Have you ever wondered why certain pop songs just make you feel so good? Researchers studying the question found that uncertainty and surprise give listeners the most pleasure. The study included 80,000 chords（和弦）in 745 pop songs between 1958 and 1991.
Each song was stripped of its melody（旋律）and lyrics（歌词）so that only chords were left and the results couldn’t be misunderstood by other imaginations of the songs that listeners might have had.
They found two things. Listeners got great pleasure from unexpected chords when they knew what would happen. However, they still found it pleasant to hear familiar chords when they did not know what would follow.
Vincent Cheung, the lead researcher, said, "Pleasant songs are likely those which keep a good balance（平衡）between knowing what is going to happen next and surprising us with something we did not expect. Understanding how music starts our pleasure system in the brain could explain why listening to music might help us feel better when we are feeling blue.”
Cheung told CNN that pleasure in music is connected to expectation. The study before had looked into the effects of surprise on pleasure, but his team's study also paid attention to the uncertainty of listeners' expectations.
1. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．Removed. | B．Added. |
| C．Played. | D．Recorded. |
| A．They listened to lots of pop songs. |
| B．They focus on the chords in popular songs. |
| C．They imagined the songs that can make people pleased. |
| D．They found lots of songs and then compared each other. |
| A．Pleasant music can explain human nature. |
| B．Listening to music might make people feel blue. |
| C．Music can improve the pleasure system of people. |
| D．Pleasant music comes from the balance of expectation and surprise. |
| A．His study only paid attention to chords in songs. |
| B．His study focused on the effects of surprise on pleasure. |
| C．His study took time to how music starts the pleasure system. |
| D．His study paid attention to the uncertainty of listeners' expectations. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Many people believe that teaching children music makes them smarter and better able to learn new things. An estimated 80 percent of American adults think music lessons improve children’s ability to learn or their performance in school. They say that the satisfaction for learning to play a new song helps a child express creativity. But the organizers of a new study say there’s no scientific evidence that early musical training affects the intelligence of young people.
Researchers at Harvard University have found that musical training does not make children more intelligent.
Samuel Mehr is a graduate student at Harvard’s School of Education. He said it is erroneous to think that learning to play a musical instrument improves a child’s intellectual development.
He does not believe that IQ is a good measure of a child’s intelligence. He says researchers in his study compared how well children in the music training group did on mental processing tasks or projects, and then the results were compared to those of children who did not take music lessons. There was no evidence that the musical training group did much better on the mental tasks than the other group. The researchers confirmed their results with a larger group of children and their parents.
1. In order to improve children’s intelligence, most of American adults might ______.| A．ask them to play sports | B．motivate them to think outside the box |
| C．take them to sigh up for choirs | D．encourage them to do research on music |
| A．Reasonable. | B．Essential. | C．Evident. | D．Incorrect. |
| A．By testing children’s IQ. | B．By analysing children’s behaviors. |
| C．By making contrasts among children. | D．By tracking children’s school performances. |
| A．Education. | B．Art. | C．Entertainment. | D．Society. |
【推荐2】Music is a great connector; it brings people happiness. That’s why during the 2020 lockdowns (封闭) in the UK, when work for musicians dried up, singer Chloe Edwards-Wood came up with the idea of singing for people who were isolated (隔离) and struggling. That’s where Give a Song comes in.
Today, after 480 musical visits to over 8,000 people who need to isolate or live in care homes, the organisation is still spreading wellbeing and happiness.
At first, Edwards-Wood posted on Facebook about her idea and 15 people reached out to her including a leader from the Goldsmith Community Centre in Lewisham. She teamed up with the Goldsmith and Give a Song became a reality.
The first time Edwards-Wood performed on a stranger’s doorstep, she did so near her home along with another musician. “It was really terrific,” she said. “As soon as we started that first song, the barriers (障碍) came down. I remember thinking: ‘This is it! It works!’. The person loved it and people stopped to watch and listen. ”
Visits are organised through an online form. Usually 2-4 musicians go to the person’s home to perform a few songs with instruments. The visits usually last 15 minutes.
Edwards-Wood said, “I feel like music brings people together in some way, and it’s a way of communicating,” she said. “If you don’t have a common ground to have a conversation with someone, there’s always a song that can do it for you. ”
It’s not just the people that receive the concerts who benefit from them. It has also been life changing for Edwards-Wood. “I don’t know what my life would have looked like without this,” she said. “Being able to share all these moments of musical joy, I feel very lucky. ”
1. What do we know about Give a Song?| A．It encourages people to enjoy music. |
| B．It tries to communicate with people. |
| C．It has made much money. |
| D．It is quite well received. |
| A．By teaming up with a lot of organisations. |
| B．By singing for isolated people door to door. |
| C．By sharing her idea online. |
| D．By looking for a leader. |
| A．Challenging. | B．Alarming. |
| C．Wonderful. | D．Common. |
| A．Listening to music right at home |
| B．Bringing music to people’s front door |
| C．The great contribution of Give a Song |
| D．The best way to connect people together |
【推荐3】Language is part of our daily lives, no matter where we live in the world. Similarly, music is a part of many people’s lives.
Both language and music have a writing system
In English we record language using the alphabet, which is a collection of letters. Similarly, we use notes to keep a record of music. Just as you are reading this collection of letters on the paper and find meaning in it, musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music which we can hear.
Both vary with culture
Both share emotion
How do you know that I am angry?
| A．Different culture makes different music. |
| B．Both language and music play a huge role in our lives. |
| C．You can guess where someone is from by listening to their language. |
| D．By reading pieces of text or music, we are able to share experiences through time. |
| E．In contrast, you have probably also listened to sad music when you were feeling down. |
| F．Of course, you may be able to see it in my face, but you will know for sure through my words. |
| G．We have all used music to express our emotions, often combining it with language in the form of song lyrics. |
【推荐1】In order to reduce noise pollution, more and more airports are promoting a “silent airport” idea, especially in Europe.
Aiming to offer timely and helpful updates of information, international airports were once characterized by their high voices, competing gate announcements and so on. Now, it is all changing. Angela Gittens, director general of Airports Council International (ACI), says there is a growing desire among airports and airlines they serve to create a calm, relaxing atmosphere without being disturbed by announcements. “Passengers can relax while they wait for their flight to board in the common airside lounges (休闲区), and food and drink areas,” she says.
Finland has a tourism slogan (口号) which is “silence, please”. In June, Helsinki Airport in Finland adopted the silent airport idea, therefore, announcements for flights are made only in some certain boarding gate areas. Nobody’s going to call you to your flight, as announcements in all terminals (航站楼) will be made only in emergency circumstances. People begin to worry, what if they miss their boarding time?
Actually, there’s no need to worry about this. Heikki Koski, vice president of Helsinki Airport, says that the improved flight information display system, together with the advanced technology, is changing the way airports communicate with passengers. At Munich airport, Passengers can simply tap a “you are here” display to get directions and approximate walking time to their destinations.
Of course, it is impossible that an airport will be as silent as a temple. There will continue to be an increasing need for airport-wide emergency announcements along with boarding calls. But at silent airports, these announcements should be restricted to specific gates, not the whole airport, as has adopted in Helsinki.
1. What should passengers pay close attention to at Helsinki Airport?| A．Finland’s tourism slogan. | B．The information about their boarding time. |
| C．The “you are here” display. | D．The location of certain boarding gate. |
| A．To show its popularity. | B．To introduce the information display system. |
| C．To be compared with Helsinki Airport. | D．To prove Heikki Koski’s words. |
| A．Limited. | B．Delivered. | C．Made. | D．Broadcast. |
【推荐2】The idea of turning recycled plastic bottles into clothing is not new. During the past five years, a large number of clothing companies, businesses and environmental organizations have started turning plastics into clothing to deal with plastic pollution. But there's a problem with this method. Research now shows that microfibers（微纤维）could be the biggest source of plastic in the sea.
Dr. Mark Browne in Santa Barbara, California, has been studying plastic pollution and microfibers for 10 years. He explains that every time synthetic（合成的）clothes go into a washing machine, a large number of plastic fibers fall off. Most washing machines can't collect these microfibers. So every time the water gets out of a washing machine, microfibers enter the sewer and finally end up in the sea.
In 2011, Browne wrote a paper stating that a single piece of synthetic clothing can produce more than 1,900 fibers per wash. Browne collected samples（样本）from seawater and freshwater sites around the world, and used a special way to examine each sample. He discovered that every single water sample contained microfibers.
This is bad news for a number of reasons. Plastic can cause harm to sea life when eaten. Studies have also shown that plastic can take in other pollutants.
Based on this evidence, it may seem surprising that companies and organizations have chosen to turn plastic waste into clothing as an environmental "solution". Ever though the science has been around for a while, Browne explains that he's had a difficult time getting companies to listen. When he asked well-known clothing companies to support "Benign by Design", his research project, which is trying to get clothes that have a bad effect on humans and the environment out of the market, Browne didn't get a satisfying answer. Only one women's clothing company, Eileen Fisher, offered Browne funding.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?| A．New microfibers have been discovered |
| B．Making clothes from plastic bottles can't reduce the pollution. |
| C．The use of plastic bottle has been reduced in the past five years. |
| D．Turning recycled plastic bottles into clothing hasn't been put into practice. |
| A．How to wash synthetic clothes. |
| B．How to prevent plastic pollution |
| C．How microfibers end up in the sea. |
| D．Relationship between plastic pollution and microfibers. |
| A．It has achieved great success. | B．It is facing some difficulties |
| C．It is known to very few people. | D．It hasn't got anything done. |
| A．Recycled plastic clothing: solution or pollution? |
| B．Microfibers, the biggest source of plastic in the sea |
| C．Environmental protection: moving forward or backward? |
| D．Turning plastic into clothing, a new step in environmental protection |
【推荐3】A team of machine learning developers has created a system for making caricatures (人物漫画) of people’s faces.
In a caricature, the artist creates a drawing of a face, with different parts of it greatly enlarged or exaggerated (夸大). The pictures or images are usually made to make the person look funny.Such drawings can be difficult for machines to produce. This is because the human face is made up of complex shapes with a lot of extremely small details. Generally, good caricatures require skilled artists who can effectively exaggerate faces, while still staying true to life.
Kaidi Cao, leading the research, said that other machine systems for creating caricatures depended on a series of rules, which were based on how people would draw. However, his team’s system used machine learning to create the caricatures from thousands of examples made by experienced artists. In addition, the system gave users more ability to change results in both shape and appearance exaggerations.
The team tested how recognizable its caricatures were to human test subjects. People were shown caricatures and then asked to choose the correct one from a group of images with faces that looked very similar. Test results showed that in many cases, people had difficulty choosing the correct images when the caricatures were created with the older methods. The researchers said that it was because such systems often created caricatures that were far too exaggerated or unclear. Not surprisingly, the most easily recognized caricatures in the experiment were made by humans. But the researchers said that their system performed better in tests with human subjects than the older methods.
To date, the team has mostly worked on developing caricatures of people’s faces, but they plan to expand on this in the future to include full bodies and other objects. They also plan to explore turning the current model around to permit caricature-to-photo translation. The team said that they believed this might be useful for facial recognition of caricatures.
1. Why is it hard for machines to draw a caricature of a person’s face?| A．It offers too few examples. | B．It has too many different expressions. |
| C．It has various shapes with small details. | D．It fails to attract the machines' attention. |
| A．It knows clearly how people draw. | B．It strictly observes a series of rules. |
| C．It’s controlled by experienced artists. | D．It enables users to change their works. |
| A．Create more caricatures of people’s faces. |
| B．Make their caricatures easy to recognize. |
| C．Develop more systems for making caricatures. |
| D．Make their system translate caricatures into pictures. |
| A．Ways to create caricatures of people’s faces. |
| B．New machine systems for making caricature faces. |
| C．A research on how people would draw caricatures. |
| D．A team of machine learning developers’ new plans. |
【推荐1】A Massive Open Online Course (大规模开放在线课程) — known as a MOOC — is a kind of online platform offering various lessons to the public, which brings opportunity and help to those who are eager to learn more. Many countries are active participants in developing online courses, and China is not an exception.
In the past few years, China has made great progress on online education and the country is in a leading position worldwide. The China Internet Network Information Center said that 144 million people had taken up online education up to June 2017.
According to the Ministry of Education, there are more than 10 MOOC platforms in China, providing 3,200 online courses — which make China the world’s largest online course provider. 490 of them are high quality and national-level courses, and another 3,000 will be added by 2020. High quality online courses have raised students’ enthusiasm for learning and given them more freedom to choose subjects.
However, the explosive increase in the number of lessons and users also brings problems in lesson quality and network security. In addition, online courses are not properly combined with on-campus courses. Therefore, the ministry intends to roll out a development plan for online education at Chinese colleges, along with regulations and standards.
The ministry will create policies encouraging professors to use MOOCs in their teaching, and set rules on how college students gain credits(学分) for taking such courses in an effort to promote the training of talented people in Chinese institutions of higher education and to bridge the country’s regional inequality in education. Besides, professors who use MOOCs in their teaching can enjoy the same sense of honor as those who innovate teaching in other ways. At the same time, strict supervision will be used to stop the spread of harmful information and users’ personal information will also be protected. China will do more to make its online courses go global and show the world the country’s achievements in this field.
1. What can we learn about MOOCs?| A．They are gaining more and more users and courses. |
| B．They are designed for college students. |
| C．Just a few countries are developing them. |
| D．They are just free for the poor students. |
| A．Students have little freedom to choose courses. |
| B．Different problems arise in online courses. |
| C．Many professors don’t use online courses in their teaching. |
| D．Online courses are not practical for college students. |
| A．Truth. | B．Teaching. |
| C．Themes. | D．Rules. |
| A．A diary. | B．A magazine. |
| C．A novel. | D．A bulletin board. |
【推荐2】I believe in the power of science fiction, not just for its capacity to transform dreams into reality, but also for its power to bond together those who share a common vision of the future. For me, that’s true for my relationship with my dad. Some fathers and sons bond over sports, fishing or hunting, but my dad and I bond over Star Trek. We tried a trip to Disney World, but one of my earliest memories wasn’t Mickey, but a Klingon battle cruiser(巡洋舰)on the screen.
Over the years, nearly every setting and situation has become far away for my dad and me. When it’s warm at night, we’re not driving along some dark streets in Indiana, but going at a slow speed with stars dimly shining. Both of us are thinking of them, without needing to say a word. All these visions of other universes have together created a private universe for my dad and me.
Gene Rodenberry, creator of Star Trek, once said, “Science fiction is a way of thinking, a way of logic that bypasses( 绕 过 )a lot of nonsense. It allows people to look directly at important subjects.” A lifetime of science fiction has influenced more than just my relationship with my dad, but has also helped me shape my own hopes for the future. I’m now a science writer.
Yes, science fiction has made me into a “nerd” (书呆子), and it also has been a source of joy for my family, making me an optimist while enabling me to think critically about the danger of technology. Thank those authors who have shared their visions; the world and my family are better for it. Thank my dad, who is both the best storyteller and the best man I have ever known because he helped me realize the truth of Tennyson’s words, “Since I dipped into the future, I saw the vision of the world, and all the wonders that would be.”
1. What is the special bond between the author and his father?| A．Their similar dreams. |
| B．Their love for each other. |
| C．Their common interest. |
| D．Their hatred for science. |
| A．His deep impression on his dad. |
| B．His feeling of staying with his dad. |
| C．His earliest memory of his dad. |
| D．His good relationship with his dad. |
| A．It leads him to pursue a desirable career. |
| B．It brings him the courage to live better. |
| C．It helps him solve the danger of technology. |
| D．It makes him become a source of his family’s joy. |
| A．The Wonders of Science |
| B．The Power of Science Fiction |
| C．The Versions of Science Fiction |
| D．The Time together with My Father |
【推荐3】Most teenagers are still trying to find their passion and purposes in life. However, not Gitanjali Rao. The 15-year-old girl has been coming up with innovative solutions to worldwide problems since she was ten. It is, therefore, not surprising that the teenager has won the honor of “America's Top Young Scientist”.
In the third grade, Rao was inspired to build a device after witnessing the shocking story unfold in Flint, Michigan, where cost-cutting measures led to the use of a polluted river as the city's primary water supply and incredibly high levels of lead made their way into people's drinking water.
After two months' research, Rao designed a small and portable device that used sensors to instantly detect lead in water. Called Tethys, after the Greek Goddess(女神) of freshwater, it attaches to a cellphone and informs the residents via an app if their drinking water contains lead. The design earned her the 3M Young Scientist Challenge in 2017. She is currently working with scientists and medical professionals to test Tethys' potential and hopes the device will be ready for commercial use by 2022.
Later, Rao took on another social issue-drug addiction. Her app, called Epione, which won the Health Pillar Prize at the TCS Ignite Innovation Student Challenge in May 2019, is designed to catch drug addiction in young adults before it's too late.
More recently, the teenager has developed an app named Kindly, which uses artificial intelligence technology to detect possible signs of cyberbullying(网上欺凌). When users type in a word or phrase, Kindly is able to pick it up if it's bullying, and then it gives the option to edit it or send it the way it is. It gives them the chance to rethink what they are saying so that they know what to do next time.
All kinds of awesome, Gitanjali Rao has been selected from 5,000 equally impressive nominees(被提名人) for TIME Magazine's first-ever “Kid of the Year”.
1. What gave Rao the idea of inventing the device Tethys?| A．The incident of lead pollution. |
| B．The issue with drug addiction. |
| C．The shortage of water supplies. |
| D．The high cost of purifying water. |
| A．It'll remove metal from water. |
| B．It'll make it to market soon. |
| C．It'll win her a higher prize. |
| D．It'll be fitted to cellphones. |
| A．Receive pre-warning signals of threat. |
| B．Input words into a computer automatically. |
| C．Choose from secure social networking sites. |
| D．Weigh their words before posting them online. |
| A．Ambitious and humble. | B．Optimistic and adventurous. |
| C．Talkative and outstanding. | D．Creative and productive. |
【推荐1】Will human beings find intelligent alien (外星的) life anytime soon? Probably not, according to theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking.
Hawking made the prediction during the Breakthrough Starshot announcement in New York City on April 12. At the news conference, Hawking, along with Russian billionaire sponsor Yuri Milner and a group of scientists, detailed a new project that aims to send a large number of tiny, wafer-size (薄饼大小的) spaceships into space to the neighboring star system Alpha Centauri (半人马座阿尔法星).
If these tiny spaceships travel at 20 percent of the speed of light, they'll be able to reach Alpha Centauri in just 20 years, Milner said. Once there, the spacecraft will be able to do a 1-hour flyby of Alpha Centauri and collect data that's impossible to gather from Earth, such as taking close-up photos of the star system, studying space dust molecules (分子) and measuring magnetic fields (磁场), said Avi Loeb, chairman of the Breakthrough Starshot Advisory Committee and a professor of science at Harvard University.
In addition to learning about space technology, the audience wanted to hear about aliens--specifically, when scientists might find them.
Hawking took questions from reporters in advance so that he would have time to prepare his answers.
Hawking has famously predicted that intelligent aliens might threaten humankind. Indeed, when asked about what Earthlings should do if we came across intelligent alien life, he said, “We should hope that they don' t find us.”
Other researchers at the conference offered a more optimistic view of alien life.
1. What are the wafer-size spaceships mainly designed for?| A．Looking for aliens. | B．Doing a 1-hour flyby. |
| C．Landing on Alpha Centauri. | D．Collecting data about Alpha Centauri. |
| A．pretty soon human beings will find alien life |
| B．we may find alien life a danger to human beings |
| C．Alpha Centauri is suitable for human immigration (移民) |
| D．scientists should be sent into space to collect data |
| A．sponsors | B．reporters |
| C．human beings | D．scientists |
| A．analysis of the data collected |
| B．other questions from reporters |
| C．possible ways to defend us against aliens |
| D．other scientist’ opinions on alien life |
【推荐2】How I failed my Oxford interview
As soon as the words left my mouth, I knew I’d made a mistake. “You think Jane Austen is… soft?” the man opposite me asked in disbelief. Then, he and his colleague took turns to challenge my claim, finishing each others sentences as they stressed that Austen’s novels were, in fact, savage.
“I just mean …” I said in a bright voice, trying to keep the tone light, “that she’s not as biting as Virginia Woolf.”
The two professors this idea around, too, like a couple of cats toying with a frightened bird — giving specific examples of how Austen’s work was, on the contrary, more biting than Woolf’s. With no more defensive action to take. I simply smiled and said, “Let’s just agree to disagree, shall we?” And at that moment, my dreams of going to Oxford University disappeared in a puff of smoke.
Part of my problem was a lack of confidence. Even though I was a straight A student and had prepared for the interview to the best of my ability. I wasn’t a skilled debater. When faced with two experts who told me that I was wrong, instead of defending myself. I rolled over and accepted defeat.
To pass the interview, you need more than confidence, of course. You also need a burning passion for your subject, not just a keen interest. In other words, don’t put comments on your personal statement that you’re not prepared to back up in person.
So, months later, I already knew the contents of my thin envelop when it appeared on my doormat. Naturally, I felt a pang of disappointment. I had wanted to go to Oxford since I was 13. I used to look up images of my favorite college with the same eagerness of a bride-to-be browsing wedding dresses.
Ultimately, I didn’t have what it took — but, looking back, that wasn’t necessarily a bad thing. Instead of going to Oxford, I found a university that was a better fit for my interests. I loved my eclectic (兼收并蓄的) course, where I could write an essay comparing Jane Eyre to 50 Shades of Grey.
Failing my Oxford interview also provided a valuable life lesson. I’m not more confident in my opinions, more passionate when it comes to debate, and I try to back up my point with hard evidence. What’s more. I have never since ended a discussion by giving a foolish smile and saying, “Let’s just agree to disagree, shall we?”
1. The underlined word “savage” in the first paragraph most probably means________.| A．romantic | B．popular | C．merciless | D．adventurous |
| A．aggressiveness | B．weakness | C．peacefulness | D．intelligence |
| A．The author made a mistake when commenting on Jane Austen. |
| B．The author showed no respect for the professors. |
| C．Oxford’s rejection gave the author a chance to reflect on herself. |
| D．The professors advised the author to write an essay on Jane Eyre. |
| A．One’s confidence, passion and knowledge lead to success. |
| B．A student should choose a selective college which suits him or her. |
| C．The power to fight against the authority is the key to a better life. |
| D．“Let’s just agree to disagree” is useful to bring a battle to an end. |
【推荐3】The close relationship between speakers and their speech has led some scholars to suggest that language determines the view we have of the world around us. Different languages segment natural phenomena differently. We name seven colors in the rainbow: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Speakers of other languages may see only four, as did Turkish before our system was introduced, or even as few as two, roughly the lighter shades versus the darker. There is nothing in nature to demonstrate how we should chop up the spectrum of the rainbow, but when we have learned a given language, we distinguish the shades it designates, both in the rainbow and elsewhere students of language assume from such a situation that language determines much of the and patterns we see in the world around us, and that it directs our concepts and actions
Changes in the choice of language, then, might modify behavior. Today gasoline trucks are generally labeled" flammable(易燃的)". The in-prefix was taken as equivalent to that of words like "inactive", where in- means not". It is actually the in- of words like "intense", where it strengthens the meaning. The word "inflammable", then, means "highly flammable" The faulty interpretation of language, however, determined the attitudes of many speakers, who then adjusted their behavior in relation to the language. Prudent truck owners have taken notice and changed the warning to“ flammable"
Such observations led Whorf to a concept with deeper patterns of language, such as the use of tenses in the language of Europe. Tense is the linguistic expression or time. English and other European languages generally require their speakers to identify the time of an event, whether present: It is raining; past: It rained; or future: It will rain. By contrast, many languages, such as the Hopi language of New Mexico, lack expression for tense. Nor do such languages objectify time. In Hopi one cannot count days, minutes, years as though they were objects like stones. Everyday expressions like "Three years went by" are impossible in Hopi.
Comparing such languages, Whorf proposed that "our use of tense or our objectified view of time is favorable to historicity se t)and to everything connected with the keeping of records." That is to say, because of the patterns for referring to time in English and other languages, their speakers maintain records and emphasize bookkeeping, accounting, and the like. In accordance with it, ones conception of the world is relative to the language one learns
While the relativity hypothesis(假设) has attracted considerable attention, it has never been experimentally demonstrated to the valid. a large scale attempt to test the outlook of Hopi-speaking children versus English speaking children turned out to be inconclusive. It remains a task of future scholars to determine whether the hypothesis is valid and also whether one should assume a weak or strong position with regard to it. Clearly we are deeply tied to our native language. But whether it regulates our perceptions or our view of the world Is still an open question
1. The case of the label "flammable" is mentioned to prove that_________.| A．languages can affect our choices of action |
| B．prefixes can lead to disasters if used improperly |
| C．some truck drivers can adjust their behavior |
| D．misunderstanding can happen among speakers |
| A．reflects deeper patterns of European languages |
| B．transforms abstract ideas into objects |
| C．helps avoid certain ambiguity in concepts or ideas |
| D．makes it possible to modern e the Hopi language |
| A．Different languages often have different methods of keeping historical records |
| B．We need more studies to find out if we are closely related to our native tongues |
| C．Our mother tongues have a great influence on our world views and behavior |
| D．It's no easy task to confirm the link between mother tongues and our concepts |
