Boston wants to be smarter. The city has taken advantage of tiny sensors, big data and other technologies to become more responsive to its residents’ needs. But technology alone is not sufficient to make today’s cities liveable. Boston has discovered that it also needs to reach the old-fashioned low-tech community and integrate that technology with city life.
Kris Carter, co-chair of the Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics, rolled out Boston’s smart city program in 2014. It started with an app that residents could download to report locations where sidewalks needed repair. The city collected those reports and decided which place should be repaired.
The system worked beautifully, except for one problem: most of the alerts came from wealthier neighborhoods, where the concentration of smartphone-equipped residents was highest.
Boston’s push to become a leading smart city now contains a core tenet: high-tech initiatives(方案) shouldn’t only benefit the already well-resourced. Under Carter, technology is seeping into the city’s functioning and daily life, but with a special eye to serving those populations and neighborhoods that need the most support.
Instead of letting tech-savvy(懂技术的) residents and high-tech companies drive the process. Carter’s group run meetings in local libraries and other public spaces to find out what problems people in different neighborhoods care about solving. “Some cities take the point of view that if you put out the right technology devices, people will figure out how to take advantage of them,” he explains. “We wanted to start with a grass-roots view of what challenges needed to be addressed.” Only in that context, he adds, does technology enter the picture.
When it comes to sidewalks, Boston has introduced a second method of collecting repair tips. In addition to its smartphone app, it has hired people to get out and walk the city’s 1,700 miles of sidewalks to take notes on their condition. “Combined with our other sidewalk information, that gave us an even better way to predict where faster repairs would do the most good,” says Carter. “We’re really always looking for whatever mix of approaches best solves the problem.”
1. What does the underlined phrase “rolled out”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Printed. | B.Canceled. |
C.Started. | D.Doubted. |
A.It works well for poor neighborhoods. |
B.It helps the blind to walk safely in the city. |
C.It solves the problem from low-tech community. |
D.It works on smart phones to report repair information. |
A.Technology is used properly in different neighborhoods. |
B.The use of technology is still a dream of the residents in Boston. |
C.Carter wishes high-tech companies to use the technology first. |
D.Boston wants to be different from other cities towards using technology. |
A.Boston is becoming a crowded city. |
B.Boston focuses too much on repair tips. |
C.Boston is taking practical ways to get repair information. |
D.Boston is spending too much on checking the sidewalks. |
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【推荐1】In many walks of life and in many situations, persuading people to .do what you want them to do is the key to success. Researchers have looked into different aspects of persuasion and come up with some interesting results which are surely helpful to us.
One advertising copywriter came up with an approach to selling a product on a TV shopping channel via phone sales. Instead of being instructed “Operators are waiting, please call now”, viewers were told “If operators are busy, please call again”. The results were extraordinary. The ad suggested operators weren't- sitting around hoping .people would call. Instead there were so many people: wanting the product that people might have to wait until they could get it.
What role does choice have in persuading people to buy or get something? One study in a supermarket showed the effect of choice. A particular supermarket displayed either 6 or 24 different kinds of jam. The 1arge display attracted more interest than the small one. But when the time came to purchase things; people who saw the large display were one-tenth as likely to buy. If they do buy, they are less content with their selection, even though they have made a good choice. A wider range of choices require more time and effort and lead to unreasonably high expectations.
Another aspect 6f persuasion concerns getting someone to change their mind: It's hard to prove to someone that a previous decision is wrong, and as people get older they get less and less willing to change their minds. People want things to be unwavering; they want their attitudes, statements, values and actions to follow a set pattern. The only way to persuade them to change is to acknowledger this by agreeing that the previous decision they made is a perfectly understandable one. This allows them to focus on your suggestion without feeling their previous decision is wrong. As a result, they may be persuaded to break out of their established pattern.
1. What does the advertising copywriter want to indicate about the product?A.It's for sale. | B.It's precious. | C.It's in demand. | D.It's' rare. |
A.Increased choice decreases satisfaction. | B.More selections bring more actions. |
C.More and more people don't want to choose. | D.Some choices are more attractive than others. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Favorable. | C.Understandable. | D.Unbearable. |
A.To teach bow to get better at persuasion. | B.To discuss various studies on persuasion. |
C.To compare different forms of persuasion. | D.To analyze how persuasion affects success. |
【推荐2】From chicken feet socks to green fish head masks, from sad frog toys to dinosaur costumes, “ugly” products have become popular among young people.
On the social media platform Douban, there is a group called Protection of Ugly Things with more than 200, 000 members. They post “ugly things” they see and buy in daily life. Many of the comments below the posts are “cute” and “the more I look at it, the more I love it”.
Some museums have also followed the trend and produced many “ugly” but impressive cultural and creative products. For example, on June 14, the Gansu Provincial Museum brought out a stuffed toy. It’s based on its famous bronze sculpture, known as Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallow.
The toy recreates the details of the sculpture in a cute and cartoon style. The horse puts on a crooked smile, standing on a chubby green bird. This makes the toy “more fashionable and more fun”, so it can connect with ordinary people, the museum said.
In fact, some of the “ugly” products can also be useful. Yin Peixin, 11, from Hubei, has a cabbage dog toy. Unlike others, she doesn’t find it ugly. “It’s a creative design to mix cabbage with a dog. The toy makes me feel better when I’m upset. It also serves as a mini pillow to help me have a good sleep, ” said Yin.
According to Zhang Lei, a professor at Zhejiang University of Technology, the rise in the popularity of ugly things means that young people want to show that they’re different. Suffering from tiredness of “perfect” items, they hope to get pleasure and a new taste of life from something a little more “ugly”.
1. What do the members of Protection of Ugly Things mainly do on Douban?A.They help find new members. | B.They buy daily-life things. |
C.They put“ugly things” online. | D.They create many “ugly” products. |
A.It is based on a golden sculpture. | B.It looks funny but not fashionable. |
C.It is a mixture of horse, bird and dog. | D.It is recreated in a cute and cartoon style. |
A.It changes her sense of beauty. | B.It encourages her to be creative. |
C.It comforts her when she is upset. | D.She cannot sleep without the dog. |
A.“Ugly things” give people a different kind of joy. |
B.Only a small number of people enjoy “ugly things”. |
C.People who like “ugly things” just want to draw attention. |
D.“Perfect” items might raise people’s hatred, while “ugly things” not. |
【推荐3】As popular as they are globally, selfie sticks (自拍杆) are being asked to stay away from more places. Now the Palace Museum has become cautious about the device (设备), too.
Museums take the lead
Out of safety concern, a number of museums took the lead earlier this year to ban selfie sticks in order to protect their artworks and visitors. Several major museums in other countries have said “no” to the device, including the Rome’s Colosseum, the Smithsonian museums in Washington and the National Portrait Gallery in the UK. More Chinese museums are joining the international trend as well, for example, the Nanjing Museum, which took the step last week.
Although the Palace Museum has not issued an official ban, the museum’s administration has recently warned visitors to be more careful with the device. If the device is used in crowded place or narrow area, the staff is likely to walk up and stop it. Selfie sticks are also advised to stay outside the exhibition area in the museum, as the stretchable (可伸缩的) device can be disturbing to other visitors and dangerous to the museum objects.
It is still a question whether sefie sticks will be challenged in more casual occasions like amusement parks, but the Tokyo Disneyland officially bans the use of selfie stick inside the theme park area.
The voices
The Louvre museum in Paris has not yet banned selfie sticks, but an action is expected to be announced in a few weeks. A leader of the museum told a foreign media his vexation: More visitors are waving the devices high in the air, and some of them are only few centimeters away from the famous original Mona Lisa.
“Museum photos are good for spreading the cultural messages, but we should pay attention to our ways,” said Cao Wei, a famous Sina Weibo blogger. “I support the museums’ actions on the selfie stick ban.”
1. Why have lots of museums banned visitors from using selfie sticks?A.Because they are illegal devices. |
B.Because they may cause insecurity problems. |
C.Because they may do harm to visitors health. |
D.Because they have been forbidden in other occasions. |
A.purpose. | B.concern. |
C.determination. | D.assumption. |
A.are never seen using selfie sticks |
B.are forbidden to use selfie sticks |
C.are warned to be careful with selfie sticks |
D.are allowed to use selfie sticks only in exhibition area |
A.visitors shouldn’t get close to the artworks |
B.the ban on selfie stick is necessary |
C.visitors shouldn’t take photos in the museum |
D.selfie sticks should be banned on more casual occasions |
【推荐1】Many people believe that teaching children music makes them smarter and better able to learn new things. An estimated 80 percent of American adults think music lessons improve children’s ability to learn or their performance in school. They say that the satisfaction for learning to play a new song helps a child express creativity. But the organizers of a new study say there’s no scientific evidence that early musical training affects the intelligence of young people.
Researchers at Harvard University have found that musical training does not make children more intelligent.
Samuel Mehr is a graduate student at Harvard’s School of Education. He said it is erroneous to think that learning to play a musical instrument improves a child’s intellectual development.
He does not believe that IQ is a good measure of a child’s intelligence. He says researchers in his study compared how well children in the music training group did on mental processing tasks or projects, and then the results were compared to those of children who did not take music lessons. There was no evidence that the musical training group did much better on the mental tasks than the other group. The researchers confirmed their results with a larger group of children and their parents.
1. In order to improve children’s intelligence, most of American adults might ______.A.ask them to play sports | B.motivate them to think outside the box |
C.take them to sigh up for choirs | D.encourage them to do research on music |
A.Reasonable. | B.Essential. | C.Evident. | D.Incorrect. |
A.By testing children’s IQ. | B.By analysing children’s behaviors. |
C.By making contrasts among children. | D.By tracking children’s school performances. |
A.Education. | B.Art. | C.Entertainment. | D.Society. |
【推荐2】The Earth set unofficial record high temperatures last week. Scientists said they were a clear sign of how pollutants released by humans are warming the environment. “Heat sets the pace of our climate in so many ways... it’s never just the heat,” said Kim Cobb. a climate scientist at Brown University.
Ocean warming, wildfire smoke and early arrived EI Nino that much of North America experienced this summer are other signs of climate troubles. Other recent natural events also show that climate change has entered new territory.
Most of the planet is covered by oceans, which have taken in 90 percent of the recent warming caused by planet-warming gases. In April, worldwide ocean temperature rose to 21, 1°C, which scientists believe was caused by a combination of planet-warming gases and the early EI Nino formation. EI Nino is a period of warning Pacific Ocean waters. Newly published data documented exceptionally warm ocean temperatures in the North Atlantic and also extreme sea heat waves near Ireland, Britain, and in the Baltic Sea.
High levels of wildfire smoke were more common on the US West Coast recently. Several rounds of smoke from wildfires in northern Canada brought dangerous air quality levels to eastern North America. Scientists say that climate change will make wildfires and smoke more intense and that the East Coast will see more of it.
The current EI Nino formed a month or two earlier than usual. It replaced La Nina that, with its cooling of Pacific waters, kept worldwide temperatures down. That means that it will have more time than usual to strengthen. It is predicted that there is a 98 percent chance that at least one of the next five years will be the warmest on record. One of these years would beat temperatures from 2016 when an exceptionally strong EI Nino was present.
1. What did Kim Cobb want to say in the first paragraph?A.Cold wave might arrive soon. | B.The heat may come to an end. |
C.The Earth would suffer more. | D.It’s easy to forecast the weather. |
A.Ireland. | B.Britain. | C.The South Atlantic. | D.The US West Coast. |
A.More earthquakes. | B.Fewer accidents. | C.Record heat. | D.Extreme cold. |
A.Weather patterns. | B.Climate troubles. | C.Polluted waters. | D.Green practices. |
【推荐3】A sustainable (可持续的) neighborhood in the Dutch town of Nieuwkoop is leaving on the welcome light for bats. And if all goes well, they’ll never even notice it.
The neighborhood, based on research showing that light-shy bats are impacted by white and green light, but not red, uses street lighting that features specialized bat-friendly LEDs. This particular network of lights shines with a somewhat strange red color. To light-sensitive nocturnal (夜间活动的) creatures, however, this specialized red light preserves the night condi-tions important to their well-being.
“Bats don’t see red light as particularly bright,” said Maurice Donners, a senior scientist at Signify, which designed the new streetlights. “So if you have certain bat species that are really avoiding light, I think the obvious thing to do is use red light which is visible to us, but is much less visible, or perhaps even invisible, to bats.
The motivating factor behind using the new streetlights came after Nieuwkoop decided to create a new neighborhood of 89 homes near a nature reserve for rare and threatened species, which was also home to many light-sensitive bats. To reduce the impact the new community would have on the bats’ nocturnal feeding habits without compromising the safety of local people, developers reached out to Signify to find out more about the use of the bat-friendly lights.
The bat-friendly lights in Nieuwkoop are networked and have energy-saving features like dynamic dimming (调光) and scheduling. Additionally, people there can also request changes in brightness to individual lights outside their homes. As an added bonus, the red lights also don’t attract insects.
“When developing our unique housing program, our goal was to make the project as sustainable as possible, while preserving our local bat species with little impact on their living place,” Guus Elkhuizen, a city council member, said. “We’ve managed to do this and kept our carbon footprint and energy consumption to a minimum. I’m so proud.”
1. What is the design of the bat-friendly LEDs based on?A.The fact that bats are relatively fond of red. |
B.The fact that bats are active mainly at night. |
C.The fact that bats are insensitive to red light. |
D.The fact that bats are easily affected by light. |
A.They are adjustable. | B.They are recyclable. |
C.They are very cheap. | D.They are insect-friendly. |
A.A big housing program has been designed. |
B.A nature reserve has been built successfully. |
C.Unique bat- friendly LEDs have been invented. |
D.Progress has been made in the sustainable project. |
A.New streetlights are used to help bats. |
B.The bat-friendly town turns the night red. |
C.Man can live together with bats harmoniously. |
D.Human beings should be friendly to nocturnal bats |
【推荐1】At the age of eight, Leon Portz was gradually losing his eyesight due to a born condition when he was given his first computer. By the age of nine, he had figured out how to speed up the machine-generated voice that could read out texts on websites and some electronic devices, allowing him to get the information faster. He now listens to texts much more quickly than before.
But his love of science only truly developed when he moved from his hometown in central Germany to Marburg, a medieval (中世纪的) university town, to attend a school for the blind. As it turned out, that move transported him into a place of inclusive innovation.
Marburg proudly calls itself a city for blind people. As an educational institute for the blind, the Blista in German was founded here during World War I, to provide opportunities for young men blinded in the war. The institute has had countless inventions for blind people since then. It has also shaped the town around it, turning it into a place where “everything is ideal for blind people”.
Marburg is small and hilly, so you can easily find where you are. Different kinds of leisure facilities span the city, such as a horse-riding school for the blind, and blind rowing, football, climbing and skiing clubs.
The Blista and its students have driven many of these inventions. Law and psychology are among the most popular course choices, as the materials can be studied easily with aids such as screen readers. Now teachers and pupils from the institute are trying another field: the natural sciences. “I don’t feel like a pioneer, but I guess I am one,” says Portz.
1. Why is “Leon Portz” mentioned in paragraph 1?A.To praise the determination of Leon. | B.To show hardships of the disabled. |
C.To stress the advantages of technology. | D.To introduce the Blista in Marburg. |
A.People blinded in World War I. | B.People talented in innovation. |
C.Disabled teenagers in Marburg. | D.Blind youths across the world. |
A.Law. | B.Biology. | C.Psychology. | D.Rowing. |
A.Leon Portz: A Blind Pioneer | B.Courses Ideal for the Blind |
C.Marburg: A City for the Blind | D.The Blista Made by the Blind |
【推荐2】You may love staying home and having a quiet day in on Christmas — and we totally get that. But there’s a strong case for travelling during Christmas, if only once or a few times, too. In the following cities around the world, Christmastime is a wintery and magical experience like no other.
New York
At the head of our list is New York, the iconic setting for so many Christmas movies. Go skating in Rockefeller Center in front of the big tree(or if line s are too long, check out Central Park’s Wollman Rink for fantastic skyline views), and visit the Christmas shops at Bryant Park Winter Village.
Tallinn, Estonia
For an up- and-coming travel destination with one of the best preserved medieval towns in the world, head to this Baltic capital across the sea from Finland. It also just so happens to be gorgeous at Christmas time, with an authentic Christmas market, Christmas festival, concerts, and Christmas tree — thought to be the oldest public display of a Christmas tree in the world.
Quebec City
With its cobbled street s and stone buildings in the shadow of the Fairmont Le Chateau Frontenac, which looks like a castle but is actually a hotel, visitors feel like they’ re in a holiday fairytale. Plus, its northern destination makes a white Christmas nearly a guarantee. Cap it off (if you dare) with the toboggan (雪橇) slide right in the centre of town, thrilling riders since 1884 with speeds of over 64 kilometres per hour.
Bruges, Belgium
This pedestrian- friendly city is breathtaking to walk around at Christmas time — or take a boat ride along the shining canals. The medie val buildings look like cookie houses. The city’s holiday events include a midwinter festival, winter market, carolling and music, and an ice sculpture exhibit.
1. Which city is the best destination for a Christmas film director?A.Tallinn. | B.Bruges. | C.Quebec City. | D.New York. |
A.The cobbled street. | B.The high speed. |
C.The freezing weather. | D.The fairytale castle. |
A.A boat trip is accessible. | B.The Christmas cookies sell best. |
C.An old Christmas tree is displayed. | D.The medieval town is suitable to walk. |
【推荐3】Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It activated physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses (公共汽车), horse railways, trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century they extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far from the old city center and still go there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in distant areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan (都市) arca. Anxious to take advantage of these areas, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years — lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little attention to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a typical example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.
1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A.Types of mass transportation. |
B.Instability of urban life. |
C.How supply and demand determine land use. |
D.The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion. |
A.To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth. |
B.To use cities with and without mass transportation as examples. |
C.To show mass transportation changed many cities. |
D.To contrast their rate of growth. |
A.It was expensive. |
B.It happened too slowly. |
C.It was unplanned. |
D.It created a demand for public transportation. |
A.that is large. |
B.that is used as a model for land development. |
C.where the development of land exceeded population growth. |
D.with an excellent mass transportation system. |