pay in her backyard. |
C.To make her students experience history. |
D.To give her students an experience of life. |
A.communication | B.fun |
C.business | D.adventure |
A.you are free to dress for the fairs | B.you are taught to make art work |
C.you have to look after live animals | D.you can enjoy food free of charge |
A.Americans and Canadians like fairs more |
B.Attending Renaissance fairs is to be educated |
C.California is where modern fairs were born |
D.Renaissance fairs are more popular than ever |
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FESTIVALS IN LONDON |
London hosts each year a variety of celebrations and festivals. All of them are national and Foreign holidays. Below we show you the most amazing holidays and festivals in London. |
New Year's Day Parade This Parade is a free event which takes place annually on I January since 1987.M lasts about 2 hours 30 minutes, featuring more than 10.000 Participants representing 20 countries worldwide. There are marching bands, cheerleading groups, vehicles, animals, clowns and giant inflatables(充气物). |
Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race Since 1829 each spring the two England's most famous universities race along a 6.7 kilometer stretch of the Thames River in what is perhaps the most famous rowing event in the world. The race attracts a massive crowd of around a quarter of a million fan to the banks of the Thames |
London Marathon The Flora London Marathon, one of the World Marathon Majors, has been held each year since 1981. Currently around 32,000 runners take part in this annual event, including professionals and amateurs. There are live bands entertainment and thousands of cheering fans. It is also one of the largest events to collect money in the world in order to attract more funds, some runners dress up in fancy costumes. |
Wimbledon Wimbledon runs annually from late June through early July, Wimbledon is the oldest and most famous tennis tournament in the world, the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. Started in 1877, he event is often attended by members of the Royal Family, Wimbledon traditions include the eating of strawberries and cream that can be accompanied by an optional glass of champagne. |
1. Which of the four festivals has the longest history?
A.New Year's Day Parade. | B.Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. |
C.London Marathon. | D.Wimbledon. |
A.it has the purpose of donating money to other events |
B.it attracts many more fans from around the world |
C.it is the only festival accompanied by live band |
D.it has the function of raising money |
【推荐2】Every time the last month of Chinese lunar year nears the end, Chinese communities around the globe are preparing to launch next New Year celebrations.
Chinese New Year is the longest national holiday in China and New Year’s day is the most important date in the Chinese calendar. Chinese New Year is based on the ancient Chinese lunar calendar, falling on the second new moon after winter solstice(冬至)--meaning it changes each year.
Roughly a sixth of the world will observe Chinese New Year, with celebrations in Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia, along with other countries with significant Chinese populations.
How is Chinese New Year celebrated?
Many celebrations take place, including parades(旅行), dragon dances, reunions and wonderful dinners. Red clothing is considered essential, as it is said to scare off the mythical monster Nian. Children are traditionally given red envelopes with money inside which they sleep with under their pillows, which is said to bring them good fortune and happiness.
What does the year of the rooster mean?
2017 is the year of the tenth Chinese zodiac(十二生肖), the rooster.
A.What is Chinese New Year? |
B.When is Chinese New Year coming? |
C.Each day has its own celebration |
D.However, this is the year of the fire rooster |
E.It is pronounced “Gong Xi Fa Cai” in Mandarin |
F.It is the most important holiday in the Chinese calendar |
G.London and San Francisco both claim to host the largest celebrations outside of Asia |
【推荐3】You may know your mother, but how well do you really know Mothers’ Day? Cards, flowers, sales, TV specials, and a day off for someone who really deserves it — those are what probably come to mind for many people when they think of Mothers’ Day. But there’s more to the story.
The earliest Mothers’ Day celebrations were held during spring in ancient Greece. The celebrations honored Rhea, the mother of the gods. During the 1600s, England celebrated a day called Mothering Sunday. On this day even servants(仆人) were given the day off to spend with their families. A mothering cake was even served with the family meal.
In the US, Mothers’ Day began in 1872 when Julia Ward Howe, who wrote the words to the famous song The Battle Hymn of the Republic, suggested it as a day devoted to peace. But it didn’t really become popular until 1907 when Anna Jarvis started a campaign to honor mothers. She believed that mothers could help people get over the pain they experienced during the Civil War. The US isn’t alone in devoting a day to mothers. Many other countries including Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, Japan, and Belgium also honor their mothers in May. Other countries honor their mothers at different times of the year.
Learning more about Mothers’ Day and celebrating Mothers’ Day are important, but probably not as important as understanding what your own mother, or grandmother, or aunt has really done for you. And that will certainly be appreciated more than one day in year.
1. Where was the earliest Mothers’ Day celebrated?A.In ancient Greece. | B.In the US. |
C.In England. | D.In Italy. |
A.Julia Ward Howe composed a song about Mothers’ Day |
B.American people started to celebrate Mothers’ Day in 1907 |
C.Anna Jarvis attached great importance to mothers |
D.Mothers’ Day celebrations are held at different times in the US |
A.Rhea is the mother of a king in ancient Greece |
B.not all the countries celebrate Mothers’ Day in May |
C.only mothers were given a day off on Mothering Sunday |
D.it was in 1872 that Mothers’ Day really came into being |
A.all the people should celebrate Mothers’ Day |
B.only mothers are honored on Mothers’ Day |
C.understanding mothers’ work is more important than just celebrating Mothers’ Day |
D.people should celebrate Mothers’ Day every day |
A.The reason why people celebrate Mothers’ Day. |
B.The ways people honor mothers. |
C.The history of Mothers’ Day. |
D.The great contribution of mothers. |
【推荐1】A group of cultural calendars, with creative designs, informative content and delicate printing, were hot sellers last year and now posting photos of the calendars has become a new fad on social networks. Many people posted photos of their cultural calendars with their comments to arouse memories of traditional knowledge. Though the cultural calendars are a return to traditions, designers are racking their brains to make the calendars appear more attractive.
What’s black and white and fun all over? Penguins, of course! These friendly, odd-looking creatures have a universal appeal. Twelve vivid, full color photographs show us various species of penguins surviving in their harsh environment. The Penguins 2016 Wall Calendar features daily grids(格子) with ample room for notes and reminders. U.S. and international holidays are also included. | |
Most of the typeface(字体) for The Palace Museum’s Datebook came from the ancient copies of Kai calligraphy and Li calligraphy, as well as pictures of classic Chinese paintings and artworks. More than 50,000 volumes of it were sold on the November 11 Singles Day, and since then it has remained a best-seller among the art books on JD.com, an online marketplace. | |
The cover for The Red Chamber Dream Calendar was made using a special kind of paper with a red woven design, which symbolizes the joyous and prosperous new year. Inside the datebook, poems, ancient paintings from the classic novel, Dream of the Red Chamber, as well as the inclusion of traditional customs, festivals and solar terms make the datebook seem elegant and informative. | |
Calendar: Beauty of Chinese Characters, however, has 12 themes for the year and tells about the origin of Chinese characters, other interesting information about Hanzi, the name for the characters. By reading the whole book, one can gain a complete knowledge of Hanzi’s history. |
A.invention | B.content |
C.design | D.fashion |
A.The Red Chamber Dream Calendar |
B.The Palace Museum Datebook |
C.Calendar: Beauty of Chinese Characters |
D.The Penguins 2016 Wall Calendar |
A.you can find the information about the origin of Chinese characters |
B.it has been and remains a best-seller on online marketplaces |
C.ancient paintings and poems are included inside the datebook |
D.you can appreciate ancient Chinese calligraphy in it |
【推荐2】The spirit of Christmas isn’t always so cheerful. Here are four unusual and a little scary Christmas traditions from around the world.
1.Guatmala: Burning devils
In order to make houses free from bad spirits for the New Year, Guatemalans do a full house clean in December. The dirt and dust is gathered from every home and each neighborhood creates a large amount of garbage. A devil statue is built and placed on top of the dirt, and burned. The bad luck is said to burn up with the devil.
2.South Africa: Don’t eat Santa’s cookies
To keep kids from stealing on Santa’s cookies, parents tell children a story about a story named Danny who ate all of Santa’s cookies and really angered his grandmother. She killed him and now his ghost visits houses during Christmas time.
3.Iceland: Fear the Yule Cat
Children who don’t receive new clothes by Christmas Eve will be eaten by the Yule Cat, a large and angry cat, which is said to hide in the snow. The strange tradition comes from farmers who used the myth to encourage their workers to finish making the autumn wool before Christmas.
4.Ukraine: A spooky tree
If you find yourself in Ukraine around the holidays, you may be wondering: Is it Christmas or Halloween? Trees here are decorated with artificial spider webs and decorative spiders. The unusual tradition comes from a story where a spider wove a web around the tree of a poor family. When morning came, the white strands turned to precious metals and the family became rich. The webs today show good fortune for the next year.
1. To celebrate the New Year, what will people do in Guatemala?A.Build a devil statue. | B.Show their respects to the devil statue. |
C.Clean their houses. | D.Move to new houses. |
A.Guatemala | B.South Africa | C.Iceland | D.Ukraine |
A.The Yule Cat usually hides in the grass. |
B.All the children will receive new clothes on Christmas. |
C.New clothes are popular Christmas presents for children in Iceland |
D.The Yule Cat would eat the farmers who don’t finish their work on time |
A.Spiders are pretty insects. | B.Webs of spiders are suitable for decoration. |
C.Spiders always help poor family out of pity. | D.Spiders are believed to bring good fortune. |
The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences.To the Egyptians,green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring,while for Muslims,it means heaven.Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures.In China,children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year.For many nations,blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs.Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils.
People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions toward them.Green is said to be the most restful color.It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically.People who work in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.
Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites.Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant.Similarly,many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.
Blue is another calming color.Unlike red,blue can cause people to lose appetite.So if you want to eat less,some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room,think about the color carefully.
1. Muslims regard green as a symbol of heaven mainly because of their .
A.cultural values |
B.commercial purposes |
C.personal experiences |
D.physical reactions to the color |
A.To relax people physically. |
B.To increase people's appetites. |
C.To encourage people to make a purchase. |
D.To cause a person's blood pressure to rise. |
A.Colors and Human Beings |
B.The Cultural Meaning of Color |
C.Colors and Personal Experiences |
D.The Meaning and Function of Color |
【推荐1】Forcing waiters and waitresses to survive on tips from customers rather than normal wages is a pointless, crude, and unique American custom that, in the past several years, a handful of progressive restaurant owners have attempted to do away with, often with positive results. On Wednesday, one of the most famous names in the dining business says he’s about to join their ranks. Danny Meyer, CEO of Union Square Hospitality Group, has announced that he plans to gradually eliminate tipping at the company’s 13 restaurants and charge higher menu prices in order to pay staff fairly. Diners wont simply be discouraged from leaving a tip; their checks won’t even include a line to write one in.
What, exactly, is wrong with tipping? As Danny Meyer has explained, more or less it’s everything. To start, leaving a waiters pay in the hands of variable customers has a feeling of classism. And in theory, handing restaurant customers the power to tip is at least supposed to motivate better, more attentive service. This fails in practice because humans turn out to be pretty personal about their tipping behavior. Research has shown the amount diners leave has little to do with their level of satisfaction. All of this doesn’t encourage waiters and waitresses to do anything but turn over as many tables as possible.
Tipping is also very unfair to kitchen staff. The law allows restaurants to divide tips between front-of-the-house workers like waiters, hosts and hostesses, but not cooks. This creates a system in which the people serving the food in a restaurant can earn more than the people preparing it.
Unlike some restaurant owners who have taken an anti-tipping stand, Meyer won’t simply add a standard extra charge to diners’ bills. Rather, Union Square Hospitality Group intends to raise menu prices enough to fully cover the cost of a meal. If Meyer manages to move away from tipping at all without hurting his profits, it would almost certainly set the stage for others to follow suit.
1. According to the passage, the restaurants which stop the custom of tipping .A.are very popular with people |
B.are growing more and more |
C.are against customers’ interest |
D.are widely supported by waiters |
A.Increasing income. |
B.Keeping up-to-date. |
C.Seeking for better service. |
D.Customers’ bad behavior. |
A.Cooks work harder than servers. |
B.American’s laws are progressive in tipping. |
C.Tipping makes eating-out more expensive. |
D.Tipping may be bad for restaurant management. |
A.The total expense is high. |
B.The restaurants are crowded. |
C.The price of food is high. |
D.The food there is very cheap. |
【推荐2】China has long been tipped to be the next Silicon Valley, but now the finances and support are in place to make it happen.
There is a growing consensus (共识)that while Silicon Valley is not about to disappear any time soon, its next biggest rival is already on the verge of bursting onto the international scene — not in the US, nor in the EU, but in Asia. More specifically, China.
This is not just an observation based on the rise of companies like Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent. It is grounded in a more widespread move to fund start-ups in Asia to the point where more money is being invested there than in Europe. Just five years ago, Europe and Asia are neck and neck in terms of investment.
In 2013, Europe made slightly more deals. 1550 compared to Asia's 1071. but the total value of investment was S7bn. Just five years later, Asia is now four times the size of Europe with twice as many deals carried out. Between 2013 to 2018. the number of deals in Asia increased nearly fivefold, and their value leapt to S81bn, compared to the S21 bn raised in Europe. The Asian figure also shows that the continent is closing the gap on the US which saw $105bn worth of deals.
One of the main reasons that makes the country so attractive is not just the huge growth in investment and high education standards, but also local and national governmental support benefiting tech companies.
In fact, one of the conclusions of a recent Fortune tech conference was that China's tech companies will soon be beating American companies on their home turf(地盘). One of the reasons is that investors believe US immigration policy is making it more difficult for the best talent around the world to find work there. Plus, Chinese companies are now able to start paying salaries that can keep pace with those on offer in Silicon Valley.
1 fence, when Ian Roger, Chief Digital Official at luxury group LVMH was asked where he thought the next Facebook or Google would come from, he suggested it would be a close call between Silicon Valley and China. The latter had the investment that is needed as well as a hard work culture of a six-day week. It also has a superb education system and a huge population.
As Silicon Valley appears to be heating up a little too hard for some people, China would appear to be warning up at just the right pace.
1. What does the expression on the verge of in paragraph 2 refer to?A.on the top of | B.on the list of | C.on the condition of | D.on the point of |
A.High education standards. | B.Huge growth in investment. |
C.Support from the government. | D.Higher salaries than those in Silicon Valley. |
A.the US immigration policy is strict but talent-friendly |
B.Ian Roger believes the next Google might come from China |
C.employees of Baidu might be accustomed to overwork |
D.Chinese tech companies can provide highly competitive salaries now |
A.The total value of investment in Asia is tour times that in Europe. |
B.Finances, high education standards and support make it possible for China to become the next Silicon Valley. |
C.Asia attracts worldwide best talents to tech companies. |
D.American tech companies will soon be beaten by those in China. |
【推荐3】Social media has become a part of our lives. It is the communication tool that children have been brought up with, but it is still illegal (违法的) for a Canadian child under the age of 13 to have a social media page.
This is a shame when you consider the learning opportunities that social media offers. At our school, Vernon Christian Elementary school in Vernon, B. C., I can see how it provides children with the chance to learn how to communicate properly and effectively. If they want their friends to follow them or re-tweet (转发) their messages, they must learn to write them creatively in an interesting and amusing style, attach (粘贴) pictures, and ask questions to invite a response. Students will learn a lot from the process.
Social media can also help students to sharpen up their writing skills. My students usually use the blog to keep a diary about something that interests them, and suddenly they appear to love writing.
So is it necessary to restrict (限制) students in the social media age? Not really. A survey has found that 59 percent of children have already used a social network by the time they are 10, and 43 percent have messaged people they didn’t know by the age of 12.
Of course, primary schools should care about the dangers of social media. Measures (措施) should be taken to protect students from the dangers. In our school, we have a social media platform with a teacher’s dashboard (信息窗) where all activities can be managed. On one occasion, a boy wrote hurtful comments (评论) about a girl in a post message. After a discussion with him about why it is wrong to send hurtful emails, he was embarrassed and said sorry to the girl.
Over the past 23 years teaching in British Columbia, I have focused on computing. I therefore take notice of the bad effects of social media on primary students. However, social media offers learning and communicating opportunities to elementary students. More importantly, we cannot ignore (忽视) the fact elementary children are using social media. I strongly believe that exposing students to the social media will equip them to be wiser grow-ups in the future.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.The writer has made students learn a lot by using social media as a teacher. |
B.All the students can’t be allowed to use social media in British Columbia. |
C.In Canada, children under 13 have rights to use social media pages freely. |
D.The writer has paid less attention to primary students in using social media. |
A.Achieve | B.improve | C.form | D.practise |
A.More schools will encourage students to use social media skillfully. |
B.It is necessary to stop the students from using social media at school. |
C.Social media at school will make great influence on students’ future. |
D.It is so important to keep school websites safe in Information Age. |
A.will take the place of other learning styles slowly | B.can help students make a good habit of learning |
C.will make students take less interest in learning | D.should be developed more widely among students |
【推荐1】From helping rescued animals find permanent homes to providing care for chimpanzees(黑猩猩)that have found shelter, there’s always a volunteering site for every animal lover. Here are some amazing opportunities.
Seattle Humane Society
Seattle Humane Society has been helping animals since 1897. In 2013, it adopted out a record of 6, 297 pets. It provides a wide range of programs, including dog training, a pet food bank and volunteer opportunities for animal lovers. A six-month commitment is required, and all volunteers must be at least 18 years old.
Chimpanzee Shelter Northwest
Chimpanzee Shelter Northwest was founded in 2003 as a shelter for chimpanzees. It lies in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains, 90 miles east of Seattle. Volunteers have a unique opportunity to see what it takes to run a shelter. It has three levels of volunteers; Level I volunteers help with meal preparation; Level II volunteers help the staff clean the shelter; level III volunteers are trained to interact directly with the chimpanzees.
Hope For Horses
Hope For Horses has an all-volunteer team that has helped hundreds of severely abused horses since 2001. It's also rescued a variety of other animals over the years, including donkeys, chickens, geese and a goat. Volunteers provide hands-on care for horses and other animals, including medical research, site visits and assistance with adoption. All volunteers must be 18 years old.
Purrfect Pals
Purrfect Pals, which was founded in 1988, is the Pacific Northwest's largest cat-only adoption shelter and organization. And it's one of the largest cat-only shelters in North America us well. It finds home for over 2, 000 cats each year. It asks for a five-month commitment and volunteers must he 18 or older.
1. What’s the text intended to introduce?A.Benefits of being animal lovers. |
B.Permanent homes for rescued animals. |
C.Volunteer opportunities for animal lovers. |
D.Commitments of volunteers at animal shelters. |
A.Seattle Humane Society. | B.Chimpanzee Shelter Northwest. |
C.Hope For Horses. | D.Purrfect Pals. |
A.It lies within the city of Seattle. | B.It sets no age limit for volunteers. |
C.It is completely run by volunteers. | D.It is a shelter for only one kind of animals. |
【推荐2】Beautiful skyline views in Portland
For an introductory view of the city skyline, start your adventure at the Pittock Mansion, built in 1914 and filled with the rich history of one of Portland’s first families. It’s the perfect place to learn how Portland becomes the energetic city today.
Street art at every corner
Portland is known for its advanced urban planning, proper neighborhoods and creative citizens, so it’s no wonder that expressive street art can be found in public spaces or side streets. An excellent way to discover Portland is to join a walking tour, which includes the most fascinating parts of the city.
The city’s living room
Just as Times Square is the heart of New York City, Pioneer Courthouse Square serves the same role for Portland. Known as “Portland’s Living Room,” this public space occupies a full 40,000-square-foot city block in the heart of downtown which hosts more than 300 music shows annually.
Some of the nation’s best street food
Nationally known as the best street food in the U.S., enjoying a meal from a local food truck in Portland can be true incredible experience. From vegan (素食) to classic barbecue to Middle Eastern and Asian dishes, even the most particular people can find something to pick at the city’s many food truck options.
1. Pittock Mansion is the perfect place to ________.A.enjoy street food | B.join a walking tour |
C.meet Portland’s first families | D.learn about Portland’s history |
A.Food truck. | B.Times Square. |
C.Pittock Mansion. | D.Pioneer Courthouse Square. |
A.Travel activities. | B.Living habits. |
C.Native cultures. | D.Urban skyline. |
【推荐3】Many of us are quick to blame(责备)others for how we feel: "He makes me so mad!" or "he really hurt my feelings. "But did someone really "make me angry" or are we feeling the anger in us getting kicked up in response to the way someone behaved towards us?
The difference between the two is in who the responsible party is for the way we feel. If we blame others for our feelings we will finally feel reasonable at whatever our retaliation(报复)my be, and we will explain that it was their fault, not ours. "They were driving me mad".
When we blame others for the way we feel we have in fact given power to others for the state of our emotional wellbeing(健康). The truth is , no one controls our feelings but us. If we are finding that people in our lives really know how to "push our buttons(means make us angry)" then we are not doing a good enough job at protecting our "buttons." We are the ones leaving our buttons out in the open so that other people can "push them." Ultimately, the switch for our buttons is inside us - not on the outside.
While there are some things in life that are clearly out of our control , like the weather or a flight that's two hours late, how we act and respond to other people's behavior is not among them. Our responses to others are well within our control.
If someone is "making us" so mad , for example, that we get angry, we are not doing enough to learn about what drives our anger and how to properly cope with it. My suggestion is taking time before you get angry. and putting some work into taking an inventory(清单)of the past. An inventory can show you how much of your past experiences influence your feeling reactions in the current moment.
When we finally realize that so much of our present feelings and reactions are driven from within ourselves and our own past experiences, we will be ready to make the changes in our lives that will better secure our buttons so that they are no longer left out in pubic for everyone to push at will.
1. What result will appear if we blame others for our emotions(情感)?A.We consider others to be correct. |
B.We consider ourselves to be correct. |
C.We consider we were driving ourselves mad. |
D.We consider they were driving themselves mad. |
A.We should blame others for the way we feel. |
B.We should enable others to control our feelings. |
C.We should let others know our daily life clearly |
D.We should control personal feelings ourselves. |
A.Our own behavior. | B.The delay of a flight |
C.Other people' s feelings. | D.The weather conditions. |
A.A burden of one's choice is not felt. | B.Think twice before acting. |
C.A friend is easier lost than found. | D.A good beginning is half done. |