According to the majority of Americans, women are as capable of being good political leaders as men. The same can be said of their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom(董事会). And according to a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership,most Americans find women not outstanding from men on key leadership quality such as intelligence and capacity for innovation with many saying they’re stronger than men in terms of being passionate and organized leaders.
So why, then, are women in short supply at the top of government and business in the United States? According to the public, at least, it’s not that they lack toughness, management talent or proper skill sets. It’s also not all about work-life balance. Although economic research and previous survey findings have shown that career interruptions related to motherhood may make it harder for women to advance in their careers and compete for top executive(管理的) jobs, relatively few adults in the recent survey point to this as a key barrier for women seeking leadership roles. Only about one-in-five say women’s family responsibilities are a major reason why there aren’t more females in top leadership positions in business and politics.
Instead, topping the list of reasons, about four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for women seeking to climb to the highest levels of either politics or business, where they have to do more than their male colleagues to prove themselves. Similar shares say the electorate(选民)and corporate America are just not ready to put more women in top leadership positions.
As a result, the public is divided about whether the imbalance in corporate America will change in the foreseeable future, even though women have made major advances in the workplace. While 53% believe men will continue to hold more top executive positions in business in the future, 44% say it’s only a matter of time before as many women are in top executive positions as men. Americans are less doubtful when it comes to politics: 73% expect to see a female president in their lifetime.
1. What do we learn from previous survey findings about women seeking leadership roles?A.They have unconquerable difficulties on their way to success. |
B.They are lacking in confidence when competing with men. |
C.Their failures may have something to do with family duties. |
D.Relatively few are stopped in their career advancement. |
A.Quality | B.Gender bias |
C.Family responsibilities | D.lack of support |
A.Respect | B.obey | C.follow | D.lead |
A.A woman in the highest position of government. |
B.More and more women actively engaged in politics. |
C.A majority of women voting for a female president. |
D.As many women in top government positions as men |
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【推荐1】The pandemic has given a big push to all forms of digital communication. A workplace dominated by time on screens may seem bound to favor newer, faster and more visual ways of transmitting information. But an old form of communication — writing — is also flourishing (蓬勃).
The value of writing is highly valued in management thinking. “The discipline of writing something down is the first step towards making it happen, ” said Lee Iacocca, a giant of the American car industry. Jeff Bezos banned slides from meetings of senior Amazon executives (主管) back in 2004, in favor of well-structured memos (备忘录).
The move to remote working has strengthened the value of writing. When tasks are being handed off to colleagues in other locations, comprehensive documentation is crucial. When new employees start work on something, they want the back story. When old hands depart an organization, they should leave knowledge behind.
Software developers have already worked out the value of the written words. A research programme from Google into the ingredients of successful technology projects found that teams with high quality documentation deliver software faster and more reliably. Gitlab, a code hosting platform whose workforce is wholly remote, describes its secret of success as “textual communication”.
The deep thought and the discipline required by writing are helpful in other contexts, too. “Brain writing“ is a brain storming technique, used by Slack among others, in which participants are given time to put down their ideas before discussion begins.
Writing is not always the best way to communicate in the workplace. Video is more memorable; a phone call is quicker; even PowerPoint has its place. But for the structured thought it demands, and the ease with which it can be shared and edited, the written words are made for remote work and will flourish in the post-pandemic workplace.
1. Why are Lee Iacocca and Jeff Bezos mentioned in paragraph 2?A.To support an idea. |
B.To introduce a topic. |
C.To draw a conclusion. |
D.To make a comment. |
A.The tasks are handed over quickly by telephone. |
B.An expert colleague gives an experience-sharing lecture. |
C.The new comer broadens his company knowledge through the Internet. |
D.A code hosting platform succeeds mainly by textual communication. |
A.Doubtful. |
B.Objective. |
C.Grateful. |
D.Humorous. |
A.A phone call or a letter? Think twice |
B.Video conference will fade away in new situations |
C.Writing will flourish in the post-pandemic workplace |
D.Digital information or written messages? It depends |
【推荐2】The war on smoking, now decades old and counting, is one of the nation’s greatest public health success stories—but not for everyone. As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do.
Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on 11 January 1964 by the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.
The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation’s attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today, many are outcasts, turned away from restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.
The formula for success is no longer guesswork: adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programmes and impose smoke—free laws.
New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12% of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18%. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low(60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York’s. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.
Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor.
Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.
A.The real-life evidence of taxing power is powerful. |
B.But some states—Kentucky and Alabama, to name just a few—seem to have missed the message that smoking is deadly. |
C.True, but so do the deadly effects of smoking—far worse than a tax. |
D.Smoking is believed to kill an estimated one million people through tobacco related diseases across the world each year. |
E.The government has tried to curb smoking by imposing bans on smoking groups in taxis, schools and hospitals. |
F.But the surest way to prevent smoking, particularly among price-sensitive teens, is to raise taxes. |
【推荐3】“The comic waist challenge”, in which netizens try to imitate a comic character's pose with their legs on a chair and the upper body dropping to the ground, almost bending the waist in half, has become the latest craze to hit China's social media.
The topic has obtained hundreds of millions views on Weibo with many net users posting photos of the challenging pose to show how sexy and flexible they are.
Meanwhile some netizens argue that it is just an expansive gesture of yoga pose. So some people consult the doctors if the gesture is very dangerous. Medical experts have warned net users of the seemingly harmless yoga pose, as it may lead to damage to one's vertebrae by causing muscle strain and increasing the risk of lumbar degenerative disease.
The new challenge follows a series of similar controversial Chinese body image trends including the A4 waist challenge (measuring women's waists against a piece of A4 paper which is 21 centimeters wide), the belly button challenge (reaching one's belly button from behind), and the coin collarbone (balancing coins on people's collarbones for as long as they can) which faced heavy criticism worldwide on social media.
Women in China have long associated being beautiful with being skinny, but a desire to be thin is often taken to the extreme, with harmful effects on health and self-esteem - a situation not unique to China.
Although the opinions of the issue vary, maybe the change of the attitudes towards it is just over the horizon. Rejecting body anxiety is more than just a slogan. Many workout-obsessed women are increasingly realizing that no matter how hard they try, they won't be supermodels, and acknowledging that figures can vary due to a number of factors. This is an important step on their path to self-acceptance. Being healthy and maintaining the spiritual well-being have become the new pursuits for many.
1. According to paragraphs 1 and 2, what do you know about the comic waist challenge?A.It leads a trend among netizens. | B.It's an easy comic character's pose. |
C.It's a harmless yoga pose. | D.It's a symbol of the beauty of body image. |
A.The A4 waist challenge. | B.The belly button challenge. |
C.The coin collarbone. | D.The finely chiseled nose. |
A.women in China prefer following trends |
B.all women in China are desperate to be thin |
C.the pursuit of beauty has nothing to do with our health |
D.many women in China care more about their health than beauty now |
A.The body image trends — a pursuit of Chinese women |
B.The comic waist challenge — a slap in the face |
C.The attitudes of Chinese towards beauty |
D.The body anxiety nowadays |
【推荐1】You’ve stopped at a cafe on your way to work, and next thing you know, your latte foam is staring at you. You’ve had the same furniture for years, but today your cupboard looks sad. You’re lying in the park with your friends, and now Jesus is floating by in the clouds—are they seeing him too?!
Why do we see human faces everywhere?
Until now, it has been unclear as to why the brain processes visual signals and represents them in our mind as human faces. However, researchers from the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney have tried evaluating this phenomenon.
The facial recognition response happens fast, only taking a few hundred milliseconds. From an evolutionary perspective, the researchers suggest that the benefit of “never missing a face” outweighs(超过)the error where lifeless objects are seen as faces. Despite knowing that the object you are seeing is not a human face, the perception(知觉)of a face stays. This is known as “face pareidolia”.
Pareidolia refers to the tendency to impose a meaningful interpretation on an unclear stimulus(刺激物), making one see an object, pattern or meaning when there is none. Pareidolia was originally considered a symptom of mental disorder, but it is now viewed as a normal human tendency.
Pareidolia has been investigated by scientists and has been present in art and literature for a long period of time. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet demonstrates his supposed madness in his exchange with Polonius by telling him that he can see a camel in the sky.
The researchers set out to investigate whether a detected pareidolia face would be cast off as a false detection or be analysed for a facial expression. The study participants were presented series of faces and asked to rate each face expression on a scale from angry to happy. The series involved a mix of both real and pareidolia faces.
The researchers have found that pareidolia faces are not cast off as false detections, but rather undergo an internal “facial expression analysis”, in the same way a real face would. This is likely because humans are deeply social beings. Additionally, they found that biases(成见)often seen when judging human faces in the analysis of the pareidolia faces.
So, the next time that you see an angry tree, don’t be surprised and remember it’s not personal.
1. What is the function of the first paragraph?A.To present a finding. | B.To warn the readers. |
C.To introduce the topic. | D.To arouse the readers’ awareness. |
A.Our brain is good at processing signals. |
B.The image of a human face will last long. |
C.Our brain wrongly interprets signals as human faces. |
D.There might be risks when lifeless objects are not seen as faces. |
A.People suffer mental disorder. | B.People see an unclear stimulus. |
C.People imagine seeing a human face. | D.People interpret things meaningfully. |
A.They discount the facial expressions. | B.They prefer real faces to false ones. |
C.They tend to make biased judgment. | D.They compare real faces to pareidolia ones. |
【推荐2】Shadows are often associated with darkness and uncertainty. Now, researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) are giving shadows a positive spin by demonstrating a way to harness this common but often overlooked optical (光学的) effect to generate electricity.
The team created a device called a shadow-effect energy generator (SEG), which makes use of the contrast in illumination (照明) between lit and shadowed areas to generate electricity. It’s made up of a series of thin strips of gold film on a silicon layer, which is then placed on a flexible plastic base.
“In conventional optoelectronics (光电子学) where a steady source of light is used to power devices, shadows are undesirable, since they degrade the performance of devices. In this work, we took advantage of the illumination contrast caused by shadows as an indirect source of power. The contrast in illumination causes a voltage (电压) difference between the shadow and illuminated sections, resulting in an electric current. This novel concept of harvesting energy in the presence of shadows is unprecedented.” explained research team leader Professor Tan Swee Ching.
Mobile electronic devices such as smart phones, smart glasses and e-watches require efficient and continuous power supply. As these devices are worn both indoors and outdoors, wearable power sources that could harness surrounding light can potentially improve the function of these devices. While commercially available solar cells can perform this role in an outdoor environment, their energy harvesting efficiency drops significantly under indoor conditions where shadows are persistent. This new approach to maximizing the efficiency of energy harvesting is both exciting and timely.
“When the whole SEG is under illumination or in shadow, the amount of electricity generated is very low or none at all. When a part of the SEG is illuminated, a significant electrical output is detected. We also found that the best surface area for electricity generation is when half of the SEG is illuminated and the other half in shadow, as this gives enough area for charge generation and collection respectively.” said co- team leader Professor Andrew Wee.
The NUS researchers are also looking at developing wearable SEGs attached to clothing to harvest energy during normal daily activities. Another promising area of research is the development of low- cost SEG for efficient harvesting of energy from indoor lighting.
1. Why are shadows considered undesirable in traditional optoelectronics?A.They serve no useful purpose. | B.They weaken device performance. |
C.They are rare in outdoor conditions. | D.They are difficult to control or predict. |
A.It’s specially designed to work in open areas. |
B.It will replace existing solar cells once and for all. |
C.It’s most effective when fully positioned in light or in shadow. |
D.It requires a balance of light and shadow to maximize electricity generation. |
A.The SEG is unlikely to work efficiently in dark places. |
B.The researchers are looking to reduce the cost of the SEG. |
C.The development of SEG is limited by its high production cost. |
D.The researchers are developing wearable SEGs attached to smart phones. |
A.An innovative use of shadows to generate electricity. |
B.The problems with shadows in conventional optoelectronics. |
C.The challenges of adapting technology for wearable devices. |
D.A need for efficient power supply in mobile electronic devices. |
【推荐3】You can get a clear picture about Deep Work by Cal Newport in 5 minutes. Deep Work tells us professional activities performed in a state of distraction-free concentration that push your cognitive (认知的) capabilıties to their limit. These efforts create new value and improve your skill. The ability to perform deep work is becoming increasingly rare at exactly the same time it is becoming increasingly valuable in our economy. As a consequence, the few who develop the skill, and then make it the core of their working life, will thrive (蓬勃发展)
The book tells us the core abilities for thriving in the new economy, which are the ability to quickly master hard things, the ability to produce a high level, in terms of both quality and speed. If you can’t learn, you can’t thrive. If you don’t produce, you won’t thrive- no matter how skilled or talented you are. If you haven’t mastered deep work, you’ll struggle to learn hard things. To learn hard things quickly, you must focus intensely without distraction.
The key to developing a deep work habit is to move beyond good intentions and add routines and habits to your working life designed to minimize a state of unbroken concentration. To master the art of deep work, therefore, you must take back control of your time and attention from the many entertainments on the Internet that attempt to steal them. Adopt a tool only if its positive impacts on these factors substantially outweigh its negative impacts. It’s crucial that you figure out in advance what you’re going to do with your evenings and weekends before they begin.
In the end of Deep Work, we can know that the ability to-concentrate is a skill that gets valuable things done. If you’re struggling to use your mind to its fullest capacity to create things that matter, then you’ll discover, as others have before you, that depth generates a life rich with productivity and meaning.
1. What is presented in the first paragraph?A.Accurate analyses. | B.Practical examples. |
C.Daring expectation. | D.Theoretical introduction. |
A.Those who’re the best at what they do. | B.Those willing to give others a hand. |
C.Those who’re very skilled or talented. | D.Those easy to get along well with. |
A.Forming a simple habit. | B.Making a flexible schedule. |
C.Quitting social media. | D.Using on-demand distraction. |
A.A news report. | B.An exam paper. |
C.An economic article. | D.A book review. |