She was the 19th-century founder of modern nursing, known for her continuous care of wounded soldiers in the Crimean War. In an earlier age of contagion (接触性传染),she was far ahead of her time in realizing that cleanliness, fresh air and open-air exercise helped patients recover from injury and disease.
Now an unpublished letter that Florence Nightingale received as a teenager from her father shows that he was a major inspiration in shaping her approach to a healthy mind and body.
In 1835, William Nightingale wrote to his daughter setting out a routine for keeping fit. "Exercise for 10 minutes every day before breakfast. Before you dress do the exercise of the arms 20 times. In the course of the day, 20 minutes' exercise must be done and if not done well, another 10 minutes should be added ... Some new poetry to be learned and two things prepared for this evening. If any of these things aren't finished, you will work them up the next day."
The letter will feature in a book, Florence Nightingale at Home, to be published in November. The letter is among the unpublished materials on which the book's four authors have drawn and it offers new insights into her pioneering work.
Nightingale had a happy childhood at a time of widespread child labor and high baby death rates when most people lived in small, unclean houses and hospitals were dirty and badly run with many patients having little hope of coming out alive. When Nightingale first became famous, people were amazed at the idea that someone used to living in a country house would give that up in order to nurse the poor. Her own parents were also shocked to learn that she wanted to become a nurse in an age when nurses were thought of as morally wrong.
William Nightingale's 1835 letter was among the unpublished materials unearthed from piles of boxes at Claydon House where Nightingale's sister lived, now a National Trust property.
1. Why did Florence Nightingale's father write the letter to her?| A．To ensure her a happy childhood. |
| B．To plan a road to success for her. |
| C．To inspire her to build a healthy mind and body. |
| D．To make her the founder of the modern nursing. |
| A．Florence Nightingale was a soldier in the Crimean War. |
| B．Florence Nightingale disliked his father's way of education. |
| C．Most people in Florence Nightingale's time suffered a lot. |
| D．Florence Nightingale's parents were amazed at her decision. |
| A．Curious and patient. | B．Determined and caring. |
| C．Attractive and honest. | D．Humorous and hardworking. |
| A．The strictness of a great father. | B．The founder of modern nursing. |
| C．A review of Florence Nightingale at Home. | D．A significant letter to Nightingale. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Every time Oksana Chusovitina competes in a gymnastics event, she catches the audience’s attention. The Hangzhou Asian Games proved no exception. When the 48-year-old Uzbek gymnast took part in the event on Monday, thousands of audiences cheered for “Qiu Ma”, which translates to “Mother Chusovitina”.
“I’m touched by Chusovitina’s story. She tried to save her son and just never gave up. She is beautiful both as an athlete and as a mother,” said Zhang Anqi, a Hangzhou local who attended the event.
After completing her competition, Chusovitina blew a kiss to the audience and formed a “heart” shape with her hands. “It is the love and support of the people that keep me going and give me the strength to achieve more,” Chusovitina said. “I am not very satisfied with my performance tonight. Actually, I was a little over-excited. I will increase the difficulty in the final,” she added.
Chusovitina has a storied history at the Asian Games, having won eight medals, including two golds in 2002. Her Olympic journey began in 1992, representing the former Soviet Union. She later stood for Uzbekistan. When Chusovitina’s son got a serious illness in 2002, she chose to take German citizenship (国籍) to compete at global events for a higher income and better medical treatment. She took her Uzbek citizenship in 2013 again.
Her heartfelt feeling, “I dare not grow old until you are well,” has moved many. After her son’s recovery, Chusovitina continued her gymnastics journey simply out of love for the sport. Though she announced her retirement after the Tokyo Olympics in 2021, she decided to return shortly after. “The biggest power is my desire. I want to perform. I love gymnastics, and it brings me great joy. I’m just doing what I love, so why should I stop?” Chusovitina said.
1. What made Chusovitina a beautiful mother?| A．Her attractive personality. |
| B．Her determination to save her son. |
| C．Her being a good example to her son. |
| D．Her ability to balance work and family. |
| A．Her love for gymnastics. |
| B．Her strong desire to win. |
| C．Her joy of her son’s recovery. |
| D．Her eagerness for higher income. |
| A．Deep Love for Gymnastics |
| B．A Great Athlete and Mother |
| C．Chusovitina’s Return to Gymnastics |
| D．A Touching Story of Mother and Son |
【推荐2】Whenever my nine-year-old daughter approached me, eyes wide, with a notebook and a pen, telling me she wanted to engage in a game of school, something inside me froze. There was a mental block so huge that it felt like I was being asked by Elon Musk to make a presentation about artificial intelligence. So, nine times out of ten, I made an excuse.
Why is it so hard to play with my child? I realize this is because I have no idea how to play. I have many happy memories of my youth, but absolutely none involves playing dolls or building blocks with my parents. I don’t blame them because they were never played with as children either. When I ask them what their own childhoods were like, my dad tells me a story about being locked in a cupboard, while my mum recalls the box of buttons she was told to amuse herself with.
There are studies showing how important play is for a child’s growth, and no end of people campaigning for our young to get more of it at school. The poet Michael Rosen, in his Book of Play, argues play is not an extra and all of us, whatever age, could do with more silliness in our lives.
As Rosen explains, “The need for adults to be productive member’s of society means we end up thinking of things that make us laugh, or which are fun to do, as not being very significant or having very little value.” This is exactly why we need to play more. It lightens the load of life and allows us to get back to a childlike state of wonder.
Play is vital to health. And it is why I’ve started playing school games with my daughter. I managed an entire hour and a half the other day—and afterwards, I felt happy. A good 20 years younger.
1. How did the author use to respond to her daughter’s request for a game?| A．She pretended to be surprised. | B．She apologized for being busy. |
| C．She chose to avoid involvement. | D．She turned to artificial intelligence. |
| A．The game category. | B．Memory strategies. | C．The generation gap. | D．Childhood experiences. |
| A．Laughter is the best medicine. | B．Play is not only intended for children. |
| C．Thinking like a kid frees people of stress. | D．Staying curious makes a productive worker. |
| A．Children grow up well in a fun environment. |
| B．Family interaction strengthens the parent-child tie. |
| C．Parents owe it to their children to play more with them. |
| D．Games are essential for children both at school and at home. |
【推荐3】Not every man is cut out to be a father. If the thought of fatherhood fills you with fear, maybe it isn’t for you or maybe it’s a sign that you take the responsibility of fatherhood seriously.
As a parent, you are always going to have to trust your instincts (本能). There’s no comprehensive rule book on parenting. You’ll screw up sometimes. (Hopefully, your husband or wife will be there to nudge (用肘推) you in the right direction. ) And, as in many other aspects of life, doing the right thing will rarely make you popular. Your kids will need limits and discipline, and some days they will get angry with you for it. But the kids know on some level that they need limits and that the responsible parent who is setting and enforcing them is doing so because he or she cares. It’s the children whose parents allow them to do anything they want who often harbor doubts about whether they are really loved.
Certainly, we can find meaning in a lot of places in life. But for most of us who have seen the emergence of a small baby, fatherhood gives life unparalleled meaning. Parenthood, for a lot of us, may well be an antidepressant—not because you always feel good, but because you no longer have any time to sit around feeling bad. Your kids will always need you in one way or another—first for bottle-feeding, then as fellow pretend superheroes and to apply Band-Aids to skinned knees, and then, when they are teenagers, as a free personal Uber service or, once in a great while, for unexpected deep talks about the meaning of life.
I know what I did with my kids day after day, night after night, year over year, mattered so much. I won’t pretend to have everything figured out about life, but I did figure out the immeasurable value in being one link in a great chain of family, stretching back to our ancestors and continuing into the future, into whatever the world throws at us next.
1. What does the underlined phrase “screw up” in paragraph 2 mean?| A．Mess up. | B．Feel down. | C．Stay strong. | D．Get inspired. |
| A．Parenting books are essential for parents. |
| B．Strict parents are popular with their kids. |
| C．Disciplining kids is a way to show love. |
| D．Kids seldom understand parents’ intentions. |
| A．To share some parenting tips. |
| B．To stress the difficulty of parents. |
| C．To recall the growth of his kids. |
| D．To show the value of being a parent. |
| A．Fearful. | B．Stressed. | C．Proud. | D．Amused. |
【推荐1】It was December 2018. I was finishing up my Ph.D. in the United Kingdom, and a professor I admired invited me to interview for a position in his lab in Japan. The interview went well. I was sure everything would go well in 2019.
Then, in April, my mother told me about some strange symptoms(症状) she was experiencing. “Have you submitted your thesis(毕业论文) yet?” she asked me. “Almost, Mom,” I said. She seemed to be holding back. But I was focused on finishing my experiments, so I brushed away my concern.
A week later, the doctors had an update: It was lung cancer. During the next 2 months I was torn between my research and my family as I prepared for my defense, scheduled for mid-July. My Ph.D. supervisor (导师) encouraged me to take all the time I needed to be with my mom, but my expectations for myself always pulled me back to the lab. In the meantime, cancer had spread throughout my mother's body.
Yet my scientific commitments still held me. I was set to attend a conference in New Zealand in early July. But on my way to the airport, I got the news that my mother had 1 or 2 years left. So I flew back to Madrid instead. I postponed my Ph.D. defense. Meanwhile — in just 3 weeks — the rest of my mother’s life was changed to 1 year, then months, weeks, days. Cancer beat my mother at the end of July.
I am always sorry for losing precious time with my mother. I had never slowed down before, knowing what it takes to secure an academic position. Losing my mother put things into perspective for me. I saw the humane side of science in the understanding and flexibility offered by my Ph.D. supervisor.
And the work I missed felt insignificant. I defended my thesis in September and moved to Tokyo later. I know that many people’s 2021 may feel like my 2019, with struggles and losses competing with career goals. Please, take my advice: If your loved ones need you now, be there for them. Science will be waiting when you return.
1. What does the underlined word “concern” in paragraph 2 refer to?| A．The problem in the author’s research. | B．The schedule of the author’s thesis. |
| C．The health of the author’s mother. | D．The result of the interview. |
| A．She attended a conference in New Zealand. | B．She had an interview in Japan. |
| C．She submitted her thesis. | D．She returned to Madrid. |
| A．Curious. | B．Caring. | C．Ambitious. | D．Demanding. |
| A．A strong-willed soul can reach his goal. |
| B．Give priority to your loved ones. |
| C．Don’t dream away your time. |
| D．Better late than never. |
【推荐2】One day when some government officials were rebuilding a barn, they found a mouse hole in a corner and used smoke to force the mice inside the hole to come out. A while later they really saw mice running out, one after another. Then, everyone thought that all the mice had escaped. But just as they began to clean up, they saw two mice squeezing out at the mouth of the hole. With some efforts, the mice finally got out. However, it was strange that after they came out of the hole, they did not run away immediately. Instead, one chased after the other near the mouth of the hole. It seemed that one was trying to bite the tail of the other.
Everyone was puzzled, so they stepped nearer to take a look. They realized that one of the mice was blind and could not see anything, and the other was trying to allow the blind mouse to bite on his tail so that he could pull the blind one with him to escape.
After seeing what happened, everyone was speechless and lost in thought. During the meal time, the group of people sat down in a circle and started to talk about what happened to the two mice.
One serious American official said, “I think the relationship between those two mice was that of king and guard.” The others thought for a while and said, “That was why!”
A clever French said, “I think the relationship between those two mice was that of husband and wife.” Again the others thought for a while, and all felt it made sense.
A Japanese said, “I think the relationship between those two mice was that of mother and son.” Once again the others thought for a while, and felt this was more reasonable. So they expressed agreement another time.
At that moment, one Chinese asked, “Why did those two mice have to have a certain relationship?”
Suddenly, the group looked back at the Chinese and remained speechless. The American official, the French and the Japanese who had spoken earlier all lowered their heads in shame, and did not dare to answer.
In fact, true love is not built on friendship, loyalty or blood relationship. Instead, it is built on no relationship.
1. Neither of the two mice ran away immediately because ________.| A．one was biting the other | B．the mouth of the hole was too small |
| C．they were not afraid of smoke | D．one was trying to help the blind one |
| A．They did not dare to answer. |
| B．They had mistaken the relationship of the mice. |
| C．They regretted driving a poor blind mouse away. |
| D．They did not express themselves much better. |
| A．all the mice came out of the hole easily |
| B．each of the people understood the relationship differently |
| C．the people wanted to kill the mice with smoke |
| D．the people knew one of the mice was blind at first sight |
| A．it was reasonable | B．it was strange |
| C．it was funny | D．it was sweet |
【推荐3】The set is simple: a little fabric, a chair, maybe some flowers. Its users are more complex: an American mother who takes her children to visit their Mexican father every weekend, and a nine year-old boy who wants to “have a memory of us together” before his father goes back to California. They pause what they’re doing. sit for a photo, and leave with a printed copy. Behind the camera is Alexia Webster.a South African photographer who sets up street studios around the world. At Studio Transfronterizo, her project in Tijuana, Mexico, passing characters offer a look at life on the world’s busiest land border. Every day nearly 100,000 people legally cross from Tijuana to San Diego, California, at the San Ysidro border.
More than a decade ago Webster was photographing for the United Nations in a refugee(难民)camp in Kenya when a man told her he’d watched photographers visit for 15 years but didn’t have a single picture of himself or his family. Many of Webster’s subjects had escaped from war,leaving personal archives(档案)behind. One photo could help them rebuild.
In 2011, with a printer and a temporary studio on a corner in Cape Town, South Africa, Webster invited people to pose for a free session. She printed their pictures on the spot. “Primarily it’s for them, for their kids, their grandkids, their lovers, their friends,” she says. “It’s a record of who they are.” Webster has since put up studios in other places, from the streets of Mumbai, India to a refugee camp in South Sudan.
She gives few instructions from behind the camera. “The idea of the project is for people to rebuild their archives and reaffirm their identity,” Webster says. “I like them to determine how they want their photo to be.
1. What’s Alexia Webster’s job?| A．Taking photos for passers-by. |
| B．Rescuing children from the war zone. |
| C．Selling cameras to travelers from America. |
| D．Offering legal help to people crossing the border. |
| A．In South Africa. | B．In Mexico. |
| C．In India. | D．In South Sudan. |
| A．To train young people as professional photographers. |
| B．To offer passers-by a chance to reclaim their identity. |
| C．To provide free legal consultation for families in need. |
| D．To help refugees around the world to escape from war. |
| A．A travel brochure. | B．A government document. |
| C．A magazine. | D．A novel. |
【推荐1】Ben Lecomte, a French long-distance swimmer, dropped into the water Tuesday at Choshi, Japan, and embarked on his attempt to become the first person to swim across the Pacific Ocean, BBC News reports.
Six years in the planning, the 5,500-mile effort is expected to take five to six months, with Lecomte swimming eight hours a day and covering an average of 30 miles daily, according to his website.
His route to San Francisco will take him through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an area three times the size of France where large amounts of garbage and plastic waste have collected, CNN reports.
Lecomte will be accompanied by a specially outfitted support boat named Discoverer. He will take rest periods on the boat, but it will return him to his stopping point each day to make sure he swims the entire distance.
In addition to accomplishing a first, Lecomte said, he wants to draw attention to the problems of ocean pollution and climate change. A team of scientists plan to conduct research for 12 scientific institutions, including NASA and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, while he is making his swim.
Lecomte is no stranger to feats of long-distance open-water swimming. In 1998, he swam 4,000 miles across the Atlantic Ocean. On that swim he encountered sharks and stingrays. This time, he said, he will be wearing a shark-repellent bracelet.
One of the challenges will be making sure he has enough energy each day, and Lecomte said he intends to consume 8,000 calories daily.
1. The purpose of Lecomte’s swimming across the Pacific Ocean are the followings except ________.| A．becoming the first to swim across the Pacific Ocean |
| B．raising people’s awareness of ocean pollution |
| C．letting people realize the problem of climate change |
| D．planning to conduct research for scientific institutions |
| A．about 700 hours. |
| B．about 1000 hours. |
| C．about 1400 hours. |
| D．about 1800 hours. |
| A．Lecomte is a short-distance swimmer. |
| B．No one has ever swum across the Pacific Ocean. |
| C．Lecomte intends to swim across the Pacific Ocean alone. |
| D．Lecomte was once attacked by sharks when swimming in the Pacific Ocean. |
51-54题判断下列词汇在文章中的含义，并从表格中选择恰当的释义。（提示：8个选项中有4项是多余的）
55题选择最佳答案。
George Washington Carver, who was born a slave in 1861, became one of America’s greatest scientists in the field of agriculture. His discoveries changed farming in the South of the United States. A quiet and kind man, he could have become rich from his discoveries but he preferred “to be of the greatest good to the greatest number of my people.”
George’s mother was a slave, but soon after he was born, he and his brother lost their mother and became orphans. They were raised by Moses and Susan Carver, who were their owners. Slaves took the names of their owners, so George Washington’s last name was Carver, too. In 1865, there were no longer slaves in the United States, but George and his brother continued to live with the Carvers. The Carvers gave him as much of an education as they could. At age 12, George left the Carvers to start life on his own.
For the next 12 years, he worked whenever he could and went to school whenever he could. He managed to finish high school and won a scholarship to go to Highland University. However, when he appeared at the university, they refused to admit him because he was black. This did not stop Carver. He continued to work and save money. Eventually, he went to Simpson College in 1890 to study painting and paid for his school by ironing clothes for other students. Soon, he realized he could not support himself as an artist and decided to study agriculture instead.
In 1891, he was accepted at Iowa Agricultural College. He was the only black student at the college, and as usual he supported himself by doing small jobs. He amazed everyone with his special work with plants. After he graduated, the college asked him to stay on as an instructor because his work with plants and chemistry was so outstanding. So Carver stayed on and taught, but he continued his research with plants while he was teaching.
One day he received a letter from Booker T. Washington, who was the most respected black educator in the country. Washington asked him to work at the Tuskegee Institute, a black agricultural school in Alabama. Tuskegee was a poor black school that could not give Carver a laboratory or a high salary, but Carver decided to go there.
In 1896, Carver started to teach and do research with plants at the Tuskegee Institute. He taught classes on agriculture, and through his experiments he found new ways to help the poor, struggling farmers of the South. Here, farmers had been growing cotton, which wore out the soil. He showed farmers how to plant different crops like peanuts to make the soil richer. After a while, farmers did what he said and were growing more and more peanuts. They were now making more money from peanuts than from cotton.
Carver developed many uses for the peanut. In fact, he found more than 300 uses for the peanut, and he became known as the “peanut man.” He received many prizes and awards for his work. He gave lectures about the uses of peanuts all over the United States and even spoke to Congress about peanuts in 1921. Meanwhile, Carver began to experiment with the sweet potato and discovered more than 100 products that could be made from it, including glue for postage stamps.
By the 1930s, Carver had become famous all over the country and the world. He visited the Prince of Sweden and the British Prince of Wales. Thomas Edison asked Carver to work for him at a salary of more than $100,000 a year. The car manufacturer Henry Ford also made him a generous offer. But Carver was not interested in money; he stayed on at the Tuskegee Institute with a monthly salary of $125.
In 1940, he gave all his life savings of $33,000 to the George Washington Carver Foundation to provide opportunities for African Americans to study in his field, because for Carver, “Education is the key to unlocking the golden door of freedom….” Carver died in 1943.
1. Carver was the only black student at Iowa Agricultural College.2. Carver discovered more than 300 products from the sweet potato.
3. Besides peanuts and sweet potatoes, Carver also did experiments on other plants.
4. Carver gave his life savings to the George Washington Carver Foundation after he died.
5. Not until he was 12 did Carver leave his former owners.
6. field
7. admit
8. support
9. struggling
| A．earn money for a living |
| B．fighting |
| C．area of land |
| D．agree with and help somebody |
| E．trying to survive |
| F．agree unwillingly that something is true |
| G．allow to enter |
| H．area of interest or study |
| A．Optimistic but stubborn. |
| B．Quiet but difficult. |
| C．Humorous and kind. |
| D．Creative and generous. |
【推荐3】Pandamen, Mur cat, old ladies who argue with each other…These are memes (表情包) we often use. But two young women have turned these fun memes into dance moves. They’ve gained about 800,000 fans and millions of views with their exaggerated (夸张的) and funny performances. Asuan, 26, and Lidawang, 29, were graduate students at Beijing Dance Academy when they first made funny dance videos together in 2020. As Asuan majored in Character Dance in Ballet and European Court Dance (芭蕾性格舞种欧洲宫廷舞) and Lidawang majored in Chinese Classical Dance, they wanted to create something different from the formal stage performances that they had learned in school.
“We gradually found our own styles---funny moves, simple stories and catchy (朗朗上口的) music. Whether the inspiration comes from memes, animation (动画), comics, games or daily life, we take the clips (片段) of young people’s pop culture and recreate them,” said Lidawang.
However, being funny doesn’t mean that they can be messy with their dance moves. Memes grow in popularity because of their expressiveness, and reproducing that expressiveness through dance can be very challenging. It usually takes them one to six months to create a two-minute dance video. To improve their moves, they will record their rehearsals (排练) and then look at their moves over and over. Asuan even made a teaching video for one of their most popular dances---the Yellow Alien---based on a meme which came from the Spanish song Dame Tu Cosita. She figured out the secrets of imitating (模仿) the alien---the relaxed shoulder, the deep squat (深蹲) move and the surprised-but-naive eyes. As many fans send them “homework” videos, their meme dances are becoming new memes themselves too. “The nature of dance is to express and communicate. What we communicate and pass on to others is happiness and entertainment.” said Lidawang.
“We’re happy to call ourselves comedians (喜剧演员) in the world of dance.” added Asuan.
1. Why did Asuan and Lidawang start creating dance videos?| A．To promote pop culture. | B．To complete their graduate project. |
| C．To produce something innovative. | D．To introduce formal stage performances. |
| A．Finding the right music. | B．Integrating memes into dance videos. |
| C．Showing meme-like expressiveness. | D．Ensuring their dance moves are not messy. |
| A．It is difficult to create a dance video. |
| B．Asuan and Lidawang take their creation seriously. |
| C．Asuan and Lidawang enjoy watching their own practices. |
| D．Their dance videos are usually about two minutes long. |
| A．Dramatic and informative. | B．Emotional and touching. |
| C．Educational and serious. | D．Entertaining and original. |
