How likely you’re to trust a self-driving car of advice from artificial intelligence (AI)?
An interdisciplinary(多学科的) team from the University of Kansas led by relationship psychologist Omri Gillath has published a new paper in the journal Computers in Human Behavior showing people’s trust in AI is tied to their relationship or attachment style. The new research indicates that people who are anxious and unsure about their relationships with humans tend to have less trust in AI as well. Importantly, the research also suggests trust in AI can be increased by reminding people of their secure relationships with other humans.
Grand View Research estimated the global AI market at $39.9 billion in 2019, projected to expand at an annual growth rate of 42.2% from 2020 to 2027. However, lack of trust remains a key obstacle to adopting new AI technologies.
The research by Gillath and colleagues suggests new ways to increase trust in AI. In three studies, attachment style, thought to play a central role in romantic and parent-child relationships, was shown also to affect people’s trust in AI.
“Most research on trust in AI focuses on cognitive(认知的) ways to increase trust. Here we took a different approach by focusing on a ‘relational affective’ route to increase trust, seeing AI as a partner or a team member rather than a device,” said Gillath, professor of psychology at KU. “Finding associations between humans’ attachment style—an individual difference representing the way people feel, think and behave in close relationships—and their trust in AI paves the way to new understandings and potentially new interventions(干预) to cause trust.”
The research team includes investigators from a wide variety of subjects, including psychology, engineering, business and medicine. This interdisciplinary approach provides a new view on AI, trust and associations with relational and affective factors. Gillath said, “The findings show you can predict and increase people’s trust levels in non-humans based on their early relationships with humans. This has the potential to improve adoption of new technologies and the integration of AI in the workplace.”
1. What do people more confident about human relationships tend to have?| A．More anxiety about their relations. | B．More trust in AI. |
| C．Less trust in humans. | D．Fewer friends. |
| A．Psychology. | B．Relationship. | C．Cognitive ways. | D．Fewer friends. |
| A．The subjects the findings cover. | B．The current state of the workplace. |
| C．The prospective use of the findings. | D．The affective factors of the research. |
| A．Trust in Advice from AI |
| B．A New Approach to Increasing Trust in AI |
| C．Relationships Existing Between Different Disciplines |
| D．Trust Levels in AI Predicted by Humans’ Attachment Style |
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【推荐1】In England, many people get worried when they are invited to dinner parties. That is because they don’t know the specific etiquette（礼仪）when attending the party.
Arrive 15 minutes late.
It’s true that the invitation said 7:30 p. m., but chances are that your host hasn’t quite finished up that roast, or they’re still putting the finishing touches on the table decor. Plus, you don’t want to be the first guest there, walking awkwardly in the room while your host are busily preparing.
You don’t have to eat anything that’ll cause you to have severe allergies （过敏）,but avoid making an overreaction or a dramatic public announcement that you can’t or won’t eat anything. When the dish is passed your way, politely pass it to the next person, and explain to your host later that it's not because you didn't want to eat it, just that you couldn't.
Be mindful of your relationship to the host.
Offer to help clean up.
Your host has already gone to great lengths to put the party on.
| A．Notify the host about your dietary（饮食上的）needs. |
| B．Be honest when giving any home-made dishes. |
| C．Volunteering your help is a huge and appreciated politeness. |
| D．The following dinner party etiquette might be of great help. |
| E．Look at the time listed on the invitation, cross it out, and push it late. |
| F．Asking your host if he needs you to bring anything to the dinner party. |
| G．If you're a relative stranger, act politely but be concerned about your host's life. |
【推荐2】It’s all about personal peace, which means not only an imaginary space around the body, but also the space around all the senses. People feel that their space is being violated(侵犯) when they meet with an unwelcome sound, smell or look. This is probably why a man on a crowded bus shouting into his mobile phone or a woman next to you putting on strong perfume(香水) makes you feel angry.
Whether people have had a stronger wish to protect their personal space in recent times is hard to say. Yet studies of airlines show that people have a strong desire to have space to themselves. In a survey by Trip Advisor, a travel website, people said that if they had to pay more for some extra service, they would rather have larger seats than extra food.
Although people may need their personal space, some hardly realize it. For example, people on a bus who hold newspapers in front of their faces to read in fact keep a distance from strangers.
Go and watch a library table. You will notice that one of the corner seats will usually be taken first, because they are the farthest way. What if someone sits opposite to you? Maybe you will pile up books as if to make a wall.
Preference for personal space is different from culture to culture. Scientists have found that Americans generally prefer more personal space than people from other cultures. In Latin cultures, however, people are more comfortable standing close to each other.
1. The writer mainly ________ in this article.| A．tells us how to achieve personal space |
| B．explains why people need personal space |
| C．introduces some knowledge about personal space |
| D．argues for the importance of keeping personal space |
| A．A person who has to sit next to a lady putting on strong perfume. |
| B．A person who has been watched by a stranger for a long time. |
| C．A person who hears strange noises when reading at home. |
| D．A Latin boy who is chatting with a friend sitting close to him. |
| A．People need a smaller personal space in recent times than before. |
| B．People have a strong desire for personal space in recent times. |
| C．There are not enough seats on the plane to meet people’s needs. |
| D．Food service is better provided than seats on the plane. |
| A．The space around the body is more needed than that around all the senses. |
| B．If you hold newspapers on the bus, your personal space won’t be violated. |
| C．People usually choose the corner seats first in a library for personal space. |
| D．Different cultures share the same preferences for personal space. |
【推荐3】One of the many lessons we were forced to learn from the pandemic was the importance of social interaction, and the negative effects on social isolation. And even outside of our close relationships with friends and family, weak social ties are also necessary to our sense of wellbeing. I know how easy it is to close yourself off from interactions from strangers.
Recent research shows that even weak social interactions — like a quick exchange with a stranger on the sidewalk — contribute positively to our wellbeing. It is easy to live life with your head down, avoiding the far ends of your social network, like classmates you never chat with or neighbors whose names you don’t remember.
Take a look at your social network. Think about your favorite coffee shop, your grocery store, your gym — every day we cross paths with some of the same people.
Don’t be disturbing.
| A．Look up, literally! |
| B．Respect people’s boundaries. |
| C．You may not regard your life as lacking. |
| D．Do you want to avoid unwanted interactions? |
| E．Take the brave first step to introduce yourself. |
| F．Sadly, you have to think through the positive effects of conversations. |
| G．However, building tiny relationships with some acquaintance has a powerful impact. |
【推荐1】Tom Savage has quit his job as a research analyst and found a perfect new start sting up his own social enterprise in Madagascar. He tells readers of the UK newspaper the Guardian that they can do likewise and follow their dream.
Every day dozens of Toms are reported in newspapers and magazines and on career websites and blogs. Their real-life tales aren't there to surprise or shock, as a result, many readers are taking on board.
Sophie Collins, 23, is a biology graduate from London. But before starting her course at university in Edinburgh, Scotland, she took a year out and enrolled in an Art Foundation course. “Art makes me happy, even if it won't pay my bills for a couple of years.” said Collins.
The idea that you should be free to follow your dream, whether as a young person or as a middle-aged adult with a well- established career, is on the upgrade.
In schools, students are taught that they can do whatever they want and can be whoever they choose so long as they work hard enough at that dream. People in the public eye, such as Italian classical singer Andrea Bocelli, have given up positions in admirable professions to take their chance on fame. Bocelli was a lawyer before he made it as a singer, selling 70 million albums worldwide.
The media and reality TV talent shows have also played their part in encouraging young people to follow their heart.
In 2006, 18-year-old Ray Quinn, barely out of school, finished second in the British TV talent show The X Factor. He later secured a record deal with Sony.
Each year since then, hundreds of thousands of people have applied to the show, hoping, and expecting, that the chance to realize their ambitions will soon come.
Even if they don't have a particular dream in mind, many young people are encouraged to take a year or two to find where their interests lie, instead of jumping into a job which they may later tire of.
George Evans, 24, is determined to find a job which interests him. “I think most of us recognize that it is happiness and not money that is the ultimate goal,” said the Cambridge University graduate. “Unless you are passionate about your career, you won't truly succeed.”
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?| A．Sophie Collins took an art course before entering university to pursue her interest. |
| B．Andrea Bocelli, who used to be a lawyer, enjoys great success as a classical singer. |
| C．Ray Quinn achieved his career success though he had performed poorly at school. |
| D．George Evans thinks happiness counts more than money when choosing a career. |
| A．sharing the same boat | B．accepting the idea |
| C．rejecting the concept | D．ignoring the fact |
| A．Choose a career that truly appeals to you. |
| B．Make efforts to be interested in your job. |
| C．Make attempts to seek a meaningful career. |
| D．Build up confidence when seeking a job. |
【推荐2】The “three ox spirit” (三牛精神) first appeared in President Xi Jinping’s speech at a New Year’s gathering last December. The ox is a symbol of diligence (勤劳), progress and strength. On Feb 18, the first working day of the new year, Hua Chunying, Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, explained it on the social media to encourage people with the “three ox spirit”—the serving-the-people ox, the pioneering ox, the persisting ox.
Centuries ago, most people earned their living through farming. The ox was used to help in the field and carry heavy goods.
The ox has played an important place in Chinese culture. Ancient Chinese poets and writers often described the ox in literature. In the Classic of Poetry, the oldest collection of Chinese poetry, the animal was mentioned in nine out of the 305 pieces.
Oxen seldom bully (欺负) the weak or fear the strong. They work hard and make sacrifices (牺牲). A poem by Lu Xun (1881-1936) — “Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers; Head bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children (横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛)” fully expresses the poet’s love to our country and the people.
So naturally, those who were born in the Year of the Ox are often expected to be hardworking and dependable. “They never want to be the center of attention or look for praise,” the website China Highlights noted.
1. When was the “three ox spirit” first appeared?| A．2018. | B．2019. | C．2020. | D．2021. |
| A．The progressing ox. | B．The serving-the-people ox. |
| C．The pioneering ox. | D．The persisting ox. |
| A．Because the ox is weak. | B．Because the ox is loving. |
| C．Because the ox is helpful. | D．Because the ox is proud. |
| A．They always want to look for praise. | B．They want to be the center of attention. |
| C．They are hardworking and dependable. | D．They bully the weak and fear the strong. |
【推荐3】In astronomy, star classification is governed by the Morgan-Keenen system, which categorizes stars based on their composition and surface temperature. The origins of this system can be traced back to the work of Annie Jump Cannon, a late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century astronomer who spent over forty years classifying stars based on their unique spectra (光谱) of transmitted light.
Beginning early in her life, Cannon demonstrated an exceptional talent for the physical sciences. As a child, she developed an interest in astronomy and transformed her study into a temporary observatory. Later, as a student at Wellesley College, Cannon earned a degree in physics and became an expert in spectroscopy, the process by which light is separated into its component wavelengths. During this period, she also took up photography and traveled extensively in order to experiment with the newly invented black-box camera.
Cannon’s background in physics, astronomy, and photography provided her with a unique skillset that would serve her well for the rest of her career. After working as a research assistant for a number of astronomers at Wellesley and Radcliffe Colleges, Cannon was hired by Professor Edward Charles Pickering, the director of the Harvard College Observatory. Under Pickering, she classified over 300,000 stars — more than any other human in history — using only a telescope, a spectrometer, and a camera. Using this knowledge, she developed her own classification system that relied on the surface temperature of the stars, which could be accurately estimated using the spectra of light transmitted from stars. It was said that Cannon could classify three stars a minute and, using a magnifying glass, could classify stars down to the 9th magnitude — sixteen times fainter than what can be seen by human eyes.
Today, Cannon’s unique classification system is used by countless astronomy enthusiasts around the world. Harlow Shapley, the astronomer who succeeded Pickering, once referred to Cannon’s contribution to astronomy as “a structure that probably will never be duplicated (复制) in kind or extent by a single individual.”
1. What do we know about Cannon according to the passage?| A．She invented black-box camera. | B．She built a star-watching spot at home. |
| C．She majored in photography in college. | D．She spent forty years in studying light transmission. |
| A．The camera could receive the spectra of light. |
| B．A star’s light could tell its external temperature. |
| C．The light of stars could be classified into nine types. |
| D．Approximately 300,000 stars possessed the same spectra. |
| A．Ambitious and generous. | B．Persistent and brave. |
| C．Work-addicted and honest. | D．All-around and creative. |
| A．A Woman Classifying the Stars | B．A Pupil Outdoing Her Master |
| C．Science Knows No Gender | D．Astronomy Taps Potential |
【推荐1】Laughter comes in many forms, from a polite and quiet laugh to a great hearty laugh. Scientists are now developing an AI system to recreate different laughs in proper social contexts (环境). The team behind the laughing robot Erica said that the system could improve natural conversations between people and an AI robot. “We think that one of the important functions of conversational AI is empathy (共情),” said Dr Koji Inoue, the lead author of the research. “So we decided that one way a robot can empathize with its users is to share their laughter.”
The team have set out to teach their AI system the art of conversational laughter. They gathered training data from more than 80 daily dialogues between male subjects and the robot that was initially operated by four actresses remotely. The dialogue data was grouped into social laughs (where polite or embarrassed laughter isn’t involved) and laughter of joy. Based on the audio files, the robot learned the basic characteristics of social laughs, which tend to be softer, and merry laughs, with the aim of mirroring these inappropriate situations.
“Our biggest obstructor in the work was identifying the actual cases of shared laughter because as you know, most laughter is actually not shared at all,” said Inoue. “We had to carefully decide exactly which laughs we could use for our analysis and we couldn’t just assume (认为) that any laugh can be responded to. It was really not easy work.” The team said laughter could help create robots with their own distinct character although it could take more than 20 years before it would be possible to have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.
“One of the things we’d keep in mind is that a laughing robot will never be able to understand you or the meaning of laughter,” points out Prof. Sandra Wachter of the Oxford Internet Institute. “But with their development, they might get very good at tricking you into believing they understand what’s going on.”
1. Why did Inoue’s team develop the AI system?| A．To better understand human empathy. |
| B．To promote the social skills of robots. |
| C．To explore the differences between laughs. |
| D．To assist robots in identifying people’s moods. |
| A．Repeat the details of the 80 dialogues. |
| B．Distinguish people by hearing their laughs |
| C．Recreate a scene played by the four actresses. |
| D．Master the features of laughs provided by data. |
| A．potential | B．difficulty | C．choice | D．mistake |
| A．Are AI systems going beyond human ability? |
| B．Can conversational AI really understand us? |
| C．Laughing robots are round the corner |
| D．Robots become laughing masters |
【推荐2】There was a lot of news related to artificial intelligence, or AI, and machine learning. Among the stories were two dealing with direct competitions between humans and machines.
In one competition, machines that used AI performed better than human beings in a high-level reading test. Two natural language processing tools beat humans in the experiment. One of the tools was built by the American technology company Microsoft. The other was created by Chinese online seller Alibaba Group.
In another competition, a computer took on humans in live, public debates.
The event demonstrated how AI-powered computers are increasingly being developed to think and sound like humans. The organizer of the debates, U. S. technology company IBM, announced split results. It said a majority of those watching said they felt the machine had done more to improve their knowledge of the subject. But, the human got more praise for communicating their ideas.
This year, we also explored the many ways AI and machine learning are now being used. For example, some U. S. judges use machine learning systems to help them decide when, and for how long, criminals should be jailed. The system uses computers to examine data from thousands of court cases.
One fast-growing area of AI is facial recognition, which is increasingly being used for security purposes. Recently, Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson airport became the first in the U. S. to permit passengers to use fa cial recognition technology to get on flights. A Chinese company showed off an AI system it developed to recognize individuals by body shape and walking movements. The system is already being used by Chinese police in Beijing and Shanghai.
In addition, machine learning was used during 2018 to predict results of the World Cup soccer competition. The technology also created artwork that was sold for a large amount of money. And it is being used to help farmers save time and money, while reducing environment-harming chemicals. Other technology systems are being used to follow farm animals and wildlife to collect information on their activities.
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph?| A．AI is perfect in all aspects. |
| B．Humans will be replaced sooner or later. |
| C．AI is the biggest threat to the human beings. |
| D．AI is more competent than humans in some areas. |
| A．Creative thinking. | B．Facial recognition. |
| C．Collecting information. | D．Predicting results of the games. |
| A．The disadvantages of AI. | B．The application of AI. |
| C．The future of AI. | D．The experiments of AI. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Unclear. | C．Doubtful. | D．Opposite. |
【推荐3】Teachers across America are struggling to decide whether to view artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT as friends or enemies in the classroom. Our study on whether AI affects student creativity shows that the answer isn’t always simple.
In the study, we asked college students to brainstorm — without technology — all the ways a paper clip can be used. A month later, we asked them to do the same, but using ChatGPT. We found that AI can be a useful brainstorming tool, quickly generating ideas that can spark creative exploration. But there are also potential negative effects on students’ creative thinking skills and self-confidence. While students reported that it was helpful to “have another brain”, they also felt that using AI was “the easy way out” and didn’t allow them to think on their own.
The results call for a thoughtful approach to using AI in classrooms and striking a balance that inspires students’ creativity while utilizing AI’s capabilities. The good news is that the students in our study generated more diverse and detailed ideas when using AI. They found that AI was useful for kick-starting brainstorming sessions.
When it comes to brainstorming with AI, some students voiced concerns about over-reliance on the technology, fearing it might hurt their own thoughts and, consequently, confidence in their creative abilities. Some students reported a “fixation of the mind”, meaning that once they saw the AI’s ideas, they had a hard time coming up with their own. Some students also questioned the originality of ideas generated by AI. Our research noted that while using ChatGPT improved students’ creative output individually, the AI’s ideas tended to be repetitive overall.
The study results indicate that allowing students to practice creativity independently first will strengthen their belief in themselves and their abilities. Once they complete this, AI can be useful in furthering their learning, much like teaching long division to students before introducing a calculator. That’s to say, teaching students to be creative thinkers rather than rely on AI for answers is the key to answering the question mentioned above.
1. Why were the students required to use ChatGPT after a month in the study?| A．To clarify a concept. | B．To make a comparison. |
| C．To explain a definition. | D．To present an argument. |
| A．Learning. | B．Designing. |
| C．Taking advantage of. | D．Having control of. |
| A．Its negative aspects. | B．Its limited creativity. |
| C．Its reliable originality. | D．Its potential development. |
| A．The future of AI use is uncertain. | B．Traditional teaching still has a place. |
| C．AI’s capabilities are unquestionable. | D．Human creativity should come first. |
