Located at a depth of 20 feet below the surface, the sand of the ocean floor off the coast of the Florida Keys might be an unlikely spot to host a music festival, but that hasn’t stopped music enthusiasts from diving underwater to rock out.
For the past 35 years, the Underwater Music Festival, an event that pairs music with conservation, has been hosted. Equipped with guitars, drums and other musical instruments, divers go down to the depths and play along to a playlist of water-inspired songs that are piped underwater via speakers. Over the years the event has gone from being a small grassroots effort put together by few locals, with the idea that once people see what’s going on beneath the surface, the more likely they would be to protect it, to a two-day festival that draws dozens of divers, boaters, and musicians to the Keys from around the world.
“Thirty-five years ago a few Keys locals sat down and wanted to figure out a way to bring awareness to our coral reefs (珊瑚礁)that would preserve, rebuild and restore them in any way,” says Dave Turner, executive director of the Lower Keys Chamber of Commerce. “They came up with this idea of playing music underwater and invited people to listen while also enjoying the local sea life.”
“The preservation of the reef is our main purpose,” Turner says. “To avoid any further damage, the festival takes place in a nearby sandy area so that the musicians don’t disturb the coral when they’re performing.”
Although holding a music festival underwater may seem a bit out there, Turner is quick to point out that it is actually achievable. “The music is obviously not as clear as when you’re sitting in room with stereo (立体音响)but you can still hear it and understand the lyrics and music,” he says. “If you were to go underwater you would recognize the song and it would sound the same. It just has little different tone to it. Plus, sound travels faster and farther underwater.”
1. What is special about the festival?A.It hardly has any live music. |
B.It takes place completely underwater. |
C.It hardly wins support at grassroots level. |
D.It exhibits all kinds of musical instruments. |
A.To draw attention to coral reef conservation. |
B.To raise money for local divers. |
C.To improve the locals’ life. |
D.To promote local tourism. |
A.Attending the festival is an important experience. |
B.Holding the festival makes some sense. |
C.The future of the festival is uncertain. |
D.It is challenging to hold the festival. |
A.Environment. | B.Health. | C.Education. | D.Science. |
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【推荐1】When everything is going wrong, there's nothing like listening to a few bars of your favorite sad song. But why do we find pleasure in sad music? This puzzled two researchers at the Freie Universität Berlin in Germany who set out to explore our strong feeling for sad songs in a world where entire industries exist to help us remove sadness from our lives.
Their study — based on a survey of more than 770 people around the world and published this month in the journal, PLOS ONE — discovered sad music can create positive emotions, like peacefulness and kindness, and that choosing the tearful ballad on your music player offers three benefits.
The biggest turned out to be that sad songs allow you to feel sadness without any of its “real-life contexts.” In other words, you can safely explore what it's like to be a little blue without experiencing the great pain of losing a loved one, for example.
“Emotion control” was another important benefit. Many of those surveyed said that when they were in a bad mood (情绪), experiencing sadness through music made them feel better afterwards and provided an emotional improvement. That may be because the songs help them to express and let go of their emotions, researchers noted. “Sad music promotes and creates a space for reflection and reexamination of personal experiences, thoughts and feelings,” one of the researchers added
The benefit of “empathy” (同理心) made the listener feel good by allowing him to share the sadness of another human being through the song. When we're having social problems, like when we're feeling lonely, homesick or missing someone, the sad songs can offer comfort by showing someone else shares our state of mind, the study found.
So it turns out that Elton John was right: Sad songs do say so much.
1. What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.When things go wrong. | B.What to explore in sad songs. |
C.Why sad music brings us joy. | D.How to remove sadness from life. |
A.Benefits of sad music. |
B.Strong feelings in sad music. |
C.Real-life contexts of sad music. |
D.Empathetic comforts from sad music. |
A.By freeing us from bad moods. | B.By bringing great pain to us. |
C.By helping us reflect on exams. | D.By providing a space for us. |
A.To prove Elton John was right. | B.To show Elton John wrote songs. |
C.To make the readers think deeply. | D.To stress the point of the passage. |
【推荐2】Claire King says she would never have started going to the Glastonbury Festival if her friend who runs a food stand hadn't needed a hand a few years ago. “I thought it would just be all noise, and I never liked rock music.” Now she says she would pay her friend to allow her to work at her stand! “The tickets sell like hot cakes, so it's the best way of making sure I can get to the five-day festival in June,” she points out.
Nick Hendon likes going to the Cambridge Folk Festival, which takes place over a long weekend in summer at Cherry Hinton Hall. His favourite festival area is the Club Tent where members of the audience, as well as the invited artists, can get up and perform. “My wife usually takes part. She has a beautiful voice,” he says proudly.
Joan Mitchell does her best to get to the International Eisteddfod, a dance and music festival which takes place every year during the second week of July in Wales. The festival is also famous for the final Sunday Evening Gala Concert which usually has some of the biggest names in opera as guest performers. “I've seen Dame Kiri Te Kanawa9 James Galway and Montserrat Caballe, but no one could ever match Luciano Pavarotti. He was truly breathtaking!”
Graham Crosby tries to get to as many concerts as possible during the eight-week summer season of the Proms festival every year. The Proms is the largest classical music festival in the world. “The atmosphere is much more relaxing than that at other classical concerts. In fact, the audience sometimes behave more like rock fans, jumping up and down to the music, which is really exciting.”
1. What can we know about Claire King from the text?A.She doesn't like working for her friend. |
B.She runs a food stand during the festival. |
C.She gets the ticket for the festival from her friend. |
D.She doesn't need to buy a ticket to get to the festival. |
A.Graham Crosby. | B.Claire King. |
C.Nick Hendon. | D.Joan Mitchell. |
A.The Proms. |
B.The Glastonbury Festival. |
C.The International Eisteddfod. |
D.The Cambridge Folk Festival. |
【推荐3】A growing number of families in China are able to afford a piano and lessons for their children. By2016, the number of children learning piano in China exceeded 30 million and the number has risen by 10percent every year since. The piano used to be a rare foreign import in China; now four in five are made here. Much of this can be traced back to the tiny Chinese island of Gulangyu.
After the first opium war in 1842, foreign powers forced the emperor to permit their residents to live in several “treaty ports”. One of those was Xiamen. Gulangyu, which lies just a five-minute ferry ride offshore, was an international settlement. The foreign residents popularised the piano as an everyday amusement. There was soon hardly a family on the island that did not host or go to hear an evening recital (演奏会).
For decades the island has achieved longstanding fame: the largest number of pianos per person in China. The result was a stream of outstanding musicians. The island’s most celebrated musician is YinChengzong. In 1969 he arranged an earlier revolutionary cantata into the “Yellow River Piano Concerto”. It remains China’s most famous orchestral composition.
Where once Western classical music flowed into China, pianists and their works are pouring out. Of the 50 million children learning the instrument worldwide, as many as 40 million may be Chinese. The government lavishes money on orchestras, which now number over 80, and new concert halls. Demanding parents and cool young things fill them to hear the most talented pianists-among whom, in recent decades, have been Lang Lang, Li Yundi and Yuja Wang-play some beautifully judged Bach or fiendishly hard Rachmaninov. Although reports show that about 10 percent of learners born in the 1990s rarely touch the instrument after they have finished all the exams for amateur learners, most have made it part of their life.
1. What has the island of Gulangyu been known for?A.Its geographic location. | B.Its many outstanding musicians. |
C.The history as an international settlement. | D.The largest number of pianos per person in China. |
A.children | B.pianists | C.concert halls | D.musical instruments |
A.Residents on Gulangyu hardly host or hear an evening recital |
B.Chinese piano learners seldom play it after passing the exams. |
C.Few talented Chinese pianists and famous pieces are coming out. |
D.The foreigners living on Gulangyu made piano a household pastime. |
A.How piano develops in China. | B.Where piano in China originated. |
C.Why piano is popular in Gulangyu. | D.When piano was first brought to China. |
【推荐1】From prehistoric (史前的) cave paintings to modern-day dog shows, humans’ love and fascination for animals has long remained. The following projects show you how humans are working to create a brighter future for animals.
Big Cats Initiative
This has the primary goal of stopping the decline in the population of big cats worldwide since 2009. In Africa, this means ensuring the monitoring and protection of species like lions and cheetahs, whose numbers have declined sharply over the last century. With the Initiative’s help, these species will continue to live in their natural habits, safe from illegal hunting, environmental degradation (恶化), and other human influences. Find it on: Explore Kruger National Park.
Polar Bears International
Climate change has threatened the world’s polar bear populations: As the planet warms, these creatures risk losing more of their icy habitat than ever before. This project works to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause the melting of the Arctic sea ice upon which polar bears depend, and to raise awareness about the plight (困境) of this beautiful animal. Find it on: Canadian Polar Bear Experience.
Vembanad Wetlands Conservation Program
Since 2005, the program has worked to protect the habitat of plants and animals in the wetlands of Vembanad Lake in India. The organization also teaches and monitors sustainable fishing practices there; travelers will learn from fishermen how fishing practices are carried out in a way that does no damage to these important waters. Find it on: Iconic India.
Sea Turtle Conservancy
Sea turtles depend on seagrasses. When these grasses die, the turtles a replaced at serious risk. This has a cyclical effect: seagrasses, like regular grass on land, depend on regular “mowing” to continue growing, and without turtles to feed on it, the grass itself stops thriving, which threatens hundreds of other species who use seagrasses for shelter. Find it on: Explore Costa Rica.
1. Why was Big Cats Initiative setup?A.To prevent big cats from illness | B.To monitor the population of big cats. |
C.To protect the endangered big cats. | D.To stop the environment from worsening. |
A.In Kruger National Park. | B.In the Arctic sea. |
C.In Vembanad Lake. | D.In Costa Rica. |
A.The seagrasses growing better. | B.The ocean’s ecosystems breaking down. |
C.Most oceanic animals dying out. | D.Some oceanic life having more shelters. |
【推荐2】As most people know, in the last few years, sandstorms have swept across many cities and areas of North China, polluting the air and disturbing daily lives of human beings. People look dirty and suffer many kinds of illnesses, such as breath difficulty. The sandstorm is such a serious problem that it has not only weakened the industrial and agricultural development of our country but also caused a lot of trouble to the living conditions of the Chinese people.
Therefore, effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to stop its happening. So how should we deal with the frightening sandstorms?
Some experts offer practical advice as follows: For one thing, more money ought to be put into tree planting and forest protection in order to keep more water on the Earth. For another, government of all countries should make laws on environment protection. For example, banning (禁止) the use of throw-away chopsticks and punishing illegal tree cutting. Scientists should also study and find ways to lower the grade of its destruction and to improve the environment. As for some schools, education about sandstorms should be spread properly and timely to make more and more people attach great importance to this problem.
How people look forward to sunny days with soft wind touching their faces now and forever! The golden days can come back so long as we try our best to protect the natural environment from today on. And the fact is that what I expect is not just a dream. There are some sweet fruits from the early efforts.
1. What’s the first paragraph mainly about?A.Ways to protect the environment. | B.Bad influences sandstorms bring. |
C.The biggest cause of sandstorms. | D.The fast development of China. |
A.One. | B.Two. | C.Four. | D.Six. |
A.Successful examples of stopping sandstorms. |
B.A bright world with no sandstorms anymore. |
C.How to realize our dream to live a happy life. |
D.Why people should always carry on with dreams. |
【推荐3】Earth is a big place, but size isn’t everything. The planet’s richest ecosystems are in rapid decline, forcing us to acknowledge countless creatures worldwide are running out of room.
85% of all species on the IUCN Red List are endangered due to many forms of habitat loss, from complete deforestation to less obvious effects of pollution and climate change. Every species needs a certain amount of habitat to find food, shelter and mates, but for a growing number of animals, the space where their ancestors found those things is now overrun by humans. As habitats decline, animals also grow more vulnerable to secondary dangers like disease or conflict with people.
According to many scientists and conservationists, the best strategy to avoid a dramatic loss of biodiversity is to set aside half of Earth’s surface area for wildlife. That might sound like a big sacrifice at first, but upon closer inspection, it’s still an incredibly sweet deal for us: One species gets half the planet, and all other species must share the other half. This idea has been around for years, confirmed in programmes like the WILD Foundation’s “Nature Needs Half” campaign, but it has gained more different opinions recently. And it may now have one of its most forceful arguments yet, thanks to a 2016 book by well-known biologist E. O. Wilson titled Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life.
Half-Earth, therefore, isn’t so different from today’s Earth. We’re already doing many of the right things, as Wilson recently told the University of California-Berkeley’s Breakthroughs magazine. We still have a few big biodiversity zones left, and others that could still recover. We just need to protect as many wilderness areas as we can, fill in gaps wherever possible and do no further harm. “I’m sure we can go from 10% to 50% coverage, land and sea,” Wilson says. “It could be large reserves that still exist, like in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia, in the taiga, the major wilderness areas of Congo, in Papua New Guinea, the Amazon—these can be made inviolate reserves; they can be pieced together.”
1. What is the main cause of wildlife’s rapid decline?A.Habitat loss. | B.Terrible disease. |
C.Conflict with people. | D.Poor living conditions. |
A.The method to save our planet. | B.The real profession of E.O. Wilson. |
C.The solution to avoiding wildlife decline. | D.The origin of “Nature Needs Half” campaign. |
A.Curious. | B.Confused. | C.Concerned. | D.Confident. |
A.Sharing the Earth with other animals. | B.Changing our attitude toward wildlife. |
C.Increasing the population of wild animals. | D.Protecting the existing habitat for wildlife. |
【推荐1】“Giraffenap” has been created by a Japanese company and is intended to allow the user to take a rest while standing when you feel tired or sleepy with the aim of improving performance at work.
Rather than relying on coffee and endless yawns to try and make it through the workday, Koyoju Plywood Corporation declared about the “Giraffenap” that the nap box will allow you to “be refreshed” in just 20 minutes.
Giving in to your sleepiness and taking a 20-minute nap will apparently help improve your performance by recovering from tiredness, reducing stress, restoring memory and concentration, and improving creativity. A study by NASA has found that pilots who took a 26-minute nap experienced a 34 percent improvement in performance, and a 16 percent improvement in reaction time. “As a new way to take a break, we will provide a space where you can take a nap while standing in the office,” the site explains.
But why does it have to be standing? Well, the site explains that the research by Hokkaido University showed that sleeping while standing allows you to reach a sleep state in which you breathe lightly, so when you wake up you can feel the effect of a nap without having to sleep too much, and you can quickly return to work without feeling dizzy. Plus, making the box vertical (垂直的) rather than horizontal means that it takes up half as much floor space and makes it less likely that your boss will say there just isn’t room. The box also comes equipped with a fire extinguisher, smoke detector, and LED lighting for safety, and it blocks out sound from the outside to ensure a calm, sleep-worthy environment.
Now, I know what you’re thinking—wouldn’t you just fall down if you tried to sleep while standing? Well, not with Giraffenap’s design. The box is equipped with four points to support the body at the head, butt, legs and feet, meaning you can relax in the box while still remaining upright.
1. Where is the “Giraffenap” designed to be used?A.At home. | B.In the field. |
C.In the workplace. | D.In the classroom. |
A.The benefits from taking a nap. | B.The new finding by NASA. |
C.The ways of improving productivity. | D.The pilots’ experience with the “Giraffenap”. |
A.It will ensure the sleepers’ safety. | B.The sleepers can breathe slowly. |
C.It will occupy much less floor space. | D.The sleepers can enter a deeper sleep state. |
A.They have limited mobility. | B.They will be disturbed by noise. |
C.They come out feeling pretty dizzy. | D.They’re likely to suffer injuries. |
【推荐2】Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology have-in just two years-nearly doubled the number of materials known to have potential for use in solar fuels.
They did so by developing a process that promises to speed the discovery of commercially viable (商业可行性) generation of solar fuels that could replace coal, oil, and other fossil fuels.
Solar fuels, a dream of clean-energy research, are created using only sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Researchers are exploring a range of possible target fuels, but one possibility is to produce hydrogen by splitting water.
Each water molecule (分子) consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are extracted, and then can be reunited to create highly flammable hydrogen gas or combined with CO 2 to create hydrocarbon fuels, creating a plentiful and renewable energy source. The problem, however, is that water molecules do not simply break down when sunlight shines on them-if they did, the oceans would not cover most of the planet. They need a little help from a solar-powered catalyst (催化剂).
To create practical solar fuels, scientists have been trying to develop low-cost and efficient materials that perform the necessary chemistry using only visible light as an energy source.
A new method was developed through a partnership between the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) and Berkeley Lab’s Materials Project, using resources at the Molecular Foundry and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSCC). JCAP focused on developing a cost-effective method of turning sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into fuel. It is led by Caltech with Berkeley Lab as a major partner. The Materials Project is a program based at Berkeley Lab that aims to remove the guesswork from materials design in a variety of applications.
“What is particularly significant about this study, which combines experiment and theory, is that in addition to identifying several new compounds for solar fuel applications, we can also learn something new about the basic electronic structure of the materials themselves.” says Neaton, the director of the Molecular Foundry.
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs of the passage?A.Some scientists promise to speed the discovery of commercially viable generation of solar fuels. |
B.Some scientists have found twice as much solar fuel. |
C.Some scientists found new materials in solar fuels that could replace traditional fuels. |
D.Some scientists have used two types of solar fuel in just two years. |
A.Use only sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. |
B.Extract hydrogen atoms from water molecule. |
C.Create hydrocarbon fuels from water molecule. |
D.Explore possible target fuels. |
A.creating a new energy source. |
B.breaking down water molecules. |
C.creating highly flammable hydrogen gas. |
D.reuniting hydrogen atoms extracted from water molecule. |
A.The study will identify some solar fuels. |
B.Scientists can learn about the basic electronic structure of the new compounds. |
C.The study involves new theory and relative experiment. |
D.The most importance of the study is to find some solar fuel applications. |
A.New materials could turn water into the fuel of the future. |
B.A new method was developed to create a renewable fuel. |
C.A program that aims to split water and create a clean-energy research. |
D.Solar fuels are a dream of clean-energy. |
【推荐3】Started in 1636 Harvard University is the oldest of all the many colleges and universities in the United States. Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth were opened soon after Harvard.
In the early years, these schools were much alike. Only young men went to college. All the students studied the same subjects, and everyone learned Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Little was known about science then, and one kind of school could teach everything that was known about the world. When the students graduated, most of them became ministers or teachers.
In 1782, Harvard started a medical school for young men who wanted to become doctors. Later, lawyers could receive their training in Harvard’s law school. In 1825, besides Latin and Greek, Harvard began teaching modern languages, such as French and German. Soon it began to teaching American history.
As knowledge increased, Harvard and other colleges began to teach many new subjects. Students were allowed to choose the subjects that interested them.
Today, there are many different kinds of colleges and universities. Most of them are made up of smaller schools that deal with(涉及)special fields of learning. There’s so much to learn that one kind of school can’t offer in all.
1. The oldest university in the US is _________.A.Yale | B.Harvard |
C.Princeton | D.Columbia |
A.those colleges and universities were almost the same |
B.people, young or old, might study in the colleges |
C.students studied only some languages and science |
D.when the students finished their school, they became lawyers or teachers |
A.Latin and Greek |
B.Latin, Greek, French and German |
C.American history and German |
D.French and German |
A.everything that was known |
B.law and something about medicine |
C.many new subjects |
D.the subjects that interested students |
【推荐1】The Energy Charter Secretarial, located in Brussels, is the administrative body responsible for facilitating the implementation (实施)of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and further developing the Energy Charter Process under the governance of the Energy Charter Conference. Now, it is looking for an assistant secretary general to help with its daily work.
Responsibilities
Generally, the successful candidate will be responsible for:
※Direction and coordination (协调) of the work of the experts and administrative assistants of the Secretariat
※Daily office administration and carrying out other related tasks of the internal management of the office as assigned by the Secretary General
※Monitoring and assisting the implementation of the ECT
※Preparation of the budget, various financial documents and reports, coordination of relations with external auditors (审计员)
Requirements
※At least five years of professional experience in a senior capacity within a national government, an intergovernmental organization, academia, non-government organizations or industries with direct experience in senior or project management and financial administration
※Excellent oral and written communication skills
※The ability to successfully lead a multi-cultural team and complete fluency in English
How to apply
Applications should be addressed to the Secretary General, at secgen@encharter.org to arrive no later than February 20, 2020.
1. Which is looking for an assistant secretary general?A.The Energy Charter Process. |
B.The Energy Charter Treaty. |
C.The Energy Charter Conference. |
D.The Energy Charter Secretarial. |
A.Ensure the good process of the ECT. |
B.Monitor the Secretary General's work. |
C.Hand in financial papers to the auditors. |
D.Take charge of the experts’ daily routine. |
A.Being skilled in cross-cultural communication. |
B.Speaking English as his or her native language. |
C.Having managed major projects alone for three years. |
D.Being able to build a strong administrative department. |
【推荐2】The idea behind Facebook is to make us feel connected all the time.But in my research, I’ve found that the truth is quite different.
Technology, it turns out, has made being alone seem like a problem that needs solving.When young people are alone, even for a minute or two, they feel the need to connect, to get on Facebook or some other social networks and chat.But in connecting, they often end up feeling more isolated.Why?Because by being in constant(不断的)connection, they lose the ability to feel satisfied with their own company(独处).
Facebook can help us keep in touch with our friends, but we too often use it instead of spending facetoface time with them.And since we feel the need to keep up with them online, we don’t have moments of loneliness where we can collect our thoughts and learn how to be comfortable being alone.
—Sherry Turkle, Professor
Facebook connects more of us to more of our friends and family in more places than we have ever been connected before.Yes, Facebook is a huge time sink—maybe the biggest ever.Many people post useless stuff.And seeing too much of your friends’ lives can make you jealous(嫉妒的), but it won’t make you lonely.
Jane, a former student of mine, who is back in New York after living abroad for ten years, told me that Facebook helps her a lot.The first time she moved back to New York from abroad, she felt disconnected from her family and friends.Now,because of lots of photos and information updates(更新), she knows what is happening with her friends all the time.
In fact, if you are lonely in real life, you will be lonely online as well.
—Sree Sreenivasan, Chief Digital Officer
1. The underlined word “isolated” in Paragraph 2 means“________”.A.free | B.selfish | C.careless | D.lonely |
A.feel satisfied with our life | B.avoid using social networks |
C.keep in touch with our friends | D.enjoy moments of loneliness |
A.Hopeful. | B.Doubtful. | C.Thankful. | D.Regretful. |
A.educate | B.discuss | C.persuade | D.introduce |
【推荐3】It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter.
Road politeness is not only good manners ,but good sense. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards reducing the possibility of quarrelling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behaviors of politeness are by no means enough. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to. An experienced driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if drivers learnt to correctly join in traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings.
Unfortunately, modern drivers can't even learn to drive, let alone master the road man ship. Years ago, experts warned us that the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.
1. The passage mainly talks about .A.Road politeness | B.Traffic jams | C.Good manners | D.Modern drivers |
A.great speed | B.traffic jams | C.terrible road conditions | D.the behavior of the drivers |
A.beat back when forced to face rude driving |
B.be able to recognize politeness when he sees it |
C.join in traffic stream quickly however other people feel |
D.encourage old ladies to cross the roads whenever they want to |
A.master roadman ship |
B.create atmosphere of good will |
C.encourage old ladies to cross the road |
D.give a friendly nod to show politeness |