The philosopher,Martin Buber,is most known for his work on ”I-Thou/You" relationships in which people are open,direct,mutually interested in each other. In contrast,“I-It" relationships are those in which we use the other,like an object,to solve our problems and fulfill our needs and purposes.
It is not our fault that many of our relationships are or become "It" relationships because most of what we feel,think and do is motivated by unconscious memories of how to survive the environment. Thus,one of the reasons we use other people to help us feel better about ourselves and cope in the world is that using people was once necessary and it worked.When we were small and helpless,“It"came and-fed us,and held us,and set us on our way.We didn't have to reciprocate and care for“It". Even when the care and attention of "it" was minimal or unpredictable,if we got out of childhood alive,somewhere along the way "it" was involved.
When we are very young,other people are always "it"s whom we use to fulfill our needs. Freud called this stage of early life "primary narcissism",which is our instinct for self-preservation and is a normal part of our development.While most of us grow out of it,we still hold a survival fear,which motivates us to escape danger and to stay alive,and we all need this fear in healthy measure.
The problem is that too many of us,too much of the time,are in a constant state of threat--and we often don't know it. We imagine people are talking about us behind our backs,that we have cancer,that we are inadequate,and vulnerable to more than our share of bad luck.As our brains have grown in size and complexity,so has our ability to scare ourselves.
This causes many problems. For example,our stress levels increase,our digestion is impaired and our thinking becomes restricted. Our threat response stops any bodily function,feeling,thought and behavior that might"waste'"energy and detract from fighting or escaping danger. Thus,when in threat,our emotional,cognitive and behavioral range is significantly reduced.
And in this reduced state, one of our solutions is to find someone who can save and comfort us. Instead of enabling us to be open,direct and mutual,fear and anxiety lead us towards conversations and choices in our relations with others that are orientated towards surviving--not thriving. Threat-motivated relationships are characterized by need,dependency,control,demand,dishonesty,and self-interest.
We cannot form the "I-Thou"relationships that Buber speaks of until we have learned to notice, comfort,and understand the emotions and patterns of our threat brain.When in threat,we tend to use other people as objects who can save and protect us,or who we can blame for our problems.
1. When a person reciprocates,he tends to ________ .A.ask for some advice. | B.return the favour. |
C.convey an apology. | D.make some comments. |
A.It leads to our fear. |
B.It impacts our growth negatively. |
C.It is normal and usually temporary. |
D.It lays the foundation for Freud's theory. |
A.Comforting an upset friend. | B.Feeling sorry for your mistakes. |
C.Asking others to take on your task. | D.Trying hard to be independent. |
A.How We Can Form the "I-Thou"Relationships |
B.How We Can Get Out of the "I-It"Relationships |
C.What Helps Us Survive and Thrive in Early Stages of Life |
D.Why We Treat Others as Objects Rather Than Individuals |
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【推荐1】How to make yourself sound smarter
Many of us use longer words in place of shorter ones. People think, if I can show that 1 have a large vocabulary, I'll sound smarter.
Make Eye Contact. If someone looks at you while you're talking, you're more likely to feel he or she is smart. Good eye contact means the other person is responsive to what you are doing or saying.
Strike a Power Pose. How open or closed your posture is conveys how open or closed you are to others.Openness can convey confidence.
Avoid Pauses.Confidence is as perceptible(可感觉到的) in your voice as it is in your body language.As you have probably noticed from watching any public event or business meeting,the “winner” of the talk is usually the person who speaks most energetically and fluently.
A.Plan ahead. |
B.Feel Prepared. |
C.Too many pauses make you sound unsure of yourself. |
D.The problem with this plan is that it can easily go wrong._ |
E.The confidence displayed in a person is the key to his success. |
F.Ifhe is not responsive, that means that either you are dull or he is dumb. |
G.Sit up straight and leave your arms widely spread on the table or at your sides. |
【推荐2】I was travelling with students in Barcelona,walking through the famous street La Rambla, when I noticed two guys making fun of me.I could see them on in the reflection of a mirrored building,making gestures with their hands to suggest how much bigger I was than the thin girl standing next to me.They painted her figure in the air like an hourglass(沙漏).Then they painted my shape like a ball.They were saying something,too,but there was only one word I could make out:Gorda.Fat woman.
I’ve been hearing comments like this for much all my life.Maybe someone else would have yelled at them,or shrunk(畏缩) inside.But I don’t get upset when this happens.
I pulled out my camera,and set up a shoot.I suspect that if I met with these narrow-minded people,my words would have no effect.So,rather than using the attackers’ actions to beat myself up,I just prove them wrong.The camera gave me my voice.
For about a year,I’d been taking pictures of strangers’ reactions to me in public for a series I called“Wait Watchers.”My goal is to capture a wide range of social groups so I travel as much as I can.I’ve photographed in Spain,Peru,Chicago,New York and Memphis.I set up my camera on a tripod(三脚架) or bench,or an assistant will take hundreds of photographs in several minutes.I then comb the images to see if I captured a reaction.
And I don’t get hurt when I look at the images.I feel like I am pushing the stare back on to them to let people see their stare.I’m fine with who I am and don’t need anyone’s acceptance to live my life.I only get angry when I hear someone comment about my weight but I don’t get the shot.
Since the project started getting media attention,I’ve received hundreds of emails from people thanking me.There are so many people in the world who feel they have the right to criticize someone for the way they look.I got an email from a 15-year-old girl in Belgium who said my images made her“feel better and not care about what others think.”That made me proud.As for what the images mean,viewers may make sense of the images as they see fit,I’m trying to start a conversation.
1. Where were the two guys when the author noticed them?A.Outside the mirrored building | B.On the top of the building |
C.Next to a mirror in the building | D.In front of a mirror in the building |
A.Pictures of strangers | B.Pictures of social groups |
C.Reactions to her from students | D.Reactions to her from various people |
A.She pays no attention to what others think about. |
B.She is often made fun of for her appearance. |
C.She realizes her making fun of others is wrong. |
D.She is beginning to feel proud of her appearance. |
A.Upset | B.Ashamed | C.Unlucky | D.Confident |
【推荐3】Technology has changed the way we communicate. We send emails, not letters, text messages, not phone calls.
Pick up the phone and dial. Robert has called every employee to welcome them to the company. Sometimes he calls people on their last day of work. When people leave, sometimes they’re franker than they ever were when they were still at the company.
Answer questions with honesty. You know how it feels when you go into an elevator and someone says, “How was your weekend?” It might have been the best weekend ever and you would say, “Good, how was yours?”
Nobody succeeds alone. The more you can take time to develop genuine relationships, the more you’re going to be able to realize your dreams.
A.Write a letter. |
B.Try to make a difference. |
C.Technology has made it easier to communicate. |
D.If you want to connect with people, then you have to open up. |
E.Authentic relationships lie in daily communication and are not easy to maintain. |
F.Thus, it’s a great opportunity to get valuable information that is very hard to get otherwise. |
G.And you’re going to know there’s a network of people to cheer you on and to support your efforts. |
【推荐1】More than 40% of the insects around us could become extinct in next few decades. Simultaneously, the population of the adaptable and general species like that of houseflies, cockroaches and fleas is likely to bloom.
Although some species of insects are vectors (带菌者)of serious diseases, or others destroy crop, but a world without insects is inconceivable. Their importance in interconnected ecosystems and food chains can never be undermined. Insects have essential roles in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems as herbivores, carnivores and decomposers.
There are 17 times as many insects as humans, and these numbers are essential for proper functioning of all ecosystems. Insects are responsible for pollinating around 75% of the crops in the world and also serve as food for other creatures. They replenish soils and keep the number of pests in check.
The primary cause of this extinction is loss of habitat. Be it the grasslands or wetlands, everything is vanishing in man's quest towards intensive agriculture and urbanization.
Another cause of this decline is the excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and introduced invasive species. As if this wasn't enough, climate change and pollution of all sorts have already started worsening their lives. Climate change may also cause emergence of new pests and other vector-borne insects.
The biggest threat of Insect Armageddon comes from Germany, where 75% of insect population have declined in just 30 years and from Puerto Rico, where due to 2 degree rise in temperature, there has been 60 fold decline in invertebrate (无脊椎的)population since the 1970s.
However, the fact that insects getting extinct is a global crisis is undisputed. But the neat thing about insects is, we all can do our bit to save them. We all can maintain pesticide-free kitchen gardens and organic farms. We can plant flowers and trees and invite them to nest again.
Maybe this tragedy would have never arisen in the first place and you would not have to read this article, if the world had stopped using all kinds of pesticides immediately after Rachel Carson had published the Silent Spring. Conserving the insect biodiversity is not our responsibility. It is a necessity because if they go, so will we.
1. Why can't we stand a world without insects?A.For their parts in global ecology. |
B.For their longer history than humans'. |
C.For their shockingly large population. |
D.For the appearance of new insect species. |
A.Possible. | B.Doubtless |
C.Exact | D.Flexible. |
A.Climate change. |
B.Human activities. |
C.The abuse of chemicals. |
D.The agriculture. |
A.Calling on us to do something to save insects. |
B.Introducing the urgent situation insects are facing. |
C.Presenting us ways to handle the global crises. |
D.Treating differently beneficial and harmful insects. |
【推荐2】Social networking isn’t only for the under 40s. More than 25 percent of Americans 50 years and older stay connected using sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, according to new research.
“The latest data tells us that more and more social networking is becoming a part of everyday life for Americans 50 plus,” said Kevin Donnellan, the chief communications officer at AARP, which released the report.
Nearly a quarter of older Americans are on Facebook and 73 percent said they use it to stay in touch with relatives, but not just their children and grandchildren. “They are using the Internet to keep up with the world and the people who are important to them,” said Jean Koppen, the author of the report. She added that older adults are also on Facebook to stay connected, not only with their family, but with their friends and those in the same age group. Almost 50 percent of older adults were introduced to the social networking sites by a family member, mainly a child or grandchild. “Just under one-fifth of adults aged 50 and older say they do not use the Internet,” according to the report.
The findings are based on a telephone survey of 1,863 adults. In addition to keeping up on Facebook and Twitter older adults are aware of the latest technology. Eighty-three percent had heard about the Apple iPad and 11 percent intended to buy one.
Despite the popularity of the Internet among the over 50s, they still mostly go to print newspapers and magazines for news. Only one percent said they followed blogs.
1. What is the main idea of the text?A.Social networking isn’t for the under 40s in the U.S.A. |
B.American old people’s way of life is quite fashionable. |
C.Social networking is becoming popular among older Americans. |
D.Facebook, MySpace and Twitter are the most popular websites in the US. |
A.85% of Americans 50 plus choose the Internet over print media. |
B.About 460 people in the telephone survey often use Facebook. |
C.About 20% of adults aged 50 plus have access to the Internet. |
D.Three quarters of the people surveyed got to know the Internet through their family. |
A.many older Americans are open-minded about new developments |
B.Kevin Donnellan supports this change among older Americans |
C.Young people should introduce their elders to new technology |
D.In a high tech age it is difficult to avoid social networking |
A.A novel. | B.A newspaper. |
C.A technology guide. | D.A student’s research paper |
【推荐3】I’m Andrew Siegel and this is my garden. This is where my family and I grow a lot of different vegetables, flowers and herbs. Gardening has been really important to my family because it gives us an opportunity to spend time outside together, away from all the electronics.
Especially for my five-year-old, it really gives her an opportunity to be in touch with nature-all the little animals, insects and things that come out here.
We find that a lot of the things that we plan for in the garden don’t always go the way that we’d like them to, and some of the things that we don’t plan for become what we enjoy the most that year. So it’s something that my family and I have learned: To appreciate(欣赏) all of it.
My advice for beginner gardeners is to just start. Get a pot, get a little bit of dirt, get a tomato plant or whatever plant you want and just get started.
I think sometimes it seems a little challenging. Trust me, it does not need to be perfect. You will enjoy every little thing you get out of it.
Gardening has taught me patience, something I don’t naturally have a lot of. It takes weeks, takes months before the work you put into it comes out. You learn not only to be patient, in that end product, but you’ve also learned that, after years of gardening, the end product is just part of it.
The journey of growing has become much more important to me than the actual produce that we get in the end. Nothing has been so valuable as the time I spend out here. I’m by no means in a farmland, but I do have my own little piece of what I consider heaven, and I’ve really learned to appreciate every little moment-every insect, every plant, every flower-and when you can appreciate it in that way, there’s nothing better.
1. What does the underlined word “five-year-old” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.The author. | B.The author’s daughter. |
C.The insect. | D.The little animal. |
A.Planting different vegetables and flowers. |
B.Staying at home together with her family. |
C.Enjoying the whole process of growing. |
D.Harvesting what the family planted. |
A.The Joys of Gardening | B.The Benefits of Gardening |
C.Being in Touch with Nature | D.Being Patient with Life |