It has been found in South Australia that a worm-like creature about the size of a grain of rice is the oldest ancestor on the family tree that includes humans and most animals. The creature lived about 535 million years ago. It is considered to be an evolutionary step forward for early life on Earth.
Researchers have been working hard to find evidence of the common ancestor of most animals. Developing its body structure and organization successfully allowed life to move in specific, purposeful directions. This includes everything from worms and dinosaurs to amphibians(两栖动物) and humans. But for our common ancestor, they knew that fossils(化石) of the tiny, simple creatures they imagined would be nearly impossible to find because of its size and soft body. Then, they turned to fossilized burrows(动物洞穴), dated to the Ediacaran Period, found in South Australia.
For 15 years, scientists knew the burrows were created by the creature. There was no evidence of what made the burrows and lived in them until researchers decided to take a closer look at the burrows. Geology professor Mary Droser spotted impressions shaped like ovals(椭圆形) near the burrows.
A 3-D laser scan revealed the impressions containing evidence of a body shaped and sized like a rice grain, with a noticeable head and tail which suggested it had muscles. The muscles would have enabled the creature to move and create the burrows, like the way a worm moves. And the size of the creature matched with the size of the burrows they found.
1. What does the underlined word “It” mean in the first paragraph?A.A family tree. | B.A grain of rice. | C.A worm-like creature. | D.An evolutionary step. |
A.They developed the creature in the expected way. |
B.They studied a large number of worms and dinosaurs. |
C.They observed the burrows close up. |
D.They went back to the Ediacaran Period some years ago. |
A.3-D laser scan. | B.The impressions. | C.Some good ovals. | D.More burrows. |
A.The researchers worked very hard in the burrow. |
B.The worm-like creature may be animals’ ancestor. |
C.It is very difficult to name a new kind of creature. |
D.Australian people like fossils of many creatures. |
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【推荐1】Here’s a recipe for a good animal rescue story: Take one residential creek (小溪), add one lone dolphin and then bring in 28 determined biologists. Mix well and enjoy the happy ending.
A young dolphin wandered off its usual path and ended up in a creek in Clearwater, Florida. Biologists with Clearwater Marine Aquarium had been monitoring it since Jan. 1. It appeared reluctant to return to open waters via a small opening under a bridge. “Since monitoring began, the dolphin had not left the creek,” the aquarium said last week. “This posed potential long-term problems. Dolphins are naturally sociable creatures, so if they are isolated from other dolphins, they may turn their attention to human interaction.” This can be dangerous, both for dolphins and humans. Humans who get too close to dolphins can find themselves with injuries such as broken bones.
Clearwater Marine Aquarium partnered with NOAA Fisheries and the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission to guard the dolphin to safety. A team of 28 biologists got into the water to form a human chain, creating a visual and sound barrier to aim the dolphin out of the creek. It’s not easy to pull off a human chain in a creek. The biologists had to stay shoulder to shoulder and navigate trees and docks without giving the dolphin an opportunity to slip by. The human encouragement worked, though there was a moment of uncertainty as the team members neared the bridge and weren’t sure if the dolphin went through.
The biologists celebrated the dolphin’s arrival on the other side.“It was very exciting after almost 20 plus days for him to finally be out of the canal,” said senior rescue biologist Brittany Baldrica.
The wandering dolphin stands a good chance back out in the wild. “We noted that the animal was in good body condition with normal breathing rates and was displaying normal behavior during observations” the aquarium said.
Happy ending achieved.
1. What attracted the biologists to monitor a young dolphin?A.Its unusual wandering path. | B.A small opening under a bridge. |
C.Its interactions with human. | D.A creek with potential problems. |
A.To experience dolphins’ swim in the creek. |
B.To avoid heavy injuries from the sociable dolphin. |
C.To create a barrier guiding the dolphin out of the creek. |
D.To give encouragement to each other while working in the wild. |
A.Humorous. | B.Flowery. | C.Informal. | D.Rough. |
A.A Good Way to Rescue Wild Animals. |
B.A Human Chain to Save a Dolphin’s Life. |
C.A Heart-stopping Survival Game in Florida. |
D.A Celebration of Biologists Studying Dolphins. |
【推荐2】A new research shows human activity is changing the sound of the Earth's oceans and seas. Scientists say the sound changes of our oceans, seas, and other waterways affect many marine (海洋的) animals - from very small shrimps to huge whales.
Sound travels very far underwater, Francis Juanes, an ecologist at the University of Victoria in Canada, told the Associated Press. For fish, he explained, sound is probably a better way to sense their environment than light. Sounds help fish and other marine animals survive and communicate with each other. Sounds also help some ocean animals find food and avoid their hunters.
However, increased noise from humans is making it harder for these animals to hear each other. The noise is coming from shipping traffic, underwater exploration, and other noisy human activities. For many marine animals, their attempts to communicate are being masked by sounds that humans have produced. Experts explain that masking happens when one or more noises in the water block sound important to a marine animal's living. The overall number of marine animals has gone down by about half since 1970. Some studies show the stress from human noise might also affect the immune system as well as reproductive health or behavior. Imagine having to raise your kids in a place that's noisy all the time," said Joe Roman, a marine ecologist at the University of Vermont.
"When people think of problems facing the ocean, we often think of climate change, plastics, and overfishing. But noise pollution is another thing we need to be monitoring. Sound pollution may be easier to deal with than other ocean problems," Scientist Juanes says. "If we make something for the ocean, think about how to make it quieter."
1. Why is sound underwater important for ocean animals?A.It changes with light. | B.It helps them judge and contact. |
C.It travels very fast. | D.It guides fishermen to find where they are. |
A.Underwater exploration must be stopped. |
B.Kids exposed to noise can’t be healthy. |
C.Human noise brings stress to marine animals. |
D.Marine animals have got used to sound changes. |
A.To introduce the principle of sounds. |
B.To draw attention to ocean noise. |
C.To show the effects of human activities。 |
D.To share a method of studying oceans. |
A.How to protect marine animals. |
B.What is the main cause of sea pollution. |
C.How to keep the number of marine animals. |
D.What to do to reduce sound pollution in the ocean. |
【推荐3】100-year-old Alfred Larson has been through a lot in his lifetime, but one thing that keeps him going is bluebirds.
When Alfred retired in 1978, he wanted to find a hobby or something to do that would keep him busy and provide him with a sense of purpose. When he read a National Geographic article about crafting wooden nest boxes for bluebirds to help improve their populations, he decided to give it a try. Alfred explained that he started building nest boxes on his ranch (大牧场) using left-over pieces of wood.
More than four decades later, Alfred is still going strong and promoting bluebird conservation efforts. Alfred is now monitoring nearly 350 nest boxes on six different trails (小路) in Southwest Idaho. He said, “I settled on a simple design that was easy to build and easy to monitor. I kept adding more boxes on these trails, and these birds responded.” Alfred’s boxes give bluebirds a lot of help in survival. “Without his work, we can’t see so many bluebirds now,” said Pearman, the author of Mountain Bluebird Trail Monitoring Guide.
To celebrate his achievements, filmmaker Matthew Podolsky worked with Alfred for weeks to create a 30-minute documentary—Bluebird Man. The film explores how everything led him to the work he does today and his efforts in bluebird protection. “I remember the first trip I took to the bluebird trail with Alfred, and I was very surprised by the speed with which he moved from box to box,” said Podolsky. “He was hiking across difficult and uneven terrain (地形). I often struggled to keep up with him. Sometimes we’d check more than 100 boxes and be driving home in the dark.”
The impact he’s had on the populations of bluebirds in North America will continue.
1. How did Alfred help save bluebirds?A.By feeding them personally. | B.By preventing illegal hunting. |
C.By making wooden nests for them. | D.By writing articles about them. |
A.The number of bluebirds in Southwest Idaho decreases. |
B.Alfred makes a big difference to bluebird conservation. |
C.Climate change is threatening the survival of bluebirds now. |
D.Alfred’s efforts have greatly inspired others to protect bluebirds. |
A.How the natural habitat of bluebirds disappeared. |
B.How bluebirds have survived in the past four decades. |
C.What influence humans have on bluebirds. |
D.What Alfred does every day to protect bluebirds. |
A.To praise Alfred’s contribution. | B.To help people learn more about birds. |
C.To advise people to protect the environment. | D.To show the living conditions of bluebirds. |
【推荐1】Many scientists believe our love of sugar may actually be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, leaving us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a particularly strong effect. In this way, it is in fact an addictive drug, which doctors suggest we all should cut down on.
“It seems like every time I study an illness and search for the first cause, I find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up to 347 million adults have diabetes (糖尿病) . Why? “Sugar, we believe is one of the culprits, if not the major reason,” says Johnson.
Our bodies are designed to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored when there was no food. But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us.
So what is the solution? It’s: obvious that we need to eat less sugar. The trouble is, in today’s world, it’s extremely difficult to avoid. From breakfast cereals (谷物) to after-dinner desserts, our foods are increasingly filled with it.
But there are those who are fighting back against sugar. Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit. Other schools are growing their own food in gardens, or building facilities like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise.
1. What do scientists think of sugar?A.It benefits our health. | B.It causes us to become dependent on it. |
C.It is less addictive than drugs. | D.It should be taken under a doctor’s guidance. |
A.Diseases. | B.Poor diets. |
C.Causes of a problem. | D.Unknown things. |
A.It’s in so many foods and drinks. | B.We cannot survive without it. |
C.It gives us much needed energy. | D.We like it too much. |
A.Ways to Avoid Sugar. | B.Good Sugar VS Bad Sugar. |
C.Illnesses Caused by Sugar. | D.Our Addiction to Sugar. |
【推荐2】You might feel burned out after solving a difficult math problem or studying for a whole day. Are our brains really “burning” when we spend a lot of time thinking? In fact, our brains never stop burning calories, even if we aren't thinking about anything.
Our brains are powered by glucose, a kind of sugar that can be found in carbohydrates (碳水化合物) like rice and noodles. The glucose goes to the brain through the bloodstream. It powers the neurons (神经元) in our brains. Since our brain never really rests, it is burning energy in the form of glucose all the time. Even when we sleep, our brain needs energy to keep our body's basic functions (功能) working. These include breathing, digesting, and keeping the body warm.
The brain uses up 20 to 25 percent of the body’s total energy. That’s 350 calories per day for woman and 450 for man. When you are five or six years old, your brain uses up to 60 percent of the body's energy, according to Live Science.
When we are thinking hard, the brain burns more calories . In one experiment, researchers found that people who worked on a hard task on a computer ate around 200 more calories than those who were resting. That explains why you feel hungry and eat more after taking exams or studying for a long time.
1. Our brains get energy from ________.A.glucose | B.calories | C.neurons | D.resting |
A.Around 20 to 25. | B.Around 350 to 450. |
C.Around 580 to 750. | D.Around 1,800 to 2,250. |
A.people burned fewer calories if they were thinking |
B.people working on computers ate more than others |
C.people who were resting got hungry, more easily |
D.people working on hard tasks burned more calorie.. |
A.why people feel hungry. |
B.how brains burn calories |
C.when our brains work |
D.why some people eat more |
【推荐3】Driving while talking on the phone increases the likelihood of an accident and is actually more dangerous than driving drunk, U.S. researchers report. This holds true whether the driver is holding a cell phone or using a hands⁃free device.
“As a society, we have agreed on not tolerating the risk associated with drunk driving,”said researcher Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Utah.“This study shows us that somebody who is conversing on a cell phone is exposing him or herself and others to a similar risk — cell phones actually are a higher risk,”he said.
In the study, 40 people followed a pace car along a prescribed course, using a driving simulator (模拟仪). Some people drove while talking on a cell phone, others drove while drunk(meaning their blood-alcohol limit matched the legal limit of 0.08 percent), and others drove with no such distractions. The researchers found an increased accident rate when people were conversing on the cell phone. Drivers on cell phones were 5.36 times more likely to get in an accident.
The bottom line: Cell⁃phone use was linked to“a significant increase in the accident rate,” Drews said.
The phone users did even worse than the inebriated, the Utah team found. There were three accidents among those talking on cell phones — all of them involving a rear⁃ending(追尾) of the pace car. In contrast, there were no accidents recorded among participants who were drunk.
In response to safety concerns, some states have declared it illegal to use hand ⁃ held cell phones while driving. But that type of law may not be effective, because the Utah researchers found no difference in driver performance whether the driver was holding the phone or talking on a hands⁃free model.
“We have seen again and again that there is no difference between hands⁃free and hand⁃held devices,”Drews said.“The problem is the conversation. The best solution to the problem is obvious: Don’t talk on the phone while you are driving. ”
1. Which group of drivers performed worst in the study?A.Those phone users. |
B.Those who are drunk. |
C.Those following a pace car. |
D.Those with hearing problems. |
A.The drunk drivers. |
B.The researchers. |
C.The cell⁃phone⁃free drivers. |
D.The Utah team. |
A.Driver performance has nothing to do with the use of mobile phones. |
B.It is timely to ban the use of hand⁃held phones while driving. |
C.The Utah researchers find the traffic safety law works as well as before. |
D.Talking on the phone while driving should be avoided. |
A.Sports. |
B.Economy. |
C.Society. |
D.Entertainment. |