【推荐2】The way individuals collectively remember, forget, and recall event, people, places, etc, has been an important topic of research on collective memory.     1     He developed the concept of collective memory, arguing that individual memories are only understood within the context of a group through time and space. In all cases, most research on memory studies relies on long procedures     2     They include theoretical concepts, the study of historical sources, oral histories, case studies, interviews, and surveys. For example, one group of researchers carried out several interviews to investigate younger and older American adults for three wars, namely, the Civil War, World War Ⅱ, and the Iraq War.     3     Both younger and older adults recalled the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; however, they differed in how they rated the bombings.

More recently, memory study scholars tend to stress the significance of the media in shaping collective memories: “Culture and individuals’ memory are constantly produced through the technologies of memory.” Under this perspective, research often involves content analysis of news and the use of surveys or interviews for analyzing the public memory.     4    

However, developments in digital technologies in recent years have significantly influenced how we keep track of events both as individuals and as a collective. “The Internet doesn’t forget.” The Internet has had strong impacts on memory and the processes of remembering and forgetting.     5     Analyzing different Web documents, researchers have shown that more recent past events are remembered more vividly in the present.

A．Research on collective memory is often based on various aspects.

B．There are a few simple things a person can do to help improve their memory.

C．Maurice Halbwachs is recognized as the father of collective memory research.

D．Although all Americans recalled similar events,the interpretation changed over the generations.

E．Also,scholars have studied the role of journalists as collective memory agents by analyzing their stories.

F．Recently developed information technologies have affected how we create,store and recall information.

G．Meanwhile,it has transformed collective memory into an observable phenomenon that can be tracked and measured online.

【推荐3】Environmental groups and rock climbers are always at loggerheads because of the effect of rock climbing on the environment. There have been many examples, wherein rock climbers are accused of going into natural reserves and treating the animals, plants and rocks there badly. However, with the changing times, rock climbers are conscious and carry out minimal climbing.

Rock climbers hammer bolts on climbing routes and in the process damage the nature of rocks. In addition, climbing activities also have an effect on the animals and plants situated near the climbing area. The plants growing near the base of rocks are trampled, and the animals living in the climbing area are forced out of their places, whenever humans are around. For example, during the summer climbing season, pregnant females of an endangered species of snake live in open areas like roadsides, exposed walls or rocks, where there is less canopy closure compared to areas occupied by non-pregnant females and males. According to climbers, these open areas are very suitable for climbing during summer.

Many rock climbers have understood the significance of wildlife plant and animal preservation and related issues, and therefore take measures to reduce effects on climbing areas. Considering the effect of climbing activities on natural reserves, various national parks and wildlife agencies have put forth certain regulations on climbers. There are seasonal closures of climbing areas to avoid illegal entrance of uninformed rock climbers.

Climbers are always expected to support wilderness preservation. Many environmental organizations have been formed to protect the environment and in the process draw up certain guidelines for rock climbers. Both sides have come to a common understanding of the effect of rock climbers on protected areas.

1. What does the underlined part “at loggerheads” in Paragraph 1 mean ________.

A．in support

B．in difficulty

C．in disagreement

D．in communication

2. Why is the example of snakes mentioned in Paragraph 2?

A．To show how special their living habits are.	B．To show rock climbing affects their lives.
C．To show climbers are exposed to great danger.	D．To show how to avoid wild animals in summer.

3. What do environmental organizations do to preserve wilderness?

A．Give guidelines to rock climbers.	B．Accuse climbers of their climbing.
C．Close some secured natural reserves.	D．Encourage climbers to choose open areas.

【推荐1】Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.

In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.

In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously hold poor role models. If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.

In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors.

Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.

Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. Then you can say, “I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors’ tragedies and stories, and know that they are cheering on.

1. Imitation proves useful when you ________.

A．know you are unique	B．begin to learn something new
C．lose the balance of life	D．get tired of routine practice

2. According to the author, the world moves on because of those who are ________ .

A．desperate to influence others with their knowledge	B．eager to discover what their ancestors did
C．ready to turn their original ideas into reality	D．willing to accept others’ ideas

3. The trouble a creator faces is ________ .

A．how to use imagination creatively	B．the absence of practical ideas
C．how to search for more materials	D．the lack of strong motivation

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?

A．To explain the meaning of success.	B．To criticize the characters of role models.
C．To compare imitation with creation.	D．To highlight the importance of creativity.

【推荐2】Men have long been puzzled by the amount women pack, when they go on holiday. They despair (绝望)as they watch their beloved spend much money on extra baggage charge. Nearly half of these women admitted to lying about the weight of their case to their partner before leaving for the airport, in fear of being made to unload some unnecessary items.

But it's a fact that women pack more than they need. On average, a woman needs around 57 items in suitcase for a two-week holiday, yet most women pack nearer to 150 items, ranging from skirts, tops, underwear and high heels. In addition, women pack more sun cream, make-up and hair appliances than they are likely to need. They all take up space in the suitcase, only a third of them will see the light of day once at the holiday place.

79 percent of women admitted to taking extra items with them, with the reason for this being ''just in case''. Women plan their holiday wardrobe months in advance. Packing enough clothes and other items to last a month is not enough for some women. They'd take a chance to shop for new items while holidaying abroad. So they'll return with even more luggage in their cases.

Professor Karen Pine said, ''Women are tempted to take familiar items with them on holiday, often everything except the kitchen sink. Some people find traveling stressful, particularly when they'e unsure about the home comforts available at their holiday place. They over- pack to help cope with those feelings of stress and reduce the uncertainty. ''

This will come as no surprise to some men, who are used to trying to squeeze their partner's luggage into the boot of the car with their own, smaller case. On the other hand, men pack very lightly, with only an average of 40 items for a two-week holiday.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Women are good at picking holiday suitcase.

B．Women over-pack by two third when on holiday.

C．Women will go shopping every time they go on holiday.

D．Women take good care of themselves while holidaying.

2. How many items will a woman pack for a 2-week holiday on average?

A．About 57 items.	B．About 79 items.
C．About 97 items.	D．About 150 items.

3. Women pack too much on holiday because ________.

A．they want to show off their items

B．they prefer a more comfortable holiday

C．they are afraid they'll need them during the holiday

D．they would like to clean their clothes wardrobe very much

4. How does a man feel about his wife packing too much?

A．Opposed.	B．Supportive.
C．Positive.	D．Concerned.

5. What do Dr Pine's words imply?

A．Going on holiday will cost a lot.

B．Women don't prefer to go on a holiday.

C．People tend to feel tired and stressed on holiday.

D．It's understandable that women over-pack in a sense.

【推荐3】Over the past twenty years, the Mission: Impossible film series has always been connected with Tom Cruise. No matter what happens, he’s always been Ethan Hunt, the stubborn agent (特工) who always gives 110 percent to protect other people’s safety, regardless of his own.

Hunt serves as a kind of action hero, but there’s an interesting change in Mission: Impossible- Ghost Protocol (2011), the fourth movie of the series. In it, Hunt faces a great dilemma (困境), as he has to leave his beloved wife Julia behind to save the world. And this idea continues in Mission: Impossible- Fallout, where Hunt’s dilemma is even bigger than before, when he’s forced to make a choice between saving someone he loves or the entire world.

The theme of the “moral dilemma”, in which the hero must choose between two very difficult options, is common in cinema.

Characters like James Bond and Batman often face moral dilemmas of their own. Bond is loyal (忠诚的) to Britain and spares no effort to finish every task, but this often comes at the cost of following the rules. For most people, killing someone even for a good reason isn’t acceptable. However, Bond has only two choices in front of him: kill his enemies or be killed.

Differing from Bond, however, Batman never kills a single person in film The Dark Knight (2008). He refuses to break his own moral code (道德准则). Indeed, it seems Batman is a different kind of hero, one who puts his own morals above anything else.

As is mentioned on the poster for Fallout: “Some missions are not a choice”, which means that good intentions often come back to haunt (环绕) us. So, superheroes like Ethan Hunt and his Impossible Mission Force need to make the right choice by saving the world again. As the character Benjamin Parker, Spider-Man’s uncle in the movie series, wisely said, “With great power comes great responsibility.”

1. Who is the hero in the film series the Mission: Impossible?

A．Benjamin Parker.	B．James Bond.
C．Batman.	D．Ethan Hunt.

2. What do the three action heroes James Bond, Batman and Ethan Hunt have in common?

A．They all kill their enemies.

B．They all have the same moral code.

C．They are all cruel and cold-blooded.

D．They are all stuck in moral dilemma.

3. What’s the best title of the passage?

A．Superheroes	B．Ethan Hunt Coming Back
C．Making a Hard Choice	D．Tom Cruise Caught in Dilemma

【推荐1】I was fortunate enough to discover my love for flying when I was very young. Lucky that some things went my way: my eyesight, for example, was good enough to allow me to become a fighter pilot. And lucky that when I left the army, I found work as an airline pilot, when such jobs weren’t plentiful. I still feel lucky, after all these years, to be able to follow my passion. The airline industry has its problems, and a lot of them can be troubling, but I still find purpose and satisfaction in flying.

There’s some freedom you feel when you’re flying above the surface of the earth, no longer limited by gravity. Even at a thousand feet, you get a wider perspective. Problems that seem large down below feel smaller from that height, and smaller still by the time you reach thirty-five thousand feet.

I love that flying is an intellectual challenge. If you change the angle(角度) of the nose by even one degree while traveling at a typical commercial airliner speed of seven miles a minute, it’s enough to increase or decrease your rate of climb or descent by seven hundred feet per minute. I enjoy keeping track of all the calculations, staying aware of the weather conditions, working with a team while knowing closely what the plane can and cannot do. I like the challenge of that.

I also like sharing my passion for flying. It’s a disappointment to me that a lot of kids today aren’t fascinated by flight. I’ve watched countless children walk past the plane without paying much attention; they’re too focused on their video games or their iPods.

When there are children who eagerly want a look inside “my office” at the front of the plane, it’s so rewarding to see their excitement about something I care deeply about. If we aren’t busy during boarding, the first officer and I enjoy inviting curious children to sit in our seats in the cockpit(驾驶舱), ask questions, and let their parents take photos of them wearing a captain’s hat.

Being a pilot has a tangible end result that is beneficial to society. It feels good to take a planeload of 183 people where they need or want to go. My job is to reunite people with family and friends, to send them on vacations, to bring them to loved ones’ funerals, to get them to their job interviews. By the end of a day, I feel as if I’ve accomplished something. All of them have their own stories, motivations, needs — and helping them brings a rewarding feeling.

This is what gets me ready for work, and one of the things I look forward to.

1. What makes the author feel lucky is that ________.

A．he was able to find a job as a pilot

B．his job is satisfying and totally free of trouble

C．he began flying even when he was very young

D．his physical condition enables him to be a spaceman

2. The author expresses regret that some children no longer seem to appreciate the ________.

A．beauty of the country	B．wonder of flight
C．excitement of taking photos	D．value of education

3. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 6 implies the author’s ________.

A．determination	B．devotion
C．satisfaction	D．confidence

4. The genre(体裁) of the passage can best be described as a ________.

A．personal account	B．science fiction
C．persuasive writing	D．historical story

【推荐2】One of the most important things in the world is friendship. In order to have friends, you have to be a friend. But how can you be a good friend at school?

Listen — Listen when they are talking. Don’t say anything unless they ask you a question. Sometimes it’s not necessary for you to have anything to say; they just need someone to talk to about their feelings.

Help them — If your friend is ever in need of something, be there to help them. You should try to put them first, but make sure you don’t do everything they want you to do. Try to take an extra (额外的) pencil or pen with you to classes in case (以防) they forget one. Have a little extra money in your pocket in case they forget something they need.

Be there for them — Try to make something for your friend to help make them feel better in hard times. Making cards and encouraging them are among the nicest things you can do for a friend. Marilyn Monroe, a famous U.S. actor, once said, “I often make mistakes. Sometimes I am out of control. But if you can’t stay with me at my worst, you are sure not to deserve (值得) to be with me at my best.” Always remember this! If you don’t want to stay with your friends when they’re in hard times, then you don’t deserve to be with them when they’re having a good time!

______ — Try to make plans with your friends. Go shopping, go for ice cream, have a party, go to a movie and so on. Take time to know each other even better by doing something you both enjoy. By planning things together, you both can have a good time. And you’ll remember these things when you’re all old!

1. While your friend is talking to you about his or her feelings, you should _____.

A．give him or her some advice	B．just listen unless asked
C．calm him or her down	D．share your feelings as well

2. When we provide help for our friends, we should _____.

A．try to do everything for them	B．put them before ourselves
C．change their bad habits first	D．ignore their faults

3. What can we learn from Marilyn Monroe’s words?

A．Life without a friend is death.	B．A friend is easier lost than found.
C．A friend in need is a friend indeed.	D．A man is known by his friends.

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．How to find a good friend.	B．How to help friends in trouble.
C．How to be a good friend.	D．How to make more friends.

【推荐3】About eight years ago, Mary Grace Henry of Harrison, New York, asked for a sewing machine for her birthday. She wanted to design and sell headbands (头巾) to pay for just one African girl’s schooling.

Now, 11,000 headbands later, Mary Grace has sold enough to give 45 girls living in poverty the gift of an education.

Henry is the founder of Reverse The Course — a headband-making business that gives 100 percent of the money it makes toward educational chances for girls, primarily in Uganda and Kenya. Henry had the idea to start her business after learning about early marriage in some developing countries—a practice that greatly reduces the likelihood of a girl receiving education.

There are about 67 million child brides (新娘) worldwide, according to the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). Girls in poor communities in the developing world are greatly affected by the practice, which “repeats the cycle of poverty,” according to the organization.

On November 6, Henry won a World of Children Award for her work to fight against the practice through educational chances. According to the organization, $35,000 will be given to support Reverse The Course’s work by providing money for student workshops and programs for girls in poor Africa.

“The greatest difficulty of education faced by both girls and boys is poverty,” Henry told the awards organization. “Girls, though, face a second hurdle that is far more difficult to address: their culture. In many countries throughout the world, girls are viewed as having not just less value than boys, but often little or no value.”

“When you see a need, act,” Henry said of the advice she’d give to others who want to make change. “Dream big, but start small, taking little steps. Set a goal and don’t frighten yourself by thinking about the ‘what-ifs.’ Each step taken will present both new chances and new difficulties. Face each one as it comes and then keep going. All those little steps, done with love, will lead you to places impossible to imagine.”

1. Why did Henry found Reverse The Course?

A．To develop girls’ sewing skills.	B．To raise money for the homeless.
C．To teach girls to design headbands.	D．To help African girls receive education.

2. What might surprise Henry greatly eight years ago?

A．Girls having less value than boys.	B．Child marriage in some countries.
C．Health problems in poor Africa.	D．Unfair schooling in some countries.

3. Which of the following best explains “hurdle”underlined in Paragraph 6?

A．Mistake.	B．Choice.
C．Need.	D．Problem.

4. What did Henry advise readers to do?

A．Treasure what they have.

B．Put themselves in others’ shoes.

C．Take small steps towards achieving their goal.

D．Bring happiness to others with time and patience.

【推荐1】How does a brilliant teacher get that way? The question of how they developed has as many answers as there are inspired instructors. One example is an original and magnetic woman who has become one of best ever at taking disadvantaged students to a new level.

Jackson was born in Altoona. Her father was a construction worker. When she was in the eighth grade, her father died just before Christmas. Her principal, Mrs. Brown, said not to worry about schoolwork for a while. That upset her. Her father would not have wanted her to do anything but her best. He always said: “Don’t let your first failure be the reason for your next.”

Jackson was an accomplished shooting guard in basketball and a star sprinter on the track team, running the quarter — mile in 57 seconds. She thought she might become a sports broadcaster. She gave no thought to teaching until a friend took her to an introduction to a program, which placed novice instructors in schools full of low-income children. Jackson liked the idea of giving back, as well as the chance to have some of her student loans forgiven.

She is a big sports person, and that is how she connects with lots of kids. She couldn’t motivate children until she knew what was bothering or pleasing them. “Students learn from people who love them.” she said, “They will be motivated and inspired to learn if they know deep down that you care about them." In class she gave basketball tickets to students who were doing their work. At weekly drawings they could win sticky notes, pencils or other small prizes.

She helped create after-school clubs. A tall student said to her: “I’m a bailer. I heard you ball.” There was a basketball league in Paterson, but the school didn’t have a team. Jackson started one with support from local business executives. The student, Essence Carson, went to Rutgers University, was a first-round draft (运动员选拔机制) selection for the WNBA’s New York Liberty and now plays for the Connecticut Sun.

1. Why did Mrs. Brown’s words upset Jackson?

A．Her father just passed away.	B．She was taught to do her best.
C．Her first failure led to another one.	D．She was concerned about her grades.

2. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?

A．The way Jackson turned teacher.	B．The dream job Jackson desired.
C．The student loans Jackson owed.	D．The athletics Jackson did well in.

3. Why did Jackson give small prizes to her students in class?

A．To connect with them.	B．To please or bother them.
C．To encourage them to learn.	D．To show her love to them.

4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．Jackson founded a school team in Paterson alone.

B．Jackson played in the basketball league in Paterson.

C．Jackson selected Essence to play for WNBA’s New York Liberty.

D．Jackson should take some credit for Essence’s professional career.

【推荐2】

I go to a gym in west London, always unwillingly. Exercise is too exhausting and boring. Always was. At school I made believe that I had headaches and parental notes too, to get out of PE classes and compulsory games. Now, twice a week, I dutifully get on cycling machines and other equipment and make myself work out for an hour. To get through the difficult hour, I people-watched: young and old, fit and unfit and Clayton Rose, one of the instructors.

Clayton is a personal trainer not only to body perfectionists, but to people who are mentally and physically disabled, the obese and hopeless. He treats them all the same. I have witnessed him listening keenly to a middle-aged working-class woman who goes on and on about her life, holidays, everything. Slim and attractive now, she was once so heavy that she was in a wheelchair. I have seen him calm down a young man with Tourette's syndrome（抽动症）and get him on a treadmill. I have also watched him pushing and coaching strong, cool men.

Clayton was shocked when I said I wanted to write about him. "Why? You know I'm not educated? I'm not clued up about politics and all that. Just an ordinary guy.”

He grew up in Twickenham, where his dad worked in a timber yard, his mum in an office. After college, the young man got into personal training and found his work. One of his best friends got seriously ill and was given months to live. Clayton put him on a program that kept him alive for almost five years: "I don't earn much, but I love my work; training and talking really helps people who don't have confidence, who are lonely, afraid, sick. Lots of people can't step into a gym. They need someone they can trust, someone who will be on their side.

The gym recently updated its equipment. The flashy new stuff confuses and upsets disabled customers. Me too. The private firm running these centers made decisions without considering these needs. Clayton is managing the chaos with grace and strength. Last week, when a young woman in a wheelchair started sobbing loudly, he calmed her down, restored her dignity, superhumanly contained his anger.

One of his colleagues thinks Clayton's "a legend". He is, and doesn't know it—a rare thing in this age of extreme narcissism（自恋）and monetized everything.

1. Why was I unwilling to go to a gym?

A．Because I suffered from headaches.

B．Because I had bad memories of PE classes.

C．Because I had to watch a large crowd exercising

D．Because I felt it tiring and no fun

2. How does Clayton Rose help people in the gym?

A．He brings out the best in them.

B．He helps them with illness advice

C．He treats them differently.

D．He focuses on body perfection.

3. What does Clayton Rose like about his job?

A．The pay he receives

B．The grace and strength it brings.

C．The comforting power he gives.

D．The disabled people on his side.

4. What is the main idea of the text?

A．Reasons to go to a gym.

B．An instructor inspiring confidence.

C．Exercise with push and inspiration.

D．Rays of hope in the age of narcissism.

【推荐3】The fridge is considered necessary. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food list appeared with the label: “Store in the refrigerator.”

In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthy. The milkman came every day, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times each w eek. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and the bread and milk left became all kinds   of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and w e w ere never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have stopped, and fresh vegetables are almost impossible to get in the country.

The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. Many well-tried techniques already existed — natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...

What refrigeration did promote was marketing — marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the world in search of a good price.

Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the rich countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum (make a low continuous sound) away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house —while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.

The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been clear, while its contribution to human happiness has been unimportant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cupboard and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.

1. The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed w ell and healthily ” suggests that

A．the author was w ell-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties.

B．the author was not accustomed to fridges even in his fifties.

C．there was no fridge in the author ’s home in the 1950s.

D．the fridge w as in its early stage of development in the 1950s.

2. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?

A．Inventors.

B．Consumers.

C．Producers.

D．Travelling salesmen.

3. Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph suggest the fridge’s negative effect on the environment?

A．“Hum away continuously”.	B．“Climatically almost unnecessary”.
C．“Artificially-cooled space”.	D．“With mild temperatures”.

4. What is the author ’s overall attitude toward fridges?

A．Neutral.

B．Critical.

C．Objective.

D．Positive.