Motivating Employees under Unfavourable Conditions
It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one. When organizations are expanding, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organization create feelings of optimism. When an organization is shrinking, the best and mobile workers are likely to leave voluntarily.
Morale (士气) also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made unnecessary. Productivity often Suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs.
The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort.
Since employees have different needs, managers should use their knowledge of each employee to personalize the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.
| A．There is enough evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. |
| B．For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. |
| C．High achievers are motivated by jobs that are high in independence and responsibility. |
| D．Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least afford to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. |
| E．The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organization’s culture. |
| F．Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness?
◆Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. Your moods will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.
◆Surround yourself with happy people. It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way.
◆When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self pity. Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their favor.
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◆Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness. Find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you happy.
◆Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness.
| A．What makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy. |
| B．On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional state will be infectious. |
| C．Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood. |
| D．These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves. |
| E．Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy. |
| F．There are some tips in life that lead to happiness. |
| G．It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself. |
【推荐2】Healthy See, Healthy Do
Visit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you did not plan to buy. But hunger is not the only cause of additional purchases. The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices.
The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks.
Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city’s crowded urban checkout areas, so they selected three Bronx supermarkets for their own study.
Of the more than 2,100 shoppers they observed, just 4 percent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious foods more than twice as often as those in the standard lines.
The potential influence may seem small, but Adjoian believes that changing more checkout lines would open customers’ eyes to nutritious, lower-calorie foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout counters throughout New York City.
| A．These foods give people more energy. |
| B．They bought unhealthy foods 40 percent less often. |
| C．And it may make or break some healthy eating habits. |
| D．The supermarkets began to offer nutritious, lower-calorie foods. |
| E．These findings caught the attention of New York City Department of Health. |
| F．They replaced candies and cookies with fruits and nuts near the checkout counter. |
| G．And a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can change customer behavior. |
【推荐3】Brainstorming really can play a role in your studies. It can help open up your imagination.
For instance, you can try free-writing. Write your problem at the top of a page. Once you do that, just begin writing.
Individual brainstorming is the most effective when you need to solve a simple problem, generate a list of ideas, or focus on a broad issue.
| A．Analyzing is an important step. |
| B．You can see different solutions. |
| C．Taking notes is very necessary. |
| D．Another way to brainstorm is to make a concept tree. |
| E．Don't criticize, just write whatever comes to your mind. |
| F．Group brainstorming is often more effective for solving complex problems. |
| G．Ask yourself what really matters, then move your daily activities in that direction. |
【推荐1】The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume.
Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine.
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening(干预)obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
1. Suppose Thomas is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations , what may contribute to his final decision?| A．Good land to farm. | B．The people he knows. |
| C．The distance travelled. | D．Better job opportunities. |
| A．Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs. |
| B．Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions about migration. |
| C．Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different. |
| D．Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society. |
| A．Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors. |
| B．Pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine. |
| C．New immigrants always need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment. |
| D．The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities. |
| A．the motives of international migrants |
| B．the problems of international migrants |
| C．the migration problems inside the country |
| D．the adjustment problem among migrants |
【推荐2】Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sum needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long- term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put the savings of individuals both at home and overseas into circulation.
When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with which he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other savers who are seeking to invest their money.
Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than it is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to the Stock Exchange.
There is hardly a man or a woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.
1. How does a company get the public to invest their savings for it according to the passage?| A．By paying them very high interests for borrowing their savings. |
| B．By providing a share to them in the future profits. |
| C．By offering favorable terms to attract them to buy its products. |
| D．By selling its stocks and shares to them through the Stock Exchange. |
| A．get as much finance as possible through taxes |
| B．get the support from the government or local authorities |
| C．be able to provide what people really need |
| D．get persistent financial support |
| A．Their employers’ policy for offering good welfare to them. |
| B．Their employers’ strategy for the company’s development. |
| C．Their employers’ capacity of raising money to finance new development. |
| D．Their employers’ ability to make the company obtain a great profit. |
【推荐3】More treasured than the gold in its vaults (金库) are the data a bank has stored on its servers. Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with awful service and fend off newcomers with better ideas. In Europe, at least, that is all about to change.
The source of this disruption is a new set of regulations, named the Second Payment Service Directive, or “PSD2”. The rules, which are being finalised and will be in force from January next year, will force banks to share data easily with licensed third parties. Bankers in Europe scream that their profits and customer relationships are under threat. Fearing they could be next，America’s bankers are already trying to persuade their regulators to keep their data monopoly well-preserved. Such reactions are predictable and wrong.
Some concerns about PSD2 make sense. In particular, it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial data being shared with third parties. But banks themselves are hardly immune to cyber attack. And the way that European regulators propose to deal with these worries looks promising. Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defences are solid and must submit to annual inspections. New entrants to cyber must also takeout deception insurance; their insurers will have a clear reason to demand state of their cyber security. Many online payments will become more secure than they are today, because of the officially instructed requirements for the use of a vigorous authentication process involving two-step confirmation.
The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large. So the following might make sense. First, agreement from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly, not buried in pages of wordy professional terms. The purposes for which data might be used should be clearly explained; and individuals’ agreement to share their personal information should be easily reversible. Second, regulators must be decisive and cruel both in ensuring that banks open up their database to others and in withdrawing the licences of third parties that break the rules, particularly on cyber security.
Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier forms of finance—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch. But if some financial technology providers do end up becoming systemically important, higher standards of oversight might be necessary.
1. According to the author, what is the change about to happen to Europe?| A．Data stored in servers will fail to offer service. |
| B．Banks will better treasure their stored gold than data. |
| C．Banks will lose control of data stored on their servers. |
| D．Banks will have to share what they exclusively control. |
| A．They feel alarmed at it. | B．They feel confused at it. |
| C．They accept it as rational. | D．They take it as ridiculous. |
| A．They are predictable and wrong. | B．They are reasonable but intolerable. |
| C．They are unnecessary and insensible. | D．They are understandable but unnecessary. |
| A．Customers must be granted the right to privacy. |
| B．Regulators should be rough in conducting regulations. |
| C．Higher running supervision might be adopted if necessary. |
| D．New entrants to cyber must takeout deception insurance. |
