Six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom brick by brick, imagining fairy-tale castles and fire-breathing dragons, bad witches and brave heroes. This fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity. Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his “teacher”, she’s practising how to regulate her emotions through pretense. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she’s learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner. Although she isn’t aware of it, this will play an important role in her adult life.
“Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,” says Dr. David Whitebread from the University of Cambridge. It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species. Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.
“A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children’s self-control. This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes. It influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities,” explains Baker. In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning.
Gibson said, “Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.”
Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children’s writing. “Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one. Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story.
Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with “work”. Let’s not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let’s make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To illustrate the benefits of too much spare time. |
B.To describe a kid’s peaceful and happy childhood. |
C.To present the importance of a rich variety of play. |
D.To introduce the distinctive functions of different toys. |
A.Weakens. | B.Reinforces. | C.Investigates. | D.Influences. |
A.Children with greater self-control solve problems faster. |
B.Children at play often show hints about their well-being. |
C.Students write better when they integrate work with play. |
D.Play promotes healthy social and emotional development. |
A.Curious. | B.Satisfied. | C.Cheerful. | D.Concerned. |
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【推荐1】Twenty years ago, I was invited to join a poker game made up of all middle-aged men. That game became an essential part of my life and it evolved with the group. We used to start at 7 p. m. with wine and play until 2 a. m. Now there is no wine, and we quit before midnight. The smoke of cigarettes is long gone. The food is better—over two decades we’ve gone from chips to homemade vegetable salad. All of these win favor with my wife when I go to play poker.
When the pandemic (疫情) arrived, we switched to online games. We downloaded a poker app on our phones and looked at those nine boxes containing our heads on our computer screens. The app dealt with all nine players at the same time, so the online version was much faster. Despite the efficiency, the app presented problems. It took all our concentration to keep track, on multiple screens, of what was going on with the game. The conversation didn’t really happen. It felt like any online poker game, the kind played with strangers. So I hated this way of playing.
When we finally met each other for our live game after a two-year break, we were excited. However, at our poker game, we learned one of our guys died of cancer without telling any of us he was sick. Actually, we once found Bert looked a bit thin and a bit tired. Then he was gone. According to Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary psychologist at Oxford University, men are less likely to discuss their personal affairs and opinions directly and honestly. It’s the reason why men are more likely to have mental problems.
So friendships with women are the perfect complement to male friendships. I have a wife to confide in (向……透露秘密), and a few female friends I regularly meet for lunch. I’m just really glad to have both types of friendships. I can meet my female friends for a nice lunch and a glass of wine. Then head off to poker.
1. Why does the author’s wife support him in playing poker?A.It can make the author more intelligent. | B.It can make the author more relaxed. |
C.The author’s lifestyle becomes healthier. | D.The author’s social skills become better. |
A.The process of playing was slow. | B.Players always faced technical problems. |
C.Players seldom interacted with each other. | D.The game was often interrupted by strangers. |
A.Men are less sociable. | B.Men are less open-minded. |
C.Men are less emotional. | D.Men are less outspoken. |
A.Confused. | B.Disappointed. | C.Upset. | D.Satisfied. |
【推荐2】The creators of Mission Io Mars AR meant it to be educational, with plenty of up-to-the-minute facts and figures about Mars exploration. But don’t let that put you off. It’s also a lot of fun. And it shows how far phone-based AR has progressed in the four and a half years since Pokemon Go, a 2016 AR mobile game, sent millions of people out into the streets searching for imaginary creatures.
The free app, which comes out in time for next week’s landing of the Perseverance rover (探测器) on Mars, is nearly identical in design to the Smithsonian Channel’s Apollo’s Moon Shot released for the 50th anniversary of the moon landing in 2019. In that one, you could use your phone to send a virtual Saturn V rocket into space, and learn about the Apollo astronauts and their machines through more than a dozen interactive experiences. Take some photos on the moon, suited up in the Apollo 11 spacesuit, and share with friends on social media.
Simple AR has taken off in shopping apps and social media in recent years. But Mission to Mars AR shows that the technology is capable of much more than just adding rabbit ears or cool sunglasses to your selfies (自拍). The app offers seven experiences, starting with an overview of Martian geography. Tun the globe in front of you to inspect the planer’s frozen polar caps and vast valleys.
The experiences in Mission to Mars AR add a bit more challenge, but are easy to master after a couple of tries. Guide Perseverance through its “seven minutes of terror” -- NASA’s now semi-official term fora Mars landing. The “Mission to Mars” module offers the most interaction. You guide the rover from rock to rock, using a laser to analyze their contents while being careful not to crash or get stuck in the sand. You can even fly a small helicopter on Perseverance, which is sure to be one of the real mission’s highlights.
Just as NASA rovers have advanced from tiny Sojourner in the 1990s to Perseverance, we’ve come a long way from just downloading Mars photos for our desktop wallpaper.
1. What does the underlined part “put you off” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Cheat you. | B.Confuse you. | C.Delay you. | D.Discourage you. |
A.Launch a virtual Saturn V rocket. | B.Help Perseverance land on Mars safely. |
C.Take photos with the Apollo astronauts. | D.Dress themselves in the latest spacesuits. |
A.To stress their popularity. | B.To reveal AR’s advancement. |
C.To encourage people to use social media. | D.To doubt the value of Mission to Mars AR. |
A.A cool way to learn about Mars. | B.Challenges for space exploration. |
C.Some basic facts about NASA rovers. | D.A new AR app designed for astronauts. |
【推荐3】A new generation addiction is quickly spreading all over the world. Web holism, a twentieth century disease, affects people from different ages. They surf the net, use e-mail and speak in chat rooms. They spend many hours on the computer, and it becomes a compulsive (强迫的,强制的) habit. They cannot stop, and it affects their lives.
Ten years ago, no one thought that using computers could become compulsive behavior that could affect the social and physical life of computer users. This obsessional behavior has affected teenagers and college students. They are likely to log on computers and spend long hours at different websites.
They become hooked on computers and gradually their social and school life is affected by this situation. They spend all free time surfing and don’t concentrate on homework, so this addiction influences their grades and success at school. Because they can find everything on the websites, they hang out there. Moreover, this addiction to websites influences their social life.
They spend more time in front of computers than with their friends. The relation with their friends changes. The virtual life becomes more important than their real life. They have a new language that they speak in the chat rooms and it causes cultural changes in society.
Because of the change in their behavior, they begin to keep themselves apart from the society and live with their virtual friends. They share their emotions and feelings with friends who they have never met in their life. Although they feel confident on the computer, they are not confident with real live friends they have known all their life. It is a problem for the future. Tins addictive behavior is beginning to affect all the world.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A.The influence of web holism | B.The advantage of web holism |
C.The popularity of web holism | D.The cause of web holism |
A.attractive | B.professional |
C.addictive | D.potential |
A.web holism has the greatest effect on teenagers |
B.people are addicted to games on the Internet |
C.students can hardly balance real and virtual life |
D.virtual life is more vivid and attractive anyway |
A.optimistic | B.disapproving |
C.positive | D.acceptable |
【推荐1】We’ve long been taught that helping others helps ourselves. As Charles Dickens wrote, “No one is useless in this world who lightens the burdens of another.”
Science has shown that unselfish behaviors actually do improve our health.
In another study, the researchers employed cancer patients living with pain and asked them to cook and clean for themselves or for the benefit of others at their treatment center.
In addition, the study found it was the meaning people gave to their good deeds that predicted how much pain the brain would perceive. Researchers believe the medicine should consider using unselfish “supplement therapies(补充疗法)to treat pain.”
A.It is true for volunteers. |
B.Helping others helps ourselves. |
C.However, more research is needed about the idea. |
D.It also appears that giving can help us cope with pain. |
E.When they were helping others, their pain levels dropped. |
F.Volunteering, for example, has been shown to reduce stress and improve depression. |
G.Sounds like a great reason to put volunteering and other giving behaviors on your to-do list. |
【推荐2】Imagine mountains enveloped in silver water, shining in the spring sun. Summer sees the mountains turn bright green with growing rice. During autumn, these mountains are gold, and in winter they are covered with white frost.
These terraces (梯田) were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years.
But perhaps the most important is the way people have worked in peace with nature. The terraces are cleverly designed, with hundreds of waterways connecting with each other. During the rainy season, rainwater moves down the mountains and into the terraces along these waterways. The sun heats the water and turns it into vapour (水蒸气).
Although modern technology helps produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much value.
A.Terraces were built to collect the rain. |
B.These are the colors of the Longji Terraces. |
C.This knowledge is passed down through families. |
D.It wasn’t completed until the early Qing Dynasty. |
E.So how did people change the entire mountains into terraces? |
F.This forms clouds from which rain falls down onto the terraces again. |
G.So why did these people take trouble turning the entire mountains into terraces? |
【推荐3】Think back to your first memory. How old were you at the time? Chances are you can’t remember anything earlier than kindergarten or primary school — nothing about your first words, steps, or solid food other than what your parents have later told you. This phenomenon is called “infantile amnesia”, due to which the majority of adults rarely remember things that happen to them before the age of three.
So why is it that we can’t remember being a baby? The answer lies in the way that our brain’s ability to store memories changes as we grow. At birth, a baby’s brain is only a quarter of its adult size, growing to three-quarters the size of an adult brain by age two. This increase is associated with a growth in the number of brain cells — called neurons (神经元) — and the connections between these cells.
A part of the brain that is particularly important in forming memories is the hippocampus (海马体), says Dr Dhanisha Jhaveri, a researcher at The University of Queensland. This region stores autobiographical memories from specific events in our lives. “In the hippocampus, new neurons are constantly being created. In adulthood, new cells are still being produced, but the rate of production in the hippocampus slows down,” says Dr Jhaveri.
Neuroscientists believe that the rapid rate at which brain cells are being produced in childhood could be the cause of infantile amnesia. Because so many new neurons are being produced and form connections with each other in memory circuits, they might disrupt (扰乱) existing networks of memories that have already formed.
Despite this memory loss, childhood experiences have been found to influence adult behaviour years later, which suggests that traces of these memories could be stored somewhere in the brain that isn’t easy to access.
In research in animals, scientists have found that latent (潜在的) traces of early experiences remain in the brain for a long time, and can later be triggered (触发) by a reminder. It highlights the important influence of early life experiences on mental and emotional well-being later in life.
1. What is infantile amnesia?A.The inability to form memories during adulthood. | B.The inability to recall early experiences. |
C.The influence on existing memory networks. | D.The influence on mental and emotional well-being. |
A.New neurons disrupt existing memory circuits. | B.The hippocampus plays a passive role in one’s memory. |
C.A baby’s brain is three-quarters the size of an adult brain. | D.Brain cells are being produced more rapidly in adulthood. |
A.Memories are stored separately in their brain. | B.Memories are mainly formed when they are young. |
C.Early experiences have a long-term impact on life. | D.Early experiences are easy to be triggered by a reminder. |
A.The Formation of Early Childhood Memories |
B.The Impact of Infantile Amnesia on Memory Networks |
C.The Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Formation |
D.The Influence of Early Life Experiences on Mental Well-being |
【推荐1】Many previous studies have indicated that frequent walking was associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) in the general population, in a way that those with more time spent walking per day were at a lower risk. But their findings haven’t offered much guidance on the best habitual walking speed needed to lower diabetes risk.
A new study’s authors reviewed 10 previous studies conducted between 1999 and 2022, which assessed (评估) the links between walking speed and the development of type 2 diabetes among adults from the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. After a follow-up period of eight years on average, compared with those who took easy or casual (休闲的) walking(less than 2 miles per hour), those who walked at an average or normal pace (2 to 3 miles per hour)had a 15% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, the researchers found. Walking at a “fairly quick” pace (3 to 4 miles per hour)meant a 24% lower risk than those who easily or casually walked. And quick walking(more than 4 miles per hour)had the biggest benefit: a 39%reduction in risk.
The overall message is that walking is an important way to improve your health. It may be true that walking faster is even better. But given the fact that most Americans do not get sufficient walking in the first place, it is most important to encourage people to walk more as they’re able to.
If you want to challenge yourself, however, using a fitness tracker—via a watch or smartphone app—can help you measure and maintain your walking pace, experts said. If you can’t get a fitness tracker, an easy alternative for tracking exercise intensity (强度) is the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s “talk test”, which relies on understanding how physical activity affects heart rate and breathing. If, while walking, you’re able to talk in a labored voice but not sing, your pace is probably quick.
1. How did the researchers get the new findings?A.By studying former research. | B.By interviewing volunteers. |
C.By carrying out an experiment. | D.By conducting an online survey. |
A.Easy walking. | B.Quick walking. |
C.Average walking. | D.Casual walking. |
A.Buying a fitness tracker. | B.Avoiding eating too much. |
C.Following the “talk test” rule. | D.Walking as much as possible. |
A.Walking: the Secret to Physical Health |
B.Walking: the End of Diabetic Patients’ Worries |
C.Walking: a Simple Way to Reduce Diabetes Risk |
D.Walking: an Effective Treatment for Diabetes |
【推荐2】Kevin Randall, a teacher, who teaches biology at Grandville High School, runs the environmental club at the high school which has around 2, 000 students. The club is known as the GHS Green Team, and it aims to raise awareness among students and teachers of sustainability(可持续性). It also works on projects to reduce the environmental footprint of the building itself.
One of the club’s recent projects focused on reducing waste in the school cafeteria. Randall said their cafeteria supervisor told them that the school went through 54, 000 plastic forks every year. The club applied for financial help, built recycling centers for the cafeteria and bought metal silverware.
And now every student uses a durable metal fork or spoon instead of disposables(一次性用品). “And that’s just one way we’re trying to capture the low-hanging fruit,” Randall said.
The efforts of Randall and his students have earned Grandville High School the Michigan Green School certification from the state. In addition to their work reducing waste in the cafeteria, the GHS Green Team has also built a garden with flowers and vegetables on campus. Over the years, Randall and his students have also been working on raising money to install solar panels(太阳能电池板) on the roof of the high school.
Randall said he was inspired to take the lead on environmental issues for his school because he wanted his students to have someone to turn to in the building who understands what’s at stake(有风险) when it comes to climate change.
“And I also felt like I need to do more in my life for my own two children at home,” Randall added. “They need to know that their dad is working as hard as he can to reduce the effects of climate change and to make sure that other students out there are learning about this just the way they are at home.”
1. What’s the purpose of the GHS Green Team Club?A.To inspire students’ love for biology. |
B.To promote environmental protection. |
C.To finish projects given by the school. |
D.To prepare students for their future jobs. |
A.The service of the cafeteria is improved. |
B.The fresh fruit will be offered to students. |
C.The financial trouble of the cafeteria is solved. |
D.The use of plastic forks has been reduced greatly. |
A.The activities organized by the club. |
B.The function of the projects. |
C.The features of the club. |
D.The future of the club. |
A.All students know the stake of climate change now. |
B.Many people took part in the project for material rewards. |
C.Randall thinks it necessary to set a good example for his children. |
D.Randall was unwilling to take the lead on environmental issues at first. |
【推荐3】The “Middle Ages” refers to a duration of 1,000 years, stretching from the fall of Rome in the 5th century to the Italian renaissance in the 15th. Traditionally, the term refers specifically to Europe. And there are many stories, which are more fiction than reality, about the Europe of that time.
One misunderstanding is that people in the Middle Ages were all ignorant and uneducated. For example, a 19th century biography of Christopher Columbus incorrectly claimed that the Europeans at that time thought the Earth was flat. Sure, many scholars of that period described the Earth as the center of the universe – but there wasn’t much debate as to its shape. A popular 13th century text was literally called “On the Sphere of the World.” And the number of people who had an access to books gradually increased alongside the establishment of universities. Ancient knowledge was also not “lost”; Greek and Roman texts continued to be studied.
And it is the same with knights (骑士). In the 19th century, some Romantic European nationalist thinkers well-romanticized the Middle Ages. In their description of the societies, they emphasized the narrations of chivalry (骑士精神) and wonder. But knights played minimum roles in those days’ warfare. The fights, the duels, the adventures and the beautiful ladies are most probably but legends.
Meanwhile, the 19th century French historian Jules Michelet referred to the Middle Ages as “a thousand years without a bath”. But even small towns were equipped with well-used public bathhouses. People even bathed with soaps made of things like animal fat, ash, and scented herbs. And they used mouthwash, teeth-scrubbing cloths with pastes and powders, and spices and herbs for fresh-smelling breath.
1. According to the author, “Middle Ages” is NOT______A.a time period of 1000 years |
B.starting from the 7th century |
C.referring to the Europe |
D.mentioned in many stories |
A.People were uneducated. |
B.Europeans thought the Earth was flat. |
C.Universities were good for people’s education. |
D.Ancient knowledge was lost. |
A.Knights’ stories are probably not real. |
B.Knights were important in war. |
C.People never bathed then. |
D.Only small towns got bathhouses then. |
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C.![]() | D.![]() |