People in the Middle Ages did eat with their hands. Personal utensils (餐具) were mostly unheard of, especially forks. There were spoons to help serve, but only special guests would receive a knife from the host. Everyone else would be expected to bring their own. Of course, eating with one's hands can be quite a sticky situation, so towels were provided to help diners stay at least somewhat clean as they ate.
Still, dining was often a messy affair. At special occasions in the wealthiest households, women tended to dine alone, separate from the men. Women were expected to uphold a quality of grace. Eating greasy meat by hand would certainly not help! Once the men and women had finished their meals, they would come together to socialize.
Dietary scholars of the Middle Ages believed that the foods in a meal needed to be served and eaten in order of heaviness. The lightest and most easily digested foods, such as fruits and cheeses, were eaten first to help the digestive (消化) system get started. Once digestion was underway, greens and light meats, such as lettuce, cabbage and chicken, could be eaten. Last came the heavier vegetables and meats, such as carrots, beans, beef, pork, and mutton. This method was considered the most healthful way to eat.
The main and largest meal of the day was supper, and it was eaten at midday. Dinner was a light meal, and many of those in nobility (贵族) - the highest levels of the Middle Ages society-skipped breakfast altogether. Breakfast was considered unnecessary for those who did not perform physical work. Snacks and any other eating during the day were viewed the same way. Commoners, or the working class, were allowed to eat breakfast and small meals throughout the day.
1. What did people in the Middle Ages usually do at the dinner table?| A．They cleaned hands before meals. |
| B．They used personal utensils. |
| C．They had to use knives at dinner. |
| D．They ate mostly with hands. |
| A．The order of eating foods. |
| B．The weight of various foods. |
| C．The principles of digesting foods. |
| D．The list of healthy foods. |
| A．Breakfast was wasted for the nobility. |
| B．Breakfast was viewed as unnecessary. |
| C．Breakfast was considered as a light meal. |
| D．Breakfast was saved for commoners. |
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【推荐1】Qing ming Festival, or Tomb-Sweeping Day, is a traditional festival where Chinese pay respects to their ancestors and the dead. People in different regions of the country consume different foods on the day according to local customs. From green rice balls and omelets (煎蛋饼) to fried dough twists and pancakes, here are some traditional foods people eat on the special day.
Qingtuan, or green rice balls, are widely consumed in China’s Jiangnan area — the region south of the Yangtze River — around Qingming Festival. The seasonal delicious food is usually made from glutinous rice (糯米) mixed with pounded mugwort — an eatable wild herb thought to prevent toxic insect bites.
In both northern and southern China, it is an age-old tradition to eat sanzi, or fried dough twists, on Tomb-Sweeping Day. However, the sanzi in North and South China are different from each other in terms of size and material. Northern people prefer larger ones made from wheat, while people in the South enjoy smaller ones made from rice.
Thin pancakes are a popular food for people in Xiamen in Southeast China’s Fujian province on Tomb-Sweeping Day. To make it tastier, they usually add dried seaweed, omelet, vegetables and chili sauce to the pancakes.
In Qingdao in East China’s Shandong province, people eat spring onion and omelet on the day. They believe the special combination makes eyes brighter. In ancient times, pupils often sent eggs to their teachers to show respect on the day.
In many places in Southeast China’s Fujian province, people thought eating steamed rice with leaf mustard (芥菜) on Tomb-Sweeping Day could help prevent scabies and other skin diseases for the whole year.
The steamed bun is named after Jie Zitui, a famous hermit of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC). People in Shanxi province have a tradition of eating the bun on Tomb-Sweeping Day. Colorful dough animals and flowers are frequent decorations, while eggs and jujubes (红枣) are added inside to increase sweetness.
1. What’s special about sanzi?| A．People in South China prefer sanzi made from wheat. |
| B．People in North China prefer smaller size of sanzi |
| C．It is only accessible on Tomb-Sweeping Day. |
| D．The sanzi varies in different places. |
| A．To help improve eyesight | B．To show respect to ancestors |
| C．To exchange eggs with teachers | D．To make the omelet tastier |
| A．Colorful flowers | B．Dough animals | C．Dough eggs | D．Jujubes |
| A．They are both made from glutinous rice. | B．They are believed to be beneficial to health. |
| C．They are both popular around China. | D．They have the same eatable herbs in them. |
【推荐2】Breakfast is not only the most important meal of the day, it is also the most neglected . Common reasons for not eating breakfast include lack of time, not feeling hungry, traditional dislike for breakfast, and dieting（节食）.
Breakfast simply means “break the fast”. Your body spends at least 6 to 12 hours each night in a fasting state. In the morning your body needs energy for the day’s work ahead.
A good breakfast should provide up to1/3 of your total calories needs for the day. On average（平均）, we eat 400 less calories for breakfast than for dinner. If breakfast doesn’t attract you in the morning, try eating a lighter for the breakfast in the morning.
If you aren’t hungry in the morning, start with something small like juice or toast or have a nutritious (有营养的) mid-morning snack alter when you are hungry.
So, you say you’re on a diet. Some people fear eating breakfast will make them hungrier during the day and they will eat more. It is true that eating breakfast is likely to make you eat more. That’s because your body is working all day long , in fact, you are probably not.
Not eating breakfast can also cause you to overeat, since a fall in blood sugar often makes you feel very hungry later. To make matters worse, since your body is in a slowed state it will not be able to burn those extra calories very quickly. If you feed your body healthy snacks and meals through the day, you are less likely to become hungry and fill yourself as soon as you begin to eat. Since breakfast is the first and most important meal of the day, choosing the right fuel is important. The best breakfast foods are fruits, juice, lean meat, and grain products such as bread, rice, noodles, and cereals.(谷物)。
1. Which of the following statement is Not the reason for not having breakfast?| A．Their time is limited. | B．They want to lose weight. |
| C．Their stomachs are full. | D．They want to start work early.[ |
| A．movement | B．certain kind of food |
| C．quickness | D．going without food |
| A．have some snacks when hungry |
| B．see a doctor to have an examination |
| C．have a good dinner |
| D．go to a restaurant to enjoy a good meal |
| A．it’s OK not to have breakfast |
| B．it’s important to go on a diet at breakfast |
| C．you can decide whether to have breakfast |
| D．it’s necessary to have a right breakfast |
【推荐3】Up to one quarter of the world’s population use chopsticks as their main eating tool. Called kuaizi in Chinese, chopsticks were developed in China about 5,000 years ago. Often made of wood, chopsticks allow users to pickup pieces of food by holding together and releasing (松开) the sticks with the thumb (拇指) and first three fingers.
Before the invention of chopsticks, the Chinese used only their hands to eat. One reason why chopsticks were invented is that eating with one’s hands allowed some people to take more food than others. This was considered rude, so using chopsticks, which limited the amount of food that could be taken at one time, was thought to be a more polite practice. Another one was about the great Chinese philosopher Confucius, who was a vegetarian. He objected to the use of knives at the table, feeling that they reminded eaters of the slaughterhouse (屠宰场), so he preferred chopsticks.
At first, chopsticks were used only by nobles (贵族). Later on, during the Western Han Dynasty, which began in 202 BC, commoners (平民) began to use chopsticks as well. At that time, people used chopsticks only to eat side dishes; spoons were used for rice and for soups. During the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted from AD 960 to 1127, noodles became a popular dish. It is very diffcult to eat noodles with a spoon, so chopsticks were used more often. Today, chopsticks are the main eating tool in China, Japan, and Vietnam; and people from countries all over the world commonly use this tool while eating Asian dishes.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?| A．The popularity of chopsticks. |
| B．The process of making chopsticks. |
| C．The method of using chopsticks. |
| D．The reasons for inventing chopsticks. |
| A．Led to. | B．Went against. |
| C．Believed in. | D．Agreed with. |
| A．Philosophers. | B．Common people. |
| C．Nobles. | D．Vegetarians. |
| A．After noodles became popular. | B．Just before forks came into use. |
| C．During the Weatern Han Dynasty. | D．Before the Northern Song Dynasty. |
【推荐1】The Curious Origins of the Dollar Sign
The dollar sign is among the world’s most powerful symbols and represents far more than U.S. currency. Yet despite its common appearance in various languages, the origins of the dollar sign remain far from clear. And the dollar sign was in use before the United State was born.
In 1520, the Kingdom of Bohemia began making coins using silver from a mine in Joachimsthal —which is roughly translated from German into English as Joachim’s valley. Logically, the coin was named the Joachimsthaler, which was then shortened to Thaler, the word that proceeded to spread around the world. It was the Dutch variation, the Daler, that made its way across the Atlantic in the pockets and on the tongues of early immigrants, and today’s American-English pronunciation of the word “dollar” still has its echoes. However, it is no straightforward answer to the question of where the dollar sign ($) sprang from.
One of the origin stories links it back to the Bohemian “Thaler”, which featured a huge snake on Christian cross (基督教十字架). It was an indirect reference to the story of Moses, who was a prophet in the Bible, winding a bronze snake around a pole in order to cure people who’d been bitten. The dollar, so it’s said, originated from that sign.
Yet the most widely accepted theory in fact involves coins used in Spain, and it goes like this: In the colonies, trade between Spanish Americans and English Americans was lively, and the PESO was legal money in the U.S. until 1857. It was often shortened to the initial “P” with an “S” hovering beside and a little above it. Gradually, thanks to the careless and untidy way of writing by time-pressed merchants, that “P” combined with the “S” and lost its curve, leaving the vertical stroke like a stake down the center of the “S”.
1. What can be known about the dollar sign?| A．It symbolizes wealth. | B．It starts from a silver mine. |
| C．It uses worldwide. | D．It was born as early as the U.S. did. |
| A．Bohemian. | B．Dutch. | C．American English. | D．German. |
| A．The Bohemian “Thaler” included religious elements. |
| B．The snake was regarded to be the sign of curing power. |
| C．The dollar sign had been in use since the story of Moses. |
| D．The Bohemian people made their coins in honor of Moses. |
| A．The word was shortened. | B．The dollar sign was invented. |
| C．The latter P and S were blending. | D．The writing way was widely spread. |
【推荐2】The Palace Museum, known as the Forbidden City, was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the early 15th century, large－size construction caused 100, 000 common people to lead a hard life. The construction took 14 years and was finished in 1420. In the following year, the capital of the Ming Dynasty was moved from Nanjing to Beijing. Twenty－four emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ruled from the Forbidden City. The Last dynasty fell in 1911, but Emperor Puyi still lived in the inner court. It was not until 1925 that the complex buildings were changed into a museum. Since then, the Palace has been opened to the public.
The Palace Museum is rectangular in shape, about 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from west to east. There is a 10－meter－high wall, encircled by a 52－meter－wide moat. In the Ming Dynasty, the wood needed for the building was brought mostly from Sichuan and Hunan Provinces, while in the Qing Dynasty, it was cut from the northeast of China. Most of the stones were mined from the suburban district of Fangshan and other districts. Construction of the Forbidden City brought huge hardship to the laboring people.
The palace is the largest piece of ancient Chinese architecture still standing. Some of the buildings were damaged by lightning and rebuilt in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The palace has been expanded several times, but the original design was preserved. After liberation, some costly renovations were done and the Palace Museum is listed as one of the most important historical sites under special preservation by the Chinese government.
1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?| A．The origin of the name “the Forbidden City”. |
| B．The Forbidden City and emperors. |
| C．The open to the public of the Forbidden City. |
| D．The period of the construction of the Forbidden City. |
| A．1911 | B．1421 | C．1406 | D．1420 |
| A．The emperors’ cruelty brought the Forbidden City into the world. |
| B．The processing of constructing the Forbidden City needed wood and stones from all over the country. |
| C．The Forbidden City is the largest piece of ancient Chinese architecture still standing. |
| D．The Forbidden City is about 720, 000 square meters. |
| A．customs and habits |
| B．dynasties and emperors |
| C．history and emperors |
| D．architecture and history |
【推荐3】The word “boycott” comes to English through Irish, which can be used as both a verb and a noun. As a verb, boycott means to refuse to do something as a form of protest （抗 议）.People who boycott something are often looking for social, economic （经济的）or political change.
In 1879，Davitt founded a group called the Land League，which sought to help poor farmers. He suggested to the farmers that they refuse to do business with Boycott.
At the end of 1880，some British newspapers began using Boycott’s name when reporting on a protest of unfair methods or actions.
| A．The usage quickly spread. |
| B．In fact, it began with a man’s name. |
| C．This form of protest proved effective. |
| D．However, its original meaning is still unknown. |
| E．As a noun，the word boycott has a somewhat different meaning. |
| F．Otherwise，his last name may become a word people use when they protest. |
| G．Boycott’s job was to collect rents from the farmers who rented fields of the farm. |
【推荐1】Lancom is a worldwide language learning app and a leader in the online language learning industry with millions of active subscribers. We house a broad range of experts united by the common goal of creating the best language learning tools possible. With advice from AI specialists, art designers and culture researchers, our multi-language experts endow (赋予) Lancom with an enormous potential for innovation within the world of language learning. Our courses, totalling 20,000 hours of content in 20 different languages, guarantee you language skills you can use right away.
At the core of Lancom is a world-class effective method that enhances language learning with advanced technology. Examples and dialogues are recorded with real native speakers instead of automatic computers. Lancom trains your brain to learn efficiently, so you absorb more information while in the app and continue learning outside of it. The app makes our practical language lessons available wherever and whenever. We work directly for our learners, not for any third party. And it’s all supported by an efficient customer service team, available through telephone, email and online chat.
Millions of learners have their own stories and their own reasons for learning a new language. Lancom cares about you and addresses your individual learning type. Lancom is the only product to offer courses tailored to your native language, building on grammar and words you already know. Our content is about real-life topics that are relevant because we know what matters to you is what sticks best. You will find it very rewarding to learn with Lancom.
1. Who can provide Lancom with a huge potential for innovation in learning?| A．Culture researchers. | B．AI specialists. |
| C．Language experts. | D．Art designers. |
| A．A flexible system. | B．An intelligent technology. |
| C．The brain-training technique. | D．The informative content. |
| A．personalised courses | B．multiple languages |
| C．pricing policy | D．service team |
【推荐2】As the economic crisis goes worse, some reader are turning to bookstores for advice on how to manage their own finances. Below are the top-ten selling books in both categories for the week ended Oct.18 at Barnes & Noble Inc., the country’s largest book retailer (零售商). Here readers are buying books whose titles feature such words as “failed”, “crisis” and “danger”.
1. The total Money Makeover by Dave Ramsey. A primer on how to cut debt, save money and create a financial strategy.
2. Debt Cures ‘They’ Don’t Want You to Know About by Kevin Trudeau. A look into the dangers of credit card spending and how to reduce your expenses.
3. Women & Money: Owning the Power to Control Your Destiny by Suze Orman, Ms. Orman writes about how women can gain better control of their finances by better understanding their relationship with money.
4. The Money Book for the Young, Fabulous & Broke by Suze Orman. A book on what the young need to know now about money management.
5. The Smart Cookies’ Gude to Making More Dough by the Smart Cookies with Jennifer Barrett. The book’s advice: Take charge and get out of debt.
6. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression by Amity Shlaes. A look at what happened during that other crisis.
7. The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs by Charles D. Ellis. An inside look at the famed investment-banking firm.
8. “Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism by Kevin Phillips. Mr. Phillips documents the unreaveling of the U.S. economy.
9. The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means by George Soros. An analysis of the issue behind the crisis and their implications.
10. The World is Cured: Hidden Dangers to the Global Economy by David M. Smick. An inside look at what went wrong with the banking system here and abroad.
1. What is the best title for the passage?| A．A Personal Financial List |
| B．The Country’s Largest Book Seller |
| C．Serious Economic Crisis |
| D．Ten Books to Read in the Financial Crisis |
| A．they are discouraged with the serious financial crisis |
| B．they are to find advice to get through the financial crisis |
| C．they are concerned about failures in the world |
| D．they have no choice but to read such books |
| A．David M. Smick | B．Suze Orman | C．Kevin Phillips | D．the Smart Cookies |
| A．Charles D. Ellis is famous as an investment-banking manager |
| B．George Soros has given the detailed root of present economic crisis |
| C．Amity Shlaes is only interested in the past economic crisis |
| D．Dave Ramsey is the current Minister of the USA. |
【推荐3】True friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it is lost. — Charles Caleb Colton. Just like in any other relationship, arguments and fights are also a part of friendship. You will hardly find friends who have never fought with one another. Whatever the reason is, if a person feels that he is responsible for creating the differences, it is important that he apologizes to his friend. Though you can use the email, text messages or chat for expressing your apology, the good old way of saying sorry to your friend through a letter will surely have a great effect on him. This will make your friend realize that your efforts of saying sorry are genuine and you really care for him.
Points to Remember:
Timing: Write the letter at the proper time. It is not advisable to put off it for too long.
Words: While writing the letter, what matters the most is that you truly feel sorry.
Sequence: Always begin by apologizing and saying sorry for your mistake. Then explain to him your side of the story. In the third and last paragraph, talk about what his friendship means to you and make a promise of not repeating the mistake.
Delivery: You can either post it or deliver the letter personally or through someone else. You can also keep it at a location where your friend will be able to find it easily.
Some people may try to point out the friend’s mistake while writing the letter. Avoid this completely, as it can make matters worse. The letter has to be brief and should only talk about the subject that has led to your apology. Keep patient and do not expect immediate results. In some cases, it may take time for the person to forgive and forget.
1. The saying in the first paragraph is used to ________ .| A．have readers study a famous saying |
| B．narrate the importance of friends |
| C．lead to the topic of the passage |
| D．tell readers the importance of real friends |
| A．chat on line | B．letters |
| C．fax | D．the e-mails |
| A．try to point out the friend’s mistake |
| B．make the letter long and interesting |
| C．begin by apologizing and saying sorry for your mistake |
| D．write the importance of your friendship in the first paragraph |
