In order to save the rare northern spotted owl, biologists are doing something that goes against their heart — shooting another owl that’s rapidly taking over spotted owls’ territory (领地) across the northwest.
During the 1990s, a few barred owls showed up in an area of forests along Redwood Creek that was spotted owls’ territory. Barred owls, which reproduce much faster than spotted owls, now claim nearly all this territory. No spotted owls have nested here in recent years.
“It’s very annoying and there’s nothing that’s going to stop this expansion of barred owls,” says Diller, who has studied spotted owls for 25 years. The only possible solution forces him to go against his nature.
Diller’s a hunter, but he was taught never to kill a bird or anything you didn’t plan to eat. Diller remembers the first time he took a shot. “I was so nervous about what I was doing that I had to steady myself against a tree.” Over the past five years, Diller has killed more than 70 barred owls with a shotgun. “I hate it every time I go out and do it,” he says. People recognized that there’s a crisis for spotted owls and those barred owls are part of the cause of that crisis. So, they unwillingly attempted to kill the barred owls.
A group, Friends of Animals, doesn’t believe the government can make a moral argument for shooting an animal, even if it would benefit another animal.
“I don’t see that as being a solution. At some point you have to allow these species to either figure out a way to coexist or for nature to run its course,” says Michael Harris, director of Friends of Animals.
But Diller argues that is an absurd thing to say after all the way humans have changed nature. People cut down most of the forests that used to host barred owls. They made lots of changes to the Great Plains, which he believes helped the barred owl move across the continent.
For Diller, seeing rare spotted owls increase in the forests is worth the pain of shooting barred owls.
“Probably what makes spotted owls so special is the fact that they fly right up to you,” Diller says. “You get to interact with them. It’s almost impossible for a biologist not to fall in love with these birds — they’re just the neatest animal.”
1. According to the passage, spotted owls lost their habitats directly because ________.A.the Great Plains was changed greatly |
B.they are invaded by barred owls |
C.people cut down many trees in the forests |
D.people shot spotted owls a lot |
A.he thought it wrong to do it |
B.he planned to eat a barred owl |
C.he was afraid of frightening owls |
D.he used a shotgun for the first time |
A.shooting an animal is a moral choice |
B.humans shouldn’t interfere with natural selection |
C.it is foolish to expect animals to coexist |
D.thousands of barred owls should be killed |
A.all people will love spotted owls at the first sight |
B.biologists consider spotted owls the cleverest animals |
C.spotted owls can be the favorite pets of people |
D.people can get close to spotted owls |
A.Removing barred owls is easier than thought |
B.Spotted owls are becoming endangered birds |
C.Another species is shot to save threatened owls |
D.Shooting invasive animals is becoming effective |
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【推荐1】Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to create similar conditions to the natural incubation (孵化) of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature difference. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks.
When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to protect eggs against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo (胚胎) can no longer survive Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Nesting material varies according to the parrots’ environment. |
B.Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots’ eggs. |
C.Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. |
D.Wild parrots’ nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. |
A.there may be a good chance for successful incubation |
B.the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position |
C.the embryo will not develop normally |
D.the incubation process is slowed down |
A.provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest |
B.loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest |
C.keep the nest in a clean condition |
D.touch the bottom of the eggs |
A.They are expensive to operate. |
B.They are unable to heat the eggs evenly. |
C.They lack the natural temperature changes. |
D.They fail to transfer heat to eggs like parent birds do. |
【推荐2】Plants, and the insects which rely on them, are the living foundations of our planet. But these foundations are under stress because we have a tendency to replace fields and forests with decorative trees and shrubs imported from around the world. Adding to the problem, our obsession (痴迷) with perfection leads us to use a lot of pesticides (杀虫剂).
These actions are part of the reason global biodiversity is crashing. There are over three billion fewer wild birds in North America than there were in 1970. Recent research shows that insect numbers, even in nature reserves, have fallen, and 40 percent of all insect species may be extinct within a few decades. This is discouraging news; however, there are actions we can take to help bring at least some species back.
The first step is to redefine our concept of “garden” to include more than just plants. We need to intentionally share our space, and not just with the birds, bees and butterflies that visit our flowers, but also with the little insects that may eat a part (very rarely all) of our plants. Therefore, we must limit pesticide use. It’s crucial to support nature’s recovery, and it’s much better for everyone: no doctor has ever recommended long-term exposure to pesticides.
Many drought-tolerant plants brought in from across the planet are being passed off as ecofriendly. However, mostly they’re not. Yes, you’re saving water, but these foreign plants can become disasters when they escape our yards. Helping the environment can be about more than saving water. Even in drier areas, like the American West, the selection of attractive native plants to choose from is vast. If dry is your style, there are native wildflowers, flowering bushes and trees that allow you to save water and nature.
Xeriscapes (节水型园艺) leave many gardeners thirsting for green, and there’s an important alternative that has been largely ignored. For those disenchanted with dry landscaping, using underappreciated and water-loving native plants to make your garden a real-life oasis (绿洲) could be lifesaving to wildlife. In nature, this unsung group of native plants is limited to riparian zones, the narrow belts of green along water bodies, but if consumers demand them, nurseries will increasingly carry these riparian species, and the presence of such plants in the garden will provide for many animals including not just butterflies and their relatives but also colorful birds.
The ideal garden would offer a combination of drought-tolerant native plants and a few species that need a little more water, providing options for little guests and the bigger ones that will come to eat them. As more creatures stop by to share our yards, we will be making nature, and us all, a little healthier.
1. What do we know about insect species?A.They have an impact on the diversity of plants. |
B.They disappear because of lack of nature reserves. |
C.They decrease partly due to our pursuit for perfection. |
D.They are the reason why we replace fields and forests. |
A.sick of | B.addicted to |
C.concerned about | D.impatient with |
A.why we need grow native plants in gardens |
B.how gardening helps with biodiversity |
C.whether we should redefine “garden” |
D.what benefits gardening brings |
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point C: Conclusion
A. | B. |
C. | D. |
【推荐3】Behavioral ecologist Diane Colombelli-Négrel was wiring the nests of superb fairy-wrens (细尾鹩莺) to record the birds’ sounds when she noticed something odd. Mothers sang while hatching (孵化) their eggs, even though keeping quiet would avoid attracting predators (捕食者). That early discovery “was a bit of an accident”, says Colombelli-Négrel, of Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. It made her wonder: Could the baby birds be learning sounds, or even songs, before hatching?
Scientists have long thought about how early in development individuals learn to perceive distinct sounds. It's known that humans learn to recognize their mother’s voice from the womb (子宫) . For birds such as superb fairy-wrens, which perfect their songs with parental teaching, it was thought that sound perception (认知) began after hatching. But when it became obvious that mother birds were intentionally singing to their eggs, “We knew we were on to something,” says Sonia Kleindorfer, a bird ecologist at the University of Vienna.
Colombelli-Négrel, Kleindorfer and a colleague reported in 2014 that superb fairy-wrens learn to distinguish between sounds of their own species and others while still in their eggs. In a new study, that ability appears to extend to at least four more bird species.
In birds and humans, a drop in the embryonic (胚胎的) heart rate suggests attention to a stimulus (刺激). In the scientists’ earlier work, unhatched fairy-wrens’ heart rates slowed in response to repeated sounds of their own species, but not others.
To investigate whether this phenomenon is more widespread among birds, the team also turned its attention to the embryonic heartbeats of other bird species. The team measured the heart rates of 109 unhatched chicks before, during and after exposure to playbacks of songs from their own species or others. Then the scientists looked at whether 138 embryos stopped paying attention or became habituated to, repeated sounds of unfamiliar individuals of their own species singing. This habituation. measured by the heart rate returning to normal, would imply learning had occurred.
To the team’s surprises all of the eggs showed a slowed heart rate in response to their species’ sounds and showed habituation. That finding suggests that these unhatched birds learned to perceive the sounds of their species’ songs.
The scientists don’t know why some bird species, whose calls are genetically determined, not taught by teachers, have this ability before birth. The team hopes to study prenatal (产前的) sound perception in more bird species.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To share a story. | B.To explain a concept. |
C.To present a topic. | D.To make a prediction. |
A.To tell the real time when birds start to recognize the world. |
B.To prove that human beings are the most advanced species. |
C.To stress the difference between human beings and birds. |
D.To show that birds perceive voices later than humans. |
A.By referring to earlier studies. | B.By observing and measuring. |
C.By discussing and analyzing. | D.By studying the similar examples. |
A.The best place to learn bird calls |
B.The kind of call birds make to each other |
C.Birds' heart rates increase when pressed with threats |
D.Birds learn the call of the wild while still in their eggs |
【推荐1】The car has reshaped our cities. It seems to offer autonomy for everyone. There is something almost delightful in the separation from reality of advertisements showing mass-produced cars marketed as symbols of individuality and of freedom when most of their lives will be spent making short journeys on choked roads.
Despite top speeds and cornering ability advertised, the most useful gadgets on a modern car are those which work when you’re going very slowly: parking sensors, sound systems, and navigation apps which will show a way around upcoming traffic jams. These apps know where almost all the users are, and how fast they are moving almost all the time, they can spot traffic congestion (堵塞) very quickly and suggest ways round it.
The problem comes when everyone is using a navigation app which tells them to avoid everyone else using the same gadget. Traffic jams often appear where no one has enough information to avoid them. When a lucky few have access to the knowledge, they will benefit greatly. But when everyone has perfect information, traffic jams simply spread onto the side roads that seem to offer a way round them.
This new congestion teaches us two things. The first is that the promises of technology will never be realised as fully as we hope. They will be limited by their unforeseen and unintended consequences. Sitting in a more comfortable car in a different traffic jam is pleasant but hardly the liberation that once seemed to be promised. The second is that self-organisation will not get us where we want to go. The efforts of millions of drivers to get ahead do not miraculously produce a situation in which everyone does better than before, but one in which almost everyone does rather worse. Central control and collective organization can produce smoother and fairer outcomes, though even that much is never guaranteed.
Similar limits can be foreseen for the much greater advances promised by self-driving cars. One autonomously operated car by the taxi company Uber struck and killed a woman pushing her bicycle across a wide road in Arizona. Experts have said that it suggests a “catastrophic failure” of technology.
Increasingly, even the top tech-company has to acknowledge the costs of intoxicating (令人陶醉的) hurry that characterizes its culture. What traffic teaches us is that reckless and uncontrolled change is as likely to harm us as it is to benefit us, and that thoughtful regulation is necessary for a better future.
1. What can we infer about the car advertisements?A.They present a false picture of the cars. |
B.They emphasize the mass production of cars. |
C.They portray drivers enjoying speed on the road. |
D.They pursue individuality and freedom in design. |
A.They are constantly upgraded. |
B.All of them are used effectively. |
C.Only some can be used frequently. |
D.They can help to relieve traffic jams. |
A.It benefits those who are learning to drive. |
B.It is likely to create traffic jams in other places. |
C.It helps a great deal in easing traffic congestion. |
D.It sharply reduces the occurrence of traffic accidents. |
A.It seldom delivers all the benefits as promised. |
B.Its consequences are usually difficult to assess. |
C.Its benefits are guaranteed by collective wisdom. |
D.It depends on the required knowledge for application. |
【推荐2】The curb cut (下斜路缘) is a convenience that most of us rarely, if ever, notice. Yet, without it, daily life might be a lot harder — in more ways than one. Pushing a baby stroller (婴儿推车) onto the curb, skateboarding onto a sidewalk or taking a full grocery cart from the sidewalk to your car — all these tasks are easier because of the curb cut.
But it was created with a different purpose in mind.
It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently.
I think about the “curb cut effect” a lot when working on issues around health equity (公平). The first time I even heard about the curb cut was in a 2017 Stanford Social Innovation Review piece by PolicyLink CEO Angela Blackwell. Blackwell rightly noted that many people see equity “as a zero-sum game.” Basically, there is “a prejudice that intentionally supporting one group hurts another.” What the curb cut effect shows, Blackwell said, is that “when society creates the circumstances that allow those who have been left behind to participate and contribute fully, everyone wins.”
There are multiple examples of this principle at work. For example, investing in policies that create more living-wage jobs or increase the availability of affordable housing certainly benefits people in communities that have limited options. But the action also provides those people with opportunities for better health and the moans to become contributing members of society — and those benefits everyone. Even the football huddle (围成一团以秘密商讨) was initially created to help deaf football players at Gallaudet College keep their game plans secret from opponents who could have read their sign language. Today, it’s used by every team to prevent the opponent from learning about game-winning strategies.
So, next time you cross the street, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalk, think about how much the curb cut, the design that benefits one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but all of us.
1. By “might as well have been Mount Everest” (paragraph 3), the disability rights leader implies that a six-inch curb may become ______.A.as famous as the world’s highest mountain | B.an almost impassable barrier |
C.a connection between people | D.a most unforgettable matter |
A.it’s fair to give the disadvantaged more help than others |
B.it’s impossible to have everyone be treated equally |
C.it’s necessary to go all out to help the disabled |
D.it’s not worthwhile to promote health equity |
A.Reading machines for blind people helped build the navigation system in the car. |
B.The four great inventions of ancient China spread to the west. |
C.Your reaching out to the disadvantaged contributes to more people doing it. |
D.A butterfly flapping its wings in one country leads to a Tornado in another country. |
A.Everyday items are originally invented for people with disabilities. |
B.Everyone in a society should pursue what is in his or her interest. |
C.A disability rights leader changed the life of his fellow men. |
D.Caring for disadvantaged groups may finally benefit all. |
【推荐3】Lao-tzu and Confucius were China’s most famous philosophers.
According to Taoism, the entire universe flows with a mysterious force called the Tao, which means “The Way”.
Born in 551 BC, Confucius wandered throughout China as a government employee and a political adviser to the ruling Chou family.
Taoism and Confucianism have differences and similarities. Confucianism tells people how to act toward each other. Taoism tells people how to find meaning in life. They both share ideas about man, society, and the universe. Both Taoism and Confucianism have served as guides.
A.Good thinking lasts a long time! |
B.Their sayings are still used today. |
C.Lao-tzu may not even have existed. |
D.He was also a musician, thinker, and teacher. |
E.The name Lao-tzu means “Old Master” or “Old Boy”. |
F.They have led China through the peaks and valleys of its long history. |
G.Taoists believe that everything might seem separate, but is actually one. |