【推荐1】Which comes first, happiness or money? Are richer people happier ? And _________, how do people get richer? A recent study could tell you the answer.

The study_________ thousands of teenagers and found that those who felt better about life as young adults_________ to have higher incomes(收入) by the time they _________ 29. Those who were happiest earned an average of $8,000 more than those who were the most_________.

The researchers(研究者), from University College London and the University of Warwick, say that very   depressed(沮丧的) teens, no matter how tall or smart they were, earned 10% less than their peers(同龄人), _________ the happier ones earned _________ 30% more.

Happier teenagers have an easier time _________ school, college and the job interview, _________ because they always feel better about life. It may also be true that happier people find it easier to make friends, who are often the key to homework help or networking.

A report in June suggested that professional(职业的) respect(尊重) was more important than __________ in terms of workplace happiness. In August scientists announced(宣布) that they had found the __________ for happiness in women. Alas! The same gene(基因) doesn’t appear to have __________ effect on men. And in October researchers in the UK and in the US announced that people who eat seven portions(份) of fruit and vegetables a day report being the happiest.

If it is really true that happier kids __________ being wealthier (更富有) kids, is it necessary for parents to get their kids to do the homework? The fact is that no homework will make kids happy but surely hurt their grades(分数). Studies do show, __________, that more education __________ better-paid jobs, which may give us a deep thought.

【推荐3】When you’re shopping at the grocery store, you probably expect that the olive oil you see came from,well, olives. And that the organic vegetables were never exposed to poisonous chemicals. Increasingly, however, there’s a chance you might be ______. In recent years, there has been a rise in reports of so-called food fraud, or attempts by various entities — including storage workers, suppliers and distributors — to alter products and mislead customers and food companies alike for ______ gain. Among the more recent examples: “natural” honey containing antibiotics and Italian companies selling “Italian olive oil” from a blend of oils that did not ______ from Italy.

By and large, the fraudsters are trying to make easy money — ______ for a whole food or pricey ingredient, then cutting it with ______ stuff secretly. But the health consequences can be ______.

How can this happen? In the U.S., the Pure Food and Drug Act has prevented the “manufacture, sale or transportation of misbranded or poisonous foods” since 1906, and similar laws exist in other countries.

But most global food regulators, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, aren’t ______ to enforce them effectively. For the most part, they focus on safety standards — ______ that foods don’t contain bacteria or viruses — and rely on companies to police their own ingredients, lest they face ______ backlash（强烈抵制）. But now that food manufacturing has become globalized, supply chains are longer, creating more opportunities for bad actors to ______. Anyone who can ______ substituting cheap ingredients for more expensive ones is going to try.

Governments are starting to fight back. In 2014, the U.K. created a food-crime unit that collects reports of food fraud. But in order to prevent fraud in the first place, the food industry needs to ______ the safeguarding of its own production network. So the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) — a trade group including officials from more than 300 food manufactures — will this year start ______ its members’ supply chains, from field to table, to identify vulnerabilities.

______, dozens of other food-industry experts recently teamed up with academics from Michigan State University to launch the Food Fraud Initiative （FFI）, a group that studies fraudsters — specifically, how they avoid safeguards — and then advises food companies on how to get rid of them. “There are plenty of criminals out there who are going to wake up and perceive some opportunity for fraud,” says John Spink, director of the FFI. “We just need to make ourselves a(n) ______ target.”

【推荐1】Ecology is a complicated thing. Given the facts that elephant damage often kills trees and bush fires often kill trees, it would be________to assume that a combination of the two would make things worse. Contrary to this assumption, ________, as the recently-published research by Benjamin Wigley shows, if a tree has already been damaged, fire can________help to make things better.

One common way in which elephants harm trees is by stripping(剥) them of their bark(树皮). Dr Wigley, who did indeed start from the obvious________, set off to find out how much worse bush fires would make the effects of this bark stripping. To serve this purpose, he set up a study in the Kruger National Park. Since 1954, the Kruger has been the site of experiments in which plots of land have been burned________, to understand the effects of fire on plain ecology. In these experiments, Dr Wigley looked at trees in three different zones, in one of which, the trees were burned every year; in the second, they were burned every other year, while the third zone, by contrast, was actively________fire. To keep things consistent, he looked at the fate of the same tree species, the marula(马鲁拉树), in all three zones. He picked marulas because they are particular________of elephant activity. Their fruit are delicious, and prized by elephants and people alike. But elephants also seem to enjoy eating their bark. In July 2016 he and his colleagues identified 20 marulas in every zone and used special tools to________from each of them a circular section of bark 5 cm in diameter. Having imposed this damage, they________the wounds over the course of the following two years, to see what would happen. To their________, they discovered that the wounds of trees in fire zones recovered far better than those of trees that had seen no fires at all. Wounded trees in the annual burn zone re-grew 98% of their lost________during the two years of the study. Those living in the biennial(两年一次的) burn zone re-grew 92% of it. But those in the zone where fires were________re-grew only 72%.

The researchers also found something else when they were measuring the trees’ wounds: ants. Ten of the 20 trees in the fire-prevention zone developed ant colonies in their wounds. The ants in question were a species that is known to damage trees and is supposed to________tissue healing. By contrast, only five trees in the biennial burn zone and three in the annual zone developed ants’ nests in their wounds. It looks, therefore, as if bush fires are treating trees’ wounds by killing ants that might________colonize and damage them. Though such fires are surely harmful to healthy trees, it seems, in an example of two negatives making a positive, as if they are actually________to sick ones.

【推荐3】“Don’t get sick in July!”

This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It’s driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, fresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it’s when everyone is most ________. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to mistakes.

So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor’s experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a(n) ________ symptom early in a disease process, when machines still can’t take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the ________, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatments, there’s a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.

In a variety of situations, though, experience can backfire. The reason is simple ________. Doctors are humans too and they ________ tricks of the mind—like believing that an ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to understanding why these errors of thought occur. They ________ from so-called cognitive prejudice that can mislead even ________ practitioners into making the wrong decisions.

Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard new and ________ information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead of analyzing the ________ diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the herbal remedies cured the cancer.

Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring information opposing it. Let’s say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to________ the suspicion, which produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was ________ with the prior diagnosis by experience.

In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same ________ for years.

To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is ________. It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with an unconscious thinking ________. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twice and ________ her decision about your case.