When parents discover their children have lied to them for the first time, it can often come as a shock to find their little treasures are capable of such a trick. But new research has suggested many parents may not even notice many of the lies their children tell them.
Psychologists have discovered that most parents are over-confident in their children’s honesty and this may impair their ability to discover a lie. The findings may help to explain why some parents seem to be willing to let their children get away with almost anything even in the face of the evidence. They say parents suffer from a “truth bias (偏见)” with their own youngsters, but when faced with lies from other people’s children, they have less difficulty telling if a statement is true or not.
Dr Angela Evans, a psychologist at Brock University in Canada, said, “The close relationship that parents share with their own children may lead to parents failing to discover their children’s lies. Parents’ truth bias may result in parents being less suspicious (怀疑的) of their children, allowing them to successfully cheat them.”
Most children are thought to start lying as early as two years old but start telling more believable lies at around the age of four years old. Learning how to lie is considered as a key part of cognitive(认知的) and social development in children. But many parents are shocked when their children start lying to them.
In their study, Dr Evans and her colleagues filmed 108 children aged between 8 and 16 as they performed a test after being asked not to look at the answers. They were then asked afterwards if they had looked, with 50 truthfully denying looking, 49 lying about looking and 9 admitting to looking. Videos of those denying looking were then shown to 152 parents of children aged 8 to 16, 80 of whom had children who had taken part in the test. The researchers found that the parents were less able to spot lies told by their own children than by other people’s children.
1. What does the underlined word “impair” in Paragraph 2 mean?________A.Show. | B.Damage. | C.Develop. | D.Recognize. |
A.their parents are too trusting their children |
B.their parents pretend not to see the lies |
C.they are very good at hiding their lies |
D.they know how to lie to their parents |
A.What makes parents lose trust in their children. |
B.What causes children to tell lies to their parents. |
C.What makes parents fail to see their children’s lies. |
D.What affects children’s relations with their parents. |
A.Parents tend to protect their own children. |
B.Lying is a part of children’s development. |
C.Children aged 8 to 16 are very likely to tell lies. |
D.Parents can easily judge lies told by children of others. |
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【推荐1】With the average number of children in a British family falling beneath an average of 2.0,the population of the UK has been declining for quite a few years. The size of the British workforce is declining. This trend (趋势) is quite worrying for the British economy.
There is a whole range of reasons accounting for the worrying trend. One of them is that British people are new having their children at a much older age than previously, meaning they have fewer years in which they can have children. Most young People today tend to choose to go university first and build up work experience before getting desired jobs.
Expensive houses also play a part. Many young people are forced to stay with their parents early in their careers. So it's not until people are about 30 years old that they can afford to buy their own home, and then they can start to think about settling down and having children.
So a British person manages to get a job, get a home and get married. Why isn’t he or she then having at least two children on average? The major reason is that it is relatively expensive to bring up a child in the UK. Usually both parents need to work to cover their living expenses, which means they then need to pay someone to look after their child during the day, such as nanny (保姆) or nursery school.
In addition, uncertainty in the global economy often affects British family size. In face of an economic downturn, young British find it more difficult to find jobs or keep their existing ones This discourages them from having larger families. And with this much pressure on families, it’s no wonder that the divorce rate remains so high
To save the British family, the government is taking active measures, for example , by increasing monthly Child Benefit money and offering increasing amount of government subsidy (津贴)for parents to claim. There are also laws allowing parents to take more time off work so that they can look after their children themselves rather than having to pay others to do it.
Let's hope it's not too late to save the British family. Otherwise, the British won't have enough time, energy or money to have children. And where's the fun in that?
1. According to the author, what may account for the decrease of UK's population?A.People's choice of being single to acquire further education. |
B.The trend for people to have children at a younger age. |
C.Larger family size brought by weak global economy. |
D.The relatively high expenses in raising children. |
A.It is important to raise people's awareness of saving the British family. |
B.It is necessary to reduce subsidies for families and nursery schools. |
C.It is urgent to handle the present serious situation. |
D.It is difficult for parents to balance life and work. |
A.Disappearing Families. | B.Declining Economy |
C.Increasing Divorce | D.Worrying Workforce |
【推荐2】Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne said yesterday he would use the autumn spending review to increase Britain’s £12bn-a-year aid budget towards humanitarian(人道主义的) causes in the wake of the European refugee(难民) crisis.
Britain promised to spend 0.7 percent of state general product on aid, meaning the budget could rise sharply by the end of the decade as the economy grows.
Mr Osborne also said more of the aid budget could be given to help local government with housing costs for incomers, without breaking international guidelines.
“We will use the foreign aid budget to help with the costs of these refugees. People ask about the pressure on public services; we’ll have extra money to help with that.”
The government was unable to give a figure for how much aid money could be handed to local authorities: it would depend on how many refugees are accepted.
David Cameron, Prime Minister, will set out his position on aid for refugees today. It is reported that Britain will accept at least 10,000 extra people from camps on the Syria border. He will use a statement in the House of Commons to flesh out plans — announced in Madrid on Friday — to take more people.
A report in The Sunday Times that the UK would take 15,000 Syrians, not far from the 18,000 figure demanded by the EU, was described by “Downing Street” as a “guess”.
The UK will offer to resettle Syrians directly from refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey — but not those who have already reached the EU.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Britain tried to help refugees. |
B.People doubt Britain’s kindness. |
C.Britain tried to explain its behavior. |
D.Refugees like to live in Britain. |
A.Britain’s economy grows rapidly. |
B.Britain will use little of its money to help refugees. |
C.Most countries are not willing to help refugees. |
D.Britain will use more money to help refugees. |
A.Britain will use foreign money to help refugees. |
B.Britain helps refugees following international guidelines. |
C.Britain will use foreign money to develop themselves. |
D.People ask to use public service money to help refugees. |
A.Britain can hold 10,000 refugees at most. |
B.The number of refugees to be received is uncertain. |
C.House of Commons declare a general plan. |
D.Britain can hold 15,000 refugees at most. |
第四部分:写作
第一节:任务型读写(共10小题;
阅读下面短文,根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:表格中的每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上。
Some people believe that greed and selfishness has become the basis of modern society, and we should return to the old traditions of family and community then we will have a better life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?
In this fast-paced world, many values are undergoing major changes. While people traditionally prioritize caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbed and self-concerned.
Modern people act selfishly to survive the harsh competition of life. They say that it is a jungle out there. To survive, you have to fight with whatever means that come handy. Obviously greedy and selfishness go perfectly well with such ideas. In a company, employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position, even at the cost of colleagues. We are in any way advocating any selfish conduct. It is just that people are pressured to act in a certain way due to outside influences.
In spite of common practice, it is hard to conclude that modern society is built on greed and selfishness, both of which are not newly invented vocabulary. In ancient times people also did greedy and selfish things though such behaviors were more condemned then. But we can not ignore the fact that people in the past lived a relatively more isolated life and faced less pressure compared with their modern counterparts.
Are we happier to share with others and be generous to them? There is no fixed answer either. Some people take great pleasure helping and giving to others while others feel happy doing the opposite. But I personally think that people should not be too selfish. Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.
In conclusion, modern people appear to be more self-centered than those in the past due to strong outside pressure. However, we should encourage people to know the importance of being caring and generous and to build a mutually beneficial relationship with others.
Are Modern People Becoming More Selfish?
Main comparisons | Contexts |
| In the past people put caring, sharing and generosity in the first |
Nowadays, people seem to be more | |
People in the past appeared to be modest and self-effacing (谦让的). | |
People may strive to achieve their own | |
The author’s understanding | |
Fierce | |
The author’s | A relationship which can |
【推荐1】Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child or even an animal, such as a dolphin can learn to recognize faces.
We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels make that person different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person” , you might begin to think about someone who was kind , considerate , friendly , warm and so on.
There are many words to describe how a person thinks , feels and acts.Gordon Allport , an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior.And many of us use this information as a basis for describing or typing his personality.
People have always tried to “type” each other.Actors in early Greek drama (戏剧)wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’ (坏人)or the hero’s role.In fact , the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin , meaning “mask” .Today , most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “ good guys” from the “bad guy” because the two types differ in appearance as well as behaviors.
1. Why does the author mention the fingerprints in Paragraph 1 ?A.To make people learn to recognize faces. |
B.To show people have different personalities. |
C.To describe the features of fingerprints. |
D.To explain people differ in facial features. |
A.The ancient Greek audience. | B.The movie actors. |
C.Psychologists. | D.The modern TV audience. |
A.People differ in behavioral and physical characteristics. |
B.Human fingerprints provide unique information. |
C.People’s behavior can be easily described in words. |
D.Human faces have complex features. |
A.Why is it necessary to identify people’s personality? |
B.Why is it possible to describe people? |
C.How to get to know people? |
D.How to recognize people best? |
【推荐2】In the old days, when you had to drive to a movie theater or to a video store to get some entertainment, it was easy to see how your actions could have an impact on the environment. You were hopping into your car, driving across town, and using gas all the way.
But now that we’re used to staying at home and streaming movies, we might feel better about ourselves. After all, we’re just picking up our phones or maybe turning on the TV. You’re welcome, Mother Nature.
“Not so fast,” says a recent report from the French-based Shift Project. Watching a half-hour show would lead to 3.5 pounds of CO₂ emissions. That’s like driving 3.9 miles. According to “Climate Crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video,” digital technologies are responsible for 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, and that energy use is increasing by 9% a year. Stored in data centers, videos are transferred to our terminals such as computers, smart phones, etc. via networks: all these processes require electricity whose production consumes resources and usually involves CO₂ emissions.
In the European Union, the Eureca project lead scientist, Rabih Bashroush, calculated that 5 billion downloads and streams of the song “Despacito” consumed as much electricity as the countries of Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Somalia, Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic used in a single year.
Streaming is only expected to increase as we become more attached to our devices. Online video use is expected to account for 80% of all internet traffic in five years according to CISCO. By then, about 60% of the world’s population will be online.
You’re probubly not going to give up your streaming services, but there are things you can do to help lessen the impact of your online use.
Here are some tips:
Disable autoplay for video on social media.
Stream over Wi-Fi, not mobile networks.
Watch on the smallest screen you can.
Don’t use high-definition (高清) video on devices.
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that people think ______.A.they should welcome Mother Nature |
B.streaming at home avoids possible emissions |
C.it is inconvenient to drive to a movie theater |
D.watching movies at home is more fun |
A.60% of the world’s population watch videos online |
B.digital technologies account for 4% of electricity use |
C.online video use makes up 80% of all internet traffic |
D.30 minutes of streaming video may produce 3.5 pounds of CO₂ |
A.To praise their energy-efficient practice. |
B.To prove the poverty of the five countries |
C.To stress the popularity of the song “Despacito” |
D.To show the high energy use of downloads and streams |
A.Use high-definition videos. | B.Turn off video autoplay |
C.Stream over mobile networks. | D.Watch movies on bigger screens. |
【推荐3】Being an information technology, or IT, worker is not a job I envy. They are the ones who, right in the middle of a critical meeting, are expected to instantly fix the projector that’s no longer working. They have to tolerate the bad tempers of colleagues frustrated at the number of times they’ve had to call the help desk for the same issue. They are also the ones who know there are systems that are more powerful, reliable and faster, but their employer simply will not put up the funds to buy them.
According to a recent survey, employees who have a job dependent on IT support consider IT a major source of job dissatisfaction. Though no fault of they own, they can suddenly find their productivity getting worse or quality control non-existent. And there’s little they can do about it.
The experience of using IT exists almost the entire work field. It has become a critical part of employees’ overall work experience. When IT is operating as it should, employee self-confidence swells. Their job satisfaction, too, can surge when well-functioning machines relieve them of dull tasks or repetitive processes. But if there’s one thing that causes widespread employee frustration, it’s an IT transformation project gone wrong, where swollen expectations have been popped and a long list of promised efficiencies have been reversed. This occurs when business leaders implement IT initiatives with little consideration of how those changes will impact the end user, which is why managers should appreciate just how influential the IT user experience is to their employees, and make substantial effort in ensuring their IT team eliminates programming errors and application crashes. Adequate and timely IT support should also be available to enable users to cope with technological issues at work. More importantly, IT practitioners need to understand what employees experience mentally when they use IT.
Therefore, businesses need to set up their IT infrastructure so that it is designed to fit in with their employees’ work, rather than adjust their work to fit in with the company’s IT limitations.
1. What does the author think of working in IT?A.It is beyond his abilities. | B.It brings in much money. |
C.It does not attract him. | D.It is a respectable job. |
A.Employees become more confident in their work. |
B.There are no 1onger any boring or repetitive tasks. |
C.Employees become more dependent on machines. |
D.There is a big boost in employees’ work efficiency. |
A.Draw up a list of the efficiencies to be promised. |
B.Assess the swollen cost of training the employees. |
C.Think about the possible effects on their employees. |
D.Consider the various expectations of their customers. |
A.By adjusting their work to suit the 1T system. |
B.By ensuring that their mental health is sound. |
C.By offering them regular in-service training. |
D.By designing systems that suit their needs. |