For millions of years, Arctic sea ice has expanded and shrunk in a rhythmic dance with the summer sun. Humans evolved in this icy world, and civilization relied on it for climatic, ecological and political stability. But now the world comes ever closer to a future without ice. The National Snow and Ice Data Center reported that 2019’s minimum arctic sea ice extent was the second lowest on record. Arctic summers could become mostly ice-free in 30 years, and possibly sooner if current trends continue. As the northern sea ice declines, the world must unite to preserve what remains of the Arctic.
Although most people have never seen the sea ice, its effects are never far away. By reflecting sunlight, Arctic ice acts as Earth’s air conditioner. Once dark water replaces brilliant ice, Earth could warm substantially, equivalent to the warming caused by the additional release of a trillion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere and declining sea ice threatens wildlife, from the polar bear to algae that grow beneath the sea ice, supporting the large amount of marine life.
To avoid the consequences the scientific community should advocate not just for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, but also for protecting the Arctic from exploitation. The Antarctic shows the way. In the 1950s, countries raced to claim the Antarctic continent for resources and military installations. Enter the scientists. The 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year brought together scientists from competing countries to study Antarctica, and countries temporarily suspended their territorial disputes (争议). In 1959, 12 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty to preserve the continent for peaceful scientific discovery rather than territorial and military gain.
Sixty years later, we must now save the Arctic. A new Marine Arctic Peace Sanctuary (MAPS) Treaty would protect the Arctic Ocean as a scientific preserve for peaceful purposes only. Similar to Antarctica, MAPS would prohibit resource exploitation, commercial fishing and shipping, and military exercises. So far, only 2 non-Arctic countries have signed MAPS; 97 more need to sign on to enact it into law. Scientists can help—just as they did for the Antarctic—by giving statements of support, asking scientific organizations to endorse (支持) the treaty, communicating the importance of protecting the arctic to the public and policy-makers, and above all, by convincing national leaders to sign the treaty. In particular, Arctic nations must agree that recognizing the arctic as an international preserve is better than fighting over it. In 2018, these countries successfully negotiated a 16-year moratorium on commercial fishing in the Arctic high seas, demonstrating that such agreements are possible.
Humans have only ever lived in a world topped by ice. Can we now work together to protect Arctic ecosystems, keep the northern peace, and allow the sea ice to return?
1. What can be inferred from the passage?A.wildlife relies on sea ice for food and water. |
B.The Arctic would be ice-free in 30 years. |
C.Sea ice slows down the global warming. |
D.The melting of sea ice releases CO2. |
A.remind readers of the past of the Antarctic |
B.propose a feasible approach for the Arctic |
C.stress the importance of preserving sea ice |
D.recall how the Antarctic Treaty came into being |
A.battle | B.ban |
C.memo | D.protection |
A.Antarctic: a Successful Comeback? | B.Sea Ice and Global Warming |
C.Arctic: the Earth’s Future | D.Life Without Ice? |
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【推荐1】When the natural climate changes due to global warming, it can surely affect seals (海豹). The majority of them live in the Antarctic region but the ice is melting and their natural habitat can be seriously affected. These changes don’t take place overnight. They can be the result of many years of additional temperatures in the area. The seals then have to find ways to adapt.
Seals depend on the cool air currents to bring plenty of food for them. When the temperatures get higher there is less and less food and the seal population starts to get depleted. Mothers are not healthy enough to feed their babies. Many of them end up abandoned as the mothers have to leave to find their own source of food.
The fact that their desire to produce young can be changed and the warmer temperature is frightening too. It is also believed that the warmer temperature can allow different diseases and viruses to attack the seals. This is a huge concern as they can rapidly wipe out huge numbers of seals out there.
However, these changes in climate and temperature aren’t all bad for other species of seals. Scientists have found that those living in warmer climates are producing more young due to the changes. Research also shows that the females are moving further to find food and water. When they are out of the reach of the governing males, they are more willing to accept the moves of other males in the group.
This is good news too because it means that there will be more selection in the gene pool (基因库) for future generations. It can help the seals as a species adapt to change in their natural environment more easily.
The climate change problem for seals is directly linked to humans. When we take action to change what we let out into the environment, we will make positive changes for the seals. However, it is going to take a very long time to reverse (彻底改变) the effects of what has already been done.
1. What does the author regard climate changes for seals as?A.A mirror of evolution. |
B.A double-edged sword. |
C.An unavoidable disaster for existence. |
D.A requirement for more choice in the gene pool. |
A.Explode. | B.Vary. |
C.Disappear. | D.Decrease. |
A.The female seals will be in the lead. |
B.Their genes will change a great deal. |
C.Their number will be on the increase. |
D.The females will keep away from the males. |
A.How climate change affects seals. | B.The importance of protecting seals. |
C.Seal’s adaptation to climate change. | D.Why seals are becoming less and less. |
【推荐2】Warmer temperatures are the new normal
Hotter weather appears to be here to stay,El Nino or not.That's according to the U.N. weather agency.It warned that the Paris climate accord(协定)last year shouldn't give way to complacency(自满)about global warming.
The World Meteorological Organization issued(公布)its annual climate report following a record-hot 2015.It drew people's attention to records already announced by different countries' weather agencies.The agency pointed out that 2015 was breaking records on the surface.It also broke records hundreds of meters deep in the ocean.
And the first two months of 2016 were even hotter.These months are so unusual that they "have sent shockwaves around the climate science community."That's according to David Carlson of the World Climate Research Program.
Climate scientists blame record high temperatures last year and this year so far on a combination of a super-sized El Nino.It is a natural warming of pans of the Pacific that changes weather worldwide.Another factor is a long-term global warming trend from the burning of fossil fuels(化石燃料).
NASA said last month was 1.35 degrees Celsius (2.43 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than average.Of that,0.8 degrees (1.44 degrees Fahrenheit) comes from the long-term warming.And 0.25 degrees (0.45 degrees Fahrenheit) comes from El Nino.The rest is from unexplained results.This was calculated by climate scientist Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany and the University of New South Wales.
Even after the El Nino phenomenon becomes less strong in coming months,way above normal temperatures won't exactly go away,Carlson and others said.
"We're on a slope; sometimes the slope goes very steep,sometimes it's a little bit more shallow,but we're going upward,"Carlson said in a news conference."So the normal is going to be increases: It's going to be increased temperature,increased ocean heat content,loss of ice,we know all of these things."
Katharine Hayhoe is a Texas Tech climate scientist who wasn't part of the WMO team.But she agreed:"These records vividly show the destructive power of an El Nino on climate changes."
The WMO predicts warmer weather accompanied by pockets of both drier and wetter conditions,depending on the region,around the world.
WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas told reporters in Geneva that many people believe the climate issue is "solved...since we reached a nice agreement in Paris."But,he said,"We haven't changed our behavior yet."
1. The author wrote Paragraph 1 to_______.A.introduce something about El Nino |
B.explain the causes of hotter weather |
C.warn the world of global warming |
D.introduce the main topic of the passage |
A.The Paris climate accord last year has made a big difference to global warming. |
B.The high temperature only increases on the surface of the earth. |
C.The records of high temperature in the first two months of 2016 made climate scientists shocked and worried. |
D.the high temperature was mainly caused by El Nino. |
A.the high temperature will result in natural disasters around the world according to WMO |
B.The problem of high temperature will be solved with the disappearance of El Nino |
C.Scientists have different opinions on the causes of high temperature of the earth |
D.Since we reached a nice agreement in Paris,we needn't worry about the increase of temperature |
A.By making comparisons. |
B.By analyzing the results and causes. |
C.By providing examples. |
D.By following the order of time. |
【推荐3】More than 40 percent of Antarctica’s ice shelves have reduced in the past 25 years, potentially accelerating sea level rise by allowing more landice to flow into the ocean.
Healthy ice shelves naturally retreat and grow over time. An ice shelf is continuously flowing and advancing but will also lose mass through melting or calving, which is when its front breaks off into the ocean.
In West Antarctica, the Getz Ice Shelf experienced some of the biggest ice losses, shedding 1.9 trillion tons of ice over the study period. Most ice shelves in East Antarctica however, increased in volume or stayed the same.
The current ice shelf data set is not long enough for researchers to definitively make climate change connection yet, but it would be a ” remarkable coincidence if the natural variability in ice shelves were just that much larger.
A.Then it can gain ice from the land and grow again |
B.Ice shelves are massive floating sections of ice extending from glaciers on land. |
C.The east is not as exposed to the warm water like the other side of the continent. |
D.The thinning of the ice shelves has shown up in the surrounding environment, too. |
E.Ice shelves not just the big ones, are. steadily losing mass over time with no sign of recovery |
F.One theory is that the warmer water on the western side could be slowly coming in the region. |
G.Additionally, climate models predict ice shelves will steadily shrink in a warming world as observed, eventually hitting a tipping point for ice sheet collapse. |
【推荐1】No student of a foreign language needs to be told that gram mar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs(助动词)and suffixes(后缀),we can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey different meanings. However, the question which many language experts can’t understand and explain is who created grammar?
Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. Since the slaves didn’t know each other’s languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. They have little in the way of grammar, and speakers need to use too many words to make their meaning understood. Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. Slave children didn’t simply copy the strings of words used by their elders. They adapted their words to create an expressive language. In this way complex grammar systems which come from pidgins were invented.
Further evidence can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a group of gestures; they use the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, although deaf children were taught speech and lip reading in the classrooms, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures they used at home, It was basically a pidgin and there was no consistent grammar. However, a new system was born when children who joined the school later developed a quite different sign language. It was based on the signs of the older children, but it was shorter and easier to understand, and it had a largerange of special use of grammar to clarify the meaning. What’s more, they all used the signs in the same way. So the original pidgin was greatly improved.
Most experts believe that many of the languages were pidgins at first. They were initially used in different groups of people without standardization(标准化)and gradually evolved into a widely accepted system. The English past tense—“ed” ending — may have evolved from the verb “do”. “It ended” may once have been “ It end-did”. It seems that children have grammatical machinery in their brains. Their minds can serve to create logical and complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.
1. What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? ________.A.It was difficult to understand. |
B.It came from different languages. |
C.It was created by the landowners. |
D.It contained highly complex grammar. |
A.No consistent signs were used for communication. |
B.Most of the gestures were made for everyday activities. |
C.The hand movements were smoother and more attractive. |
D.The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language. |
A.English grammar of past tense system is inaccurate. |
B.Children say English past tense differently from adults. |
C.The thought that English was once a pidgin is acceptable. |
D.Experts have proven that English was created by children. |
A.in the end | B.at the beginning | C.long ago | D.long before |
A.The Creators of Grammar |
B.The History of Languages |
C.Why Pidgins Came into Being |
D.How Grammar Systems Are Used |
【推荐2】Children moving from primary to secondary school are ill-equipped to deal with the impact of social media, as it is playing an increasingly important role in their lives and exposing them to significant emotional risk, according to a recent report by the Office of the Children’s Commissioner for England.
The report shows that many children in year 7 -- the first year of secondary school, when almost all students will have a phone and be active on social media -- feel under pressure to be constantly connected.
They worry about their online image, particularly when they start to follow celebrities on Instagram and other platforms. They are also concerned about “sharenting” -- when parents post pictures of them on social media without their permission – and worry that their parents won’t listen if they ask them to take pictures down.
The report, which was created with data from focus group interviews with 8 to 12-year-olds, says that although most social media sites have an official age limit of 13, an estimated 75 percent of 10 to 12-year-olds have a social media account.
Some children are almost addicted to “likes”, the report says. Aaron, an 11-year-old in year 7, told researchers, “If I got 150 likes, I’d be like, that’s pretty cool, it means they like you.” Some children described feeling inferior(差的) to those they follow on social media. Aimee, also 11, said, “You might compare yourself because you’re not very pretty compared to them.”
Children’s Commissioner for England Anne Longfield is calling on parents and teachers to do more to prepare children for the emotional impact of social media as they get older. She wants to see the introduction of compulsory digital literacy and online resilience (适应力) lessons for students in year 6 and 7.
“It is also clear that social media companies are still not doing enough to stop under-13s using their platforms in the first place,” Longfield said.
“Just because a child has learned the safety messages at primary school does not mean they are prepared for all the challenges that social media will present,” Longfield said.
“It means a bigger role for schools in making sure children are prepared for the emotional demands of social media. And it means social media companies need to take more responsibility,” Longfield said.
1. What does this text mainly tell us?A.Children are not entirely able to handle the impact of social media. |
B.Social media occupies too much time for secondary school freshmen. |
C.Many secondary school freshmen suffer from social media-related stress. |
D.An increasing number of children in year 7 are being exposed to social media. |
A.about becoming addicted to social media |
B.about how they are seen on social media sites |
C.that their parents won’t allow them to post pictures |
D.that their parents will monitor their use of social media |
A.their followers | B.children of the same age |
C.their parents | D.celebrities they follow |
A.parents monitor how their children use social media |
B.social media companies set an official age limit of 13 |
C.schools help equip students for the challenges of social media |
D.social media companies create special sites for children under 13 |
【推荐3】Ancient documents are an important part of ancient civilization. Unfortunately, such documents are often vulnerable (易受……伤害的) to aging and related damage, which greatly reduce their legibility (易读性).
An international group of computer scientists have teamed up to strike up the conversation with ancient people through their writing that have been broken down by time. They have developed a computer-assisted method to help us have a conversation with people from the distant past.
Appreciating ancient documents, even when in good condition, can require a reader to dig into the role of a cryptologist (密码学家). That’s because the combination of a writer’s handwriting legibility, lettering styles, old-fashioned spelling and grammar conventions or abbreviations (缩写) can make even a native language seem unfamiliar. Besides, the same document’s legibility can be reduced even more by faded ink, widened lettering due to exposure to wetness, and so on.
Typical digital reconstruction changes a document into black text on a white background in an attempt to reveal the text through noise filtering (过滤) and contrast improvement. However, in this current method, the image is much more of a restoration effort, keeping much of the look and virtual feel of the document.
Researchers applied a complex integration of several digital color interpretation techniques and Gaussian mixture models to identify and separate features of text, paper, and historical objects. This allows for the specific selection of different layers of information based on slight spectral (光谱的) differences. So a user could decide whether a notation (符号), page decoration, coffee mug ring stain or another feature was critical to the understanding by adding or removing layers.
In some cases, the technique could preserve features that would otherwise be lost, such as the vague watermarks of a paper manufacturer, which could offer vital insights to historians. “For example, Leonardo da Vinci’s famous works were written on pages with watermarks from various paper suppliers that allowed document historians to group them into likely writing periods,” said Usman Habib, an expert on digital restoration.
According to the paper, the processing can be accomplished on a standard desktop computer, and it takes just a few minutes. This would make it a great tool for historical document researchers and people attempting to figure out old family recipes.
1. What does the international team mainly aim to do?A.Categorize documents of the past. |
B.Share developments in computer science. |
C.Analyze causes of ancient works’ breakdown. |
D.Restore historical writing digitally. |
A.Risky but rewarding. | B.Complicated and challenging. |
C.Repetitive but fruitless. | D.Straightforward and accessible. |
A.It helps remove the trouble of doing repair work. |
B.It saves time by applying contrasting backgrounds. |
C.It preserves the original appearance of the documents. |
D.It raises the quality of images through noise filtering. |
A.Translating the text into different languages. |
B.Generating alternative copies of documents. |
C.Identifying the dates of the related historical objects. |
D.Getting rid of unnecessary layers of information. |
A.Critical. | B.Unclear. | C.Favorable. | D.Intolerant. |
【推荐1】In British Bristol, 70 English women at once entered into legal "marriage" with dozens of trees in protest (反对,抗议) against their being cut down. They "married" the trees in an attempt (试图) to prevent them from being cleared for construction (建造) of residential buildings worth £55 million in the forest. The British construction company has applied for the construction of 166 houses in Bristol, including luxury (奢华的) cottages. At the same time, the townspeople were especially angry at the fact that the application did not show the exact number of trees that are planned to be cut down. So, in order to attract the attention of the government, the activists organized an unusual wedding ceremony to save the forest.
The event took place at a park on Spike Island. The women who went there, dressed in wedding dresses, held photographs of the "suitors" in their hands. The celebration itself took place according to the classic storyline—with groomsmen and wedding vows (誓词). The organizer was John Tarleton, a professor at the Bristol Veterinary School, According to him, this action was supposed to suggest that tees are partners of people throughout their life.
The idea to hold such a ceremony came from Siobhan Kierans, who admitted that she came up with it by the story of women from the environmental movement Chipko, who chained (链在一起) themselves to trees in the 1970s to save them from destruction by logging companies.
The protesters said that Bristol needs trees more than luxury private housing. One of the "brides", Suzan Hackett, said, "To get married to a tree is a real honor. It's not a show. It's highly significant (important) and symbolic."
1. Why did the women marry trees?A.To protect the trees from going extinct (dying out). |
B.To appeal to (呼吁) people to plant more trees. |
C.To draw the government's attention to save the forest. |
D.To blame the company for damaging trees. |
A.The men to marry. | B.The companies to build houses. |
C.The buildings to be pulled down. | D.The trees to be saved. |
A.A previous (以前的) environmental campaign. |
B.Cruel behavior of logging companies. |
C.Movements of women fighting for rights. |
D.Women chained to trees for their faults. |
A.Interesting. | B.Meaningful. |
C.Pioneering. | D.Emotional. |
【推荐2】The human race shares this planet with millions of other species and forms of life. In recognizing that, it is always important to remember that our rapid rise of the urban civilization(城市文明) has unavoidably impacted the planet and life on it.
In the long run, however, the civilization risks destroying well balanced ecosystems, which could potentially have serious results for humanity itself. As such,we must eventually find a balance between development and nature which can maintain the ecology, beauty and harmony(和谐) of the earth.
The word “harmony” is an important concept in China. Chinese society and culture are built on the idea that relationships between people should be harmonious, which means avoiding conflict, highlighting a common good and balancing uncontrollable desires with the needs of society as a whole. However, this idea does not just apply to people, it also applies to our relationships with the world and nature. Never has this been more meaningful than the view of how China handles its rapid development, which has lastingly changed the country’s landscape and created new challenges regarding nature and the environment.
Actually, over the past few years China has been working hard to protect biodiversity and has drawn “red lines” for ecological protection, established a national park system, and undertaken major projects for biodiversity protection.
One example of China’s success in this area is in its reversing(逆转) of the decrease of its giant panda population to the point that it is no longer endangered. This effort included creating a giant panda national park in 2016 and doubling the number of births. Pandas have become “a global symbol of conservation success”—something in which China has played a key part.
Likewise, China is also taking its efforts overseas. It recently announced a $232 million fund to promote biodiversity protection in developing countries. The effort is a part of its “community of shared future for mankind”, meaning that we share one world, one planet and one future, and so we human beings must work together. Now it is the time to act.
1. Which potential risk along with the urban civilization is mentioned?A.Loss of the natural scenery. |
B.Breaking the ecosystem balance. |
C.The disappearance of all species. |
D.Ruining our human health. |
A.The word “harmony” refers to good interpersonal relationship. |
B.Human’s uncontrolled desires aren’t connected with harmony. |
C.Keeping in harmony makes a difference to China’s development. |
D.Balancing development and nature isn’t complicated as imagined. |
A.China has completed the task of protecting biodiversity. |
B.China has made some achievements of protecting biodiversity. |
C.The population of giant panda is gradually decreasing recently. |
D.Pandas have become the most successful representative of China。 |
A.Fundamental. | B.Unique. | C.Indirect. | D.Mysterious. |
【推荐3】Average age is rising around the world—a demographic (人口统计) change that may pose a significant challenge to efforts to slow down climate change.
Hossein Estiri at Harvard University and Emilio Zagheni of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany, have found that energy use increases as we get older, and not just because we tend to get wealthier. An ageing population could mean a greater proportion of society with higher energy use, their study suggests.
They combined two decades, worth of data from thousands of US households and used this to build a model to reveal how energy use varied across 17 age groups between 1987 and 2009. They found that, on average, children’s energy consumption climbs as they grow up, before dipping slightly when they leave home. Consumption then rises again when people hit their 30s, before briefly dropping after 55, and then beginning to climb again. The study involved factors such as income, local climate and the age, type and size of a person’s home. The increase in energy use at various points in our lifespan (寿命) seems to be the result of life style and how our needs change as we age.
Why does demand grow so much in our 30s?“We need more of everything. More space, a bigger TV two fridges,” says Estiri. The study found that, in warmer parts of the US, energy use increases in people over the age of 65—probably as a result of increased use of air conditioning, This suggests that there is a feedback effect between climate change and an ageing population that will only make matters worse.
Heat waves have become more common in the US in recent years and are expected to become more frequent due to global warming. More older people using more electrical energy to keep cool as temperatures rise could add to emissions, and thus drive more warming until our energy supply becomes entirely fossil fuel-free.
“This confluence of population, ageing and climate change on energy demand is really important to start thin king about,” says Estiri. Benjamin Sovacool at the University of Sussex, UK, says the work shows the importance of demographics when it comes to cutting carbon emissions. Most modelling of climate change mitigation (减缓气候变化的模型) assumes people’s energy consumption either stays the same or only changes by a small amount over time.
“This study directly challenges that entire body of research by forcing it to fight with the temporality and complexity of the consumption of energy,” says Sovacool.
Catherine Mitchell at the University of Exeter, UK, says the research could have an important influence on policy makers. “What the paper says is that there is a lot of work about how buildings use energy, but probably not enough about how the people in them use energy,” she says.
1. By saying “not just because we tend to get wealthier” in Paragraph 2, the writer probably means that .A.poor people can’t bring down the high demand for energy |
B.a comfortable life is not the main cause of in creased energy use |
C.there are some other reasons leading to the increase in energy consumption |
D.people being wealthy or not has nothing to do with the rise of energy consumption |
A.change | B.meeting | C.decrease | D.possibility |
A.It is expensive and difficult to promote. |
B.It overestimates the household energy consumption. |
C.It did not take climate change adaptation into account. |
D.It regards energy consumption as stable or as only slightly changing. |
A.More emphasis should be put on people’s energy use. |
B.The government can't do much without the support of the study. |
C.It is the buildings, not the people in side, that consume the majority of the energy. |
D.Policymakers have been working on how to cut down people’s energy use. |