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题型:完形填空 难度:0.65 引用次数:392 题号:12734481

Certainty:Over-rated and Over-rewarded

Type the words “kind of” or “perhaps” into an email in Microsoft Outlook and the program might well tell you to think again. If the Al-powered “Microsoft Editor” judges that you are not sounding _________ enough, it will soon give you a word of warning:“Words expressing uncertainty will _________ your impact.”

To me, this suggestion precisely expresses something we’ve got wrong in society. We live in a world that _________ those who speak with confidence-even when that is misplaced-and gives very little opportunity to perform to those who _________ doubt. “We tend to listen to those experts who tell us a simple, clear and confident story. Why? Because that’s _________ satisfying,” says Dan Gardner, author of Future Babble, “That’s saying let me sweep away the uncertainty for you’.”

Research shows that the human brain is “programmed” to hate _________:a 2016 study found that when volunteers were given electric shocks, their stress levels were highest when they had no idea whether they were going to be given a shock-higher even than subjects who were told they would _________ get one.

We should first know that while confident-sounding experts might be giving us what our brains desire, the _________ they are providing is probably false. Psychologist Philip Tetlock divided up forecasters into “foxes” and “hedgehogs”. Foxes consider all sorts of different approaches sand perspectives, and combine those into distinct conclusions. _________, hedgehogs tend to view the world through the lens of one single defining idea. That makes the hedgehogs __________ forecasters but more likely to get attention.

Perhaps we care less about the truth and more about enjoying some sense of __________ however short-lived that might be. But wouldn’t it be better if we held experts to account? Mr. Gardner suggests tagging speakers with some kind of record of previous __________ much as we are given performance statistics for racehorses or baseball players.

Highly confident statements also __________ polarization(两极化), encouraging others to respond in the same kind of language when they disagree. “There’s a natural tendency to push back with equal amounts of __________ says Daniel Drezner, a political scientist.

Is it time to give a bit more attention to the __________? Full of certainty on the need to stop paying so much attention to those expressing certainty, I say yes.

1.
A.timidB.reasonableC.decisiveD.mature
2.
A.assessB.reverseC.enhanceD.lessen
3.
A.rewardsB.relaxesC.confusesD.weakens
4.
A.eliminateB.acknowledgeC.emphasizeD.conceal
5.
A.physicallyB.psychologicallyC.politicallyD.professionally
6.
A.uncertaintyB.confidenceC.dishonestyD.stress
7.
A.readilyB.fortunatelyC.definitelyD.probably
8.
A.desireB.depressionC.shockD.relief
9.
A.For instanceB.In additionC.Even soD.In contrast
10.
A.funnierB.worseC.less confidentD.more reliable
11.
A.achievementB.responsibilityC.securityD.justice
12.
A.approachesB.attentionC.predictionsD.significance
13.
A.prohibitB.promoteC.sacrificeD.separate
14.
A.firmnessB.encouragementC.carefulnessD.statement
15.
A.foxesB.hedgehogsC.forecastersD.scientists
【知识点】 日常生活 议论文

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