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组卷网 > 高中英语综合库 > 主题 > 人与社会 > 科普与现代技术 > 科普知识
题型：完形填空 难度：0.15 引用次数：940 题号：9335360

Ecology is a complicated thing. Given the facts that elephant damage often kills trees and bush fires often kill trees, it would be________to assume that a combination of the two would make things worse. Contrary to this assumption, ________, as the recently-published research by Benjamin Wigley shows, if a tree has already been damaged, fire can________help to make things better.

One common way in which elephants harm trees is by stripping(剥) them of their bark(树皮). Dr Wigley, who did indeed start from the obvious________, set off to find out how much worse bush fires would make the effects of this bark stripping. To serve this purpose, he set up a study in the Kruger National Park. Since 1954, the Kruger has been the site of experiments in which plots of land have been burned________, to understand the effects of fire on plain ecology. In these experiments, Dr Wigley looked at trees in three different zones, in one of which, the trees were burned every year; in the second, they were burned every other year, while the third zone, by contrast, was actively________fire. To keep things consistent, he looked at the fate of the same tree species, the marula(马鲁拉树), in all three zones. He picked marulas because they are particular________of elephant activity. Their fruit are delicious, and prized by elephants and people alike. But elephants also seem to enjoy eating their bark. In July 2016 he and his colleagues identified 20 marulas in every zone and used special tools to________from each of them a circular section of bark 5 cm in diameter. Having imposed this damage, they________the wounds over the course of the following two years, to see what would happen. To their________, they discovered that the wounds of trees in fire zones recovered far better than those of trees that had seen no fires at all. Wounded trees in the annual burn zone re-grew 98% of their lost________during the two years of the study. Those living in the biennial(两年一次的) burn zone re-grew 92% of it. But those in the zone where fires were________re-grew only 72%.

The researchers also found something else when they were measuring the trees’ wounds: ants. Ten of the 20 trees in the fire-prevention zone developed ant colonies in their wounds. The ants in question were a species that is known to damage trees and is supposed to________tissue healing. By contrast, only five trees in the biennial burn zone and three in the annual zone developed ants’ nests in their wounds. It looks, therefore, as if bush fires are treating trees’ wounds by killing ants that might________colonize and damage them. Though such fires are surely harmful to healthy trees, it seems, in an example of two negatives making a positive, as if they are actually________to sick ones.

1.
A．difficultB．reasonableC．necessaryD．awful
2.
A．howeverB．thereforeC．furthermoreD．somehow
3.
A．uniquelyB．barelyC．actuallyD．merely
4.
A．phenomenonB．evidenceC．imaginationD．assumption
5.
A．equallyB．regularlyC．severelyD．purposely
6.
A．burnt withB．protected fromC．covered byD．exposed to
7.
A．participantsB．partnersC．victimsD．friends
8.
A．markB．removeC．hitD．measure
9.
A．regulatedB．checkedC．healedD．monitored
10.
A．disappointmentB．surpriseC．joyD．relief
11.
A．vitalityB．heightC．barkD．strength
12.
A．controlledB．preventedC．startedD．boosted
13.
A．disturbB．promoteC．impactD．quicken
14.
A．thereforeB．neverthelessC．thenD．otherwise
15.
A．beneficialB．unbelievableC．effectiveD．cruel
2020·上海奉贤·一模 查看更多[4]
更新时间：2020-01-08 03:41:25 |
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【知识点】 科普知识 说明文

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科普知识 说明文
完形填空(约350词) | 困难 (0.15)
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【推荐1】Friendly Laughter

Most people can share a laugh with a total stranger. But there are subtle - and _______ -- differences in our laughs with friends.

Greg Bryant, a cognitive scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his colleagues previously found that adults from 24 societies around the world can distinguish simultaneous "co-laughter" between friends from that between strangers. The findings suggested that his ability may be _______ used to help read social interactions. So the researchers wondered: Can babies distinguish such laughter, too?

Bryant and his fellow researcher Athena Vouloumanos, a developmental psychologist at New York University, played recording of co-laughter between _______ of either friends or strangers to 24 five-month-old infants in New York City. The babies listened _______ to the laughs shared between buddies - suggesting they could tell the two types apart, according to a study published in March in Scientific Reports.

The researchers then showed the babies short videos of two people acting either like friends or strangers and paired those with the _______ recordings. The babies stared for longer at clips paired with a mismatched recording - for example, if they saw friends _______ but heard strangers laughing.

"There's something about co-laughter that is giving _______ to even a five-month-old about the social relationship between the individuals," Bryant says. Exactly what components of laughter the infants are detecting remains to be seen, but prior work by Bryant's team provides _______. Laughs between friends tend to include greater variations in pitch and _______, for example.

Such characteristics also distinguish ________ laughs from fake ones. Many scientists think heartfelt laughter most likely ________ from play vocalizations, which are also produced by nonhuman primates, rodents and other mammals. Fake laughter probably emerged later in humans, ________ that ability to produce a wide range of speech sounds. The researchers suggest that we may be ________ to spontaneous（自发的）laughter during development because of its long evolutionary history.

It's really cool to see how early infants are distinguishing between different forms of laughter," says Adrienne Wood, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, who was not involved in the study. "Almost every ________ moment is a social interaction for babies. Therefore it ________ that they are becoming very much accustomed to their social worlds."

1.
A．distinctB．invisibleC．detectableD．conscious
2.
A．universallyB．apparentlyC．fairlyD．precisely
3.
A．groupsB．pairsC．rivalsD．partners
4.
A．shorterB．longerC．less patientlyD．more diligently
5.
A．friendlyB．strangeC．visualD．audio
6.
A．interactingB．reflectingC．clubbingD．interpreting
7.
A．valueB．meaningC．informationD．friendship
8.
A．accountsB．implicationsC．routesD．hints
9.
A．engagementB．frequencyC．intensityD．length
10.
A．obligedB．involuntaryC．encouragedD．internal
11.
A．evolvedB．heapedC．sprangD．originated
12.
A．apart fromB．along withC．as againstD．ahead of
13.
A．availableB．crucialC．sensitiveD．neutral
14.
A．screamingB．kickingC．shiftingD．waking
15.
A．turns outB．comes trueC．rings hollowD．makes sense
2020-07-07更新 | 597次组卷
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完形填空(约450词) | 困难 (0.15)
名校
【推荐2】Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

The sights, sounds, and smells of the modern marketplace are rarely accidental. More likely, they are tools of an evolving strategy of psychological marketing called “sensory marketing” to create an emotional association to a(n) ______ product or brand.

By relating to people in a far more ______way through everyone’s own senses,   sensory marketing is able to affect people in a way that traditional mass marketing cannot.

Traditional marketing believes that consumers will systematically consider______ product factors like price, features, and utility. Sensory marketing, by contrast, seeks to resort to the consumer's life experiences and feelings. Sensory marketing believes that people, as consumers, will act according to their emotional urge more than to their ______ reasoning. In this way, an effective sensory marketing effort can result in consumers choosing to buy a lovely but expensive product, rather than a plain but cheap ______.

In the past, communications with customers were mainly monologues — companies just ‘talked at’ consumers. Then they evolved into dialogues, with customers providing ______. Now they’re becoming multidimensional conversations, with products finding their own voices and consumers responding ______ to them.

Based on the implied messages received through five senses, consumers, without noticing it, tend to apply human-like personalities to brands, leading to intimate relationship and, hopefully for the brands, persistent ______. And that’s the very thing brands are dying to foster in customers rather than instant trend or profits.   Most brands are considered to have either "sincere" or "exciting" personalities.

"Sincere" brands like IBM and Boeing tend to be regarded as conservative and reliable while "exciting" brands like Apple, and Ferrari are as imaginative and ______. In general, consumers tend to form ______ relationships with sincere brands than with exciting ones. This explains the relatively enduring history of the “Sincere Brands”

Certainly, with the eyes containing two-thirds of all the ______cells in a person's body, sight is considered the most important of all human senses. Sensory marketing uses sight to create a memorable "sight experience" of the product for consumers which extends to packaging, store interiors, and printed advertising to form a(n) ___ image for the brand.

In other words, no aspect of a product design is left to ______ anymore, especially color. Brand acceptance is linked closely with the appropriateness of the colors on the brand—does the color ______ the product at all?   If not, customers, though not realizing it themselves, will _____ the brands in all possible ways sales, reputation, etc.   Therefore, brands, isn’t it time now to study the new field of marketing?

1.
A．specificB．qualifiedC．averageD．adequate
2.
A．economicB．personalC．artificialD．mechanic
3.
A．obviousB．potentialC．accessibleD．concrete
4.
A．imaginableB．objectiveC．psychologicalD．gradual
5.
A．alternativeB．rewardC．sampleD．exhibit
6.
A．complimentB．fundC．prospectD．feedback
7.
A．temporarilyB．subconsciouslyC．occasionallyD．attentively
8.
A．loyaltyB．philosophyC．enduranceD．regulation
9.
A．mildB．daringC．steadyD．classic
10.
A．far-fetchedB．hard-wonC．long-lastingD．easy-going
11.
A．individualB．sensoryC．presentD．general
12.
A．overallB．ambitiousC．dramaticD．additional
13.
A．chanceB．maintenanceC．progressD．leadership
14.
A．acceptB．overlookC．fitD．treat
15.
A．shapeB．punishC．signifyD．exploit
2019-11-06更新 | 659次组卷
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完形填空(约390词) | 困难 (0.15)

【推荐3】After my public lectures on evolution, someone in the audience asks, “Are we still evolving?” People want to know if humans are getting taller, smarter, better looking or more athletic. My answer is truthful but _______: We’re almost certainly evolving, but we don’t know in what _______ or how fast.

We’ve seen some evolution in our species over the past few millennia, but it was detected by reconstructing history from DNA sequences. For example, we know that during the past 10,000 years, several populations of humans — those keeping sheep, cows or goats for milk— gained the ability to digest dairy products. This quality was _______ in our earlier ancestors who, after babyhood, never encountered milk. And in the past 3,000 years, Tibetans have acquired _______ adaptations that allowed them to develop well in their high-altitude, low-oxygen home. But these well-documented changes are limited to particular populations, so the _______ for recent evolution of our entire species, remains not much.

The authors of “Evolving Ourselves” _______. Not only, they claim, are we evolving faster than ever, but we’re doing it to ourselves. Juan Enriquez and Steve Gullans argue that humans have _______ evolution — not just in our own species but virtually in all species: “For better or worse, we are increasingly in charge. We are the primary drivers of _______. We will directly and indirectly determine what lives, what dies, where, and when. We are in a different phase of evolution: the future of life is now _______.”

According to the authors, we’ve replaced natural selection with what they call “________selection.” Overfishing, for example, has reduced the average size of many fish species, for taking the biggest fishes is ________ those smaller fishes.

Yet while there’s no doubt that we’re changing the planet, the claim that we’re completely changing evolution on the planet ________. Let’s take those fish that are evolving to reproduce smaller and younger for example. This ________ has been documented in many species that we eat, but this is just a minuscule fraction (极小的一部分) of the 30,000 known species of fish.

The authors speak with ________ assurance about how our species is evolving in response to nearly everything. When they claim, for example, our ingestion (摄取) of drugs and exposure to chemicals mean that “our children’s brains are evolving fast,” they are abusing (滥用) the word “________.” Our children’s brains may be changing fast in response to the new pharmacological (药理学的) environment, but change alone is not evolution.

1.
A．instructiveB．disappointingC．decisiveD．conflicting
2.
A．directionB．regionC．frequencyD．condition
3.
A．beneficialB．adaptableC．uniqueD．useless
4.
A．unprovedB．changeableC．geneticD．mysterious
5.
A．studyB．evidenceC．interestD．implication
6.
A．disagreeB．supportC．followD．approve
7.
A．delayedB．overdoneC．neglectedD．controlled
8.
A．unbalanceB．disasterC．changeD．disturbance
9.
A．in our handsB．out of orderC．in peaceD．out of control
10.
A．destructiveB．unnaturalC．adventurousD．emotional
11.
A．by means ofB．at the cost ofC．in favor ofD．for the protection of
12.
A．makes no senseB．makes great impressionC．calls attentionD．comes to an end
13.
A．problemB．mistakeC．phenomenonD．obstacle
14.
A．strongB．baselessC．sensitiveD．persuasive
15.
A．environmentB．technologyC．exposureD．evolution
2019-11-19更新 | 433次组卷
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